Zionism

References

1. /ˈzaɪ.ənɪzəm/ ZY-ə-niz-əm; Hebrew: צִיּוֹנוּת, romanized: Ṣīyyonūt, .mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,
2. "Zionism belongs to the category of ethnocultural nationalism, according to which groups sharing a common history and cu
3. "The basic assumption regarding the right of Jews to Palestine—a right that required no proof—was a fundamental componen
4. "When faced with the apocalyptic dimensions of the Jewish catastrophe, the Holocaust, even Brit-Shalom Ihud moved to end
5. Lord Balfour would write, "Zionism, be it right or wrong, good or bad, is rooted in age-long traditions, in present need
6. While Secretary of State for the Colonies, Winston Churchill spoke to the Peel Commission: "I do not admit that the dog
7. On this topic, Ben-Ami writes: "This is how a Brit-Shalom Ihud, non-Zionist member of the Jewish Agency, Werner Senator,
8. "If anything, the first decades of Zionism bear out an affinity with some of the more unsavoury 'regenerative' discourse
9. "throughout all of the de-racializing stages of twentieth-century social thought, Jews have continued to invoke blood lo
10. In late medieval times, there arose among the Ashkenazi an augury—"Next year in Jerusalem—that was then included in the
11. Pinsker wrote: "The fact that, as it seems, we can mix with the nations only in the smallest proportions, presents a fur
12. "The irony here is in the now well-documented understanding that Lord Balfour was himself deeply religious and that his
13. Brian Klug states that "Keeping Jews out of Britain and packing them off to Palestine were just two sides of the same an
14. "The Histadrut is not a trade union, not a political party, not acooperative society, nor is it a mutual aid association
15. Various leaders spoke strongly in favor of transfer. Ussishkin said, "We cannot start the Jewish state with ... half the
16. David Ben Gurion famously would say: we shall "fight the White Paper as if there were no Hitler and fight Hitler as if t
17. The reasons for this decision were explained by His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in a spee
18. "that a small, determined group of revolutionaries representing a minority view within the wider population could achiev
19. "In Israel, '"nationality" (Hebrew: "le'um") and "citizenship" (Hebrew: "ezrahut") are two separate, distinct statuses,
20. "Though a little religious support for Zionism existed, 'the majority of Orthodox leaders condemned Zionism from its ver
21. Notably, Shapira also states that studying Zionism as a colonial movement is "both legitimate and desirable", though she
22. Massad depicts the transition in the choice of terminology within the Zionist movement in the mid-20th century, as "colo
23. "The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged follo
24. Gans 2008, p. 3.
25. The American Historical Review
    https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/98/4/1302/129140
26. Der Judenstaat
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40
27. Manna 2022, pp. 2 ("the principal objective of the Zionist leadership to keep as few Arabs as possible in the Jewish sta
28. Conforti 2024, p. 485: "The crisis in the Enlightenment movement in the late nineteenth century gave way to the rise of
29. Cohen 1995, p. 504: "Zionism Colonize palestine."Gelvin 2007, p. 51Pappé 2006, pp. 10–11
    https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/504
30. Gorny 1987, p. 210: "This set of assumptions was intended to stress the equal status of the Jews vis-à-vis the rest of t
31. "General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110822123836/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/b792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883?OpenDocument
32. Dubnov 2011:[page needed] "Relatively recent examples of the search for this "core" idea in Zionism (which tends to labe
33. Gorny 1987, p. [page needed].
34. Troen 2007, pp. 873–875.
35. Aaronson 1996, pp. 215, 224.
36. Cohen 2011, pp. 118, 120, 128.
37. Sabbagh-Khoury 2023, Conclusion.
38. Beinart 2025.
39. Jamal 2019, pp. 193–220.
40. Shafir & Peled 2002, pp. 37–38Bareli 2003, pp. 99–116Pappé 2004, pp. 72–121Prior 1997, pp. 106–215Shafir 1999[page neede
41. Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-5925
42. See for example: Alam 2009, or Gould-Wartofsky 2010
43. Masalha 2007, p. 314Curthoys & Ganguly 2007, p. 315Kīfūrkiyān 2009, p. 9Scham, Salem & Pogrund 2005, p. 87–
    https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315
44. Pixner 2010, pp. 320–322.
45. Neusner 1991, p. 469.
46. Harel 1977, pp. 194–195.
47. Davidi et al. 2010.
48. Laqueur 2009, pp. 54.
49. The Jewish world in the modern age
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vVETCrICwO8C&dq=birnbaum+1893+%22jewish+state%22&pg=PA161
50. Selbst-Emancipation: Zeitschrift für die nationalen, socialen und politischen Interessen des jüdischen Stammes; Organ der Zionisten: (1.4.1890). 1890 Heft 1 (1.4.1890). Wien
    http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/cm/3092765
51. Understanding Zionism History and Perspectives
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AqN9EAAAQBAJ&dq=birnbaum+%22hibbat+zion%22+%22zionism%22&pg=PA25
52. The Zionist Ideas Visions for the Jewish Homeland—Then, Now, Tomorrow
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5VtPDwAAQBAJ&dq=Nathan+Birnbaum+1890+%22zionism%22&pg=PR38
53. For Zion's Sake Christian Zionism and the Role of John Nelson Darby
    https://books.google.com/books?id=wj5KAwAAQBAJ&dq=birnbaum+1893+%22national+rebirth%22&pg=PA7
54. The 'Jewish Question' in German Literature, 1749-1939 Emancipation and Its Discontents
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OMepNRndhN4C&dq=birnbaum+national+rebirth+of+the+jewish+people+1893&pg=PA479
55. From Prejudice to Persecution A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MNBFAwAAQBAJ&dq=Birnbaum+%22national+rebirth%22&pg=PA54
56. Penslar 2023, pp. 37–38.
57. Theodor Herzl: The Charismatic Leader
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IwHMDwAAQBAJ&dq=birnbaum+%22lovers+of+zion%22+%22zionism%22&pg=PA93
58. Laqueur 2009, pp. 84.
59. Nathan Birnbaum and Jewish Modernity Architect of Zionism, Yiddishism, and Orthodoxy
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7nqjOCSVJm0C&dq=birnbaum+zionism+pamphlet+1893&pg=PA121
60. Historical Section of the Foreign Office 1920, p. 21.
61. Rabkin 2006, A New Identity.
62. Shimoni 1995, p. 53.
63. Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs
    https://jcpa.org/article/israels-decaration-of-independence/
64. New Lines Magazine
    https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-movement-that-imagined-a-jewish-homeland-without-the-state-of-israel/
65. Routledge Handbook on Zionism
    https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003312352/chapters/10.4324/9781003312352-23
66. Shapira 1992, p. 41.
67. Morris 2001, p. 14: "The reality of Jewish life, when most of the world's Jews lived in the European part of the Russian
68. Ben-Ami 2007, p. 22: "Zionism is both a struggle for land and a demographic race; in essence, the aspiration for a terri
69. Gorny 1987:[page needed] "This was potentially a much more dangerous situation than the struggle of two peoples maintain
70. Gorny 1987, p. 251.
71. Flapan 1979, p. 12.
72. Jacobs 2017, p. 274: "In fact Buber also shared the common European Orientalist perspective, by which the local Arabs di
73. Ben-Ami 2007.
74. Morris 2013, pp. 51–52: "The problem with binationalism, however—apart from main-stream Zionist opposition—was that Brit
75. Khalidi 2006, p. 252.
76. White 2012, Introduction.
77. White 2012, IntroductionJacobs 2017, Does the Left have a Zionist Problem?Khalidi 2006, pp. 145–150
78. Penslar 2023, pp. 1–2, "Zionism, in turn, is the belief that Jews constitute a nation that has a right and need to pursu
79. Morris 1999, p. 682: "Zionism had always looked to the day when a Jewish majority would enable the movement to gain cont
80. Gorny 1987, pp. Introduction, Chapter 8.
81. Ben-Ami 2007, pp. 22–23: "Zionism is both a struggle for land and a demographic race; in essence, the aspiration for a t
82. Finkelstein 2003, Chapter 1: "Within the Zionist ideological consensus there coexisted three relatively distinct tendenc
83. Gorny 1987, p. 2: "Thus, the desire for a Jewish majority was the key issue in the implementation of Zionism, implying a
84. Finkelstein 2016, Chapter 1.
85. Nahum Sokolow in 1918 quoted in Sanders 1984, pp. 641–642: "A Jewish government would be established once the Jews forme
86. Masalha 2014: "In the 1930s and 1940s the Zionist leadership found it expedient to euphemize, using the term "transfer"
87. Morris 2001: "The idea of transferring the Arabs out of the Jewish State area to the Arab state area or to other Arab st
88. Morris 2004: "transfer was inevitable and inbuilt into Zionism—because it sought to transform a land which was 'Arab' in
89. & Morris 1999, p. 37.
90. Morris 1999, p. 139: "The transfer idea did not originate with the Peel Commission. It goes back to the fathers of moder
91. Ben-Ami 2007, p. 25-26.
92. Masalha 2012, Chapter 1.
93. Masalha 2014, Chapter 2: "The archival and documentary evidence shows that in the pre-1948 period, "transfer"/ethnic cle
94. Ben-Ami 2007, pp. 25–26Slater 2020, TransferMasalha 1992, p. 2: "It should not be imagined that the concept of transfer
95. Finkelstein 2016, Chapter 1Shapira 1992, The Shift to an Offensive EthosGorny 1987, The Decisive Years, 1939–948Ben-Ami
96. Engel 2021.
97. Rabkin 2006.
98. Yadgar 2017, pp. 180, 221.
99. Avineri 2017, Chapter 7: "Unsatisfactory and simplistic as Pinsker's quasi-medical diagnosis may be, it does try to addr
100. Shimoni 1995, Chapter 1.
101. Gorny 1987, Introduction.
102. Schweid 1996, p. 133.
103. Shimoni 1995, Zionism as Secular Jewish Identity.
104. Yadgar 2017, p. 2: "Indeed, Zionism has celebrated itself as the modernization of the Jews, manifested in the dual revol
105. Yadgar 2017, Zionism, Jewish "Religion," and Secularism.
106. Avineri, cited in Yadgar 2017, p. 72
107. Penslar 2023, pp. 18–23.
108. Avineri 2017, Introduction.
109. Shapira 2014: "This poem, published in Warsaw, epitomizes the youth rebellion that was part of the Zionist experience. O
110. Haynie 2009.
111. Berg 2017.
112. Mosse 1992.
113. Yadgar 2017, p. 68: "This secularization means primarily the "decline of the status of religion in the Jewish community"
114. Avineri 2017, Introduction, Notes: "Zionism was the most fundamental revolution in Jewish life. It substituted a secular
115. Shimoni 1995.
116. Yadgar 2017, p. 4: "Failing (or neglecting) to offer a fully-fledged national identity that would be independent from ra
117. Yadgar 2017, pp. 192–193, 202: "The author, essayist, and public intellectual A. B. Yehoshua is one of the more committe
118. Mandel 2005, pp. 85.
119. Rabkin 2006: "The political movement of Zionism was preceded in Eastern Europe by a revival of the Hebrew language as a
120. Dieckhoff 2003, pp. 104.
121. Fellman 2011, p. 7.
122. Blau 1981, p. 33.
123. Flapan 1979, Jewish and Arab Labour.
124. Shafir 1996, Conclusion.
125. Flapan 1979, The Policy of Economic and Social Separation.
126. Morris 1999, p. 51: "Continued employment of Arabs would lead to "Arab values" being passed on to Zionist youth and nour
127. Almog 1983, p. 5.
128. Flapan 1979, p. 201.
129. Shafir 1996, pp. 196–200.
130. Shapira 1992, p. 60.
131. Shapira 2014, p. 45-50.
132. Morris 1999, Chapter 2.
133. Avraham 2017, p. 357.
134. Hirsch 2009, p. 592.
135. Doron 1980, p. 404.
136. Hart 1999, p. 271.
137. Avraham 2013, pp. 355–357.
138. Vogt 2015, pp. 85–86.
139. Efron 1994, pp. 4, 144–146.
140. Avraham 2013, p. 358.
141. Falk 2017, pp. 35–36.
142. Avraham 2013, pp. 354–374.
143. Doron 1983, pp. 170–171Morris-Reich 2006, pp. 1–2, 4–5Gelber 2000, p. 133Nicosia 2010, pp. 1–2, 6–8Hart 2011, p. xxxivAv
144. Shapira 2004.
145. Next Year in Jerusalem: Exile and Return in Jewish History
     https://books.google.com/books?id=yw2yDwAAQBAJ&dq=next+year+in+jerusalem&pg=PT9
146. Vox
     https://www.vox.com/2014/8/5/18002034/why-are-you-supposed-to-say-next-year-in-jerusalem
147. Moment Magazine
     https://momentmag.com/next-year-in-jerusalem/
148. Avineri 2017.
149. Taylor 1971, pp. 10, 11.
150. "Sound the great shofar for our freedom, raise the banner to gather our exiles and gather us together from the four corn
151. Halamish 2008: "A number of factors motivated Israel's open immigration policy. First of all, open immigration—the ingat
152. Shohat 2003: "Central to Zionist thinking was the concept of Kibbutz Galuiot—the "ingathering of the exiles". Following
153. Russell, Gordon & America 1917.
154. Penslar 2023, p. 25.
155. Shimoni 1995, Chapter 2.
156. Dieckhoff 2003, Political Beginnings of Zionism.
157. Penslar 2023, pp. 27–29.
158. Sela 2002, Zionism.
159. Penslar 2023, p. 27, "The Zionist movement was created by Jews, but from the start it was dependent on support from the
160. Beinin & Stein 2006, p. 157.
161. Kagarlitsky 2014, p. 294.
     https://books.google.com/books?id=cf3pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA294
162. Shimoni 1995: "While assimilation was still progressing most promisingly, and also quite independently of antisemitism w
163. Shimoni 1995, Ethnicity and Nationalism.
164. Goldberg 2009, p. 20.
165. Rabkin 2006, Orientations.
166. Shlaim 2001, Introduction.
167. Sela 2002.
168. Shafir 1996.
169. Shafir 1996, p. 243-244.
170. Morris 1999, Palestine on the Eve.
171. Gorny 1987, The Overt Question, 1882–1917.
172. Dieckhoff 2003, p. 50.
173. Shapira 2012, p. 29.
174. Shapira 2014, p. 32-33.
175. Morris 2001, p. 47.
176. Holocaust Encyclopedia
     https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/alfred-dreyfus-and-the-dreyfus-affair
177. Jewish Social Studies
     https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466575
178. Journal of Israeli History
     https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13531049408576028
179. Morris 2001, pp. 20–21.
180. Masalha 2018.
181. Dieckhoff 2003, p. 39.
     https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Invention_of_a_Nation/1m_w5J0X7lUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA39&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Der%20Judenstaat%22
182. Masalha 2014, Introduction.
183. Cleveland 2010, Chapter 13: "Notwithstanding the growing participation of East European Jewry in Zionist activities, Her
184. Morris 1999, p. 23.
185. Sethi 2007.
186. Rovner 2014, p. 45: "European Jews swayed and prayed for Zion for nearly two millennia, and by the end of the nineteenth
187. Aviv & Shneer 2005, p. 10.
     https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBtob8RWEMC&q=zionism+uganda+argentina&pg=PA10
188. Hazony 2000, p. 150: "Recalling his views when he had written "The Jewish State" eight years earlier, he [Herzl] pointed
189. Friedman 2021, pp. 239–240.
190. Herzl 1896, p. 29 (31).
191. Shapira 2012, p. 23.
192. Hazony 2000, p. 369: "Herzl decided to explore the East Africa proposal in the wake of the pogrom, writing to Nordau: "W
193. Pappé 2004, Chapter 2.
194. Morris 1999, p. 37: "The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism
195. Morris 1999, Conclusions.
196. Pappé 2004, The Arrival of Zionism.
197. Quigley 2005, pp. 4–7.
198. Anderson 2013, p. 84.
199. Khalidi 2010, p. 102.
200. Morris 1999, pp. 20–24.
201. Masalha 2012, p. 70.
202. Karsh 2009, p. 12.
203. Morris 2008, p. 1.
204. Morris 1999, p. 35-40.
205. Gorny 1987.
206. Shafir 1996, "Conquest of Labor".
207. Shapira 2012, p. 67.
208. Shapira 2012, p. 67-68.
209. Shapira 2012, p. 68.
210. Shapira 2012, p. 69.
211. Shapira 2012, p. 69-70.
212. Shlaim 2001.
213. Shapira 2014, The Balfour Declaration.
214. Pappé 2004, Palestine in the First World War.
215. Goldman 2009, p. 133.
216. Masalha 2018, Chapter 10.
217. Shapira 2014, p. 70-71.
218. Roy 2016, p. 33-35.
219. Flapan 1979, p. 18.
     https://www.google.com/books/edition/Zionism_and_the_Palestinians/cJRtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Greater%20Israel%22
220. Avi Shlaim 2014, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Updated and Expanded). Quotation: "In the period 1918–20 the
221. Flapan 1979, p. 20: "The importance of analysing Weizmann's strategy derives from the fact that the assumptions on which
     https://www.google.com/books/edition/Zionism_and_the_Palestinians/cJRtAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22The%20importance%20of%20analysing%22
222. Ovendale 2015, pp. 51–.
     https://books.google.com/books?id=XM_MCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51
223. Quigley 2021, p. 181.
224. Report of the American Section of the International Commission on Mandates in Turkey
     https://web.archive.org/web/20231216002528/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv12/d380
225. Slater 2020: "In short, the Iron Wall concept—together with the premises, values, and historical myths that underlie it—
226. Cohen 2017: "Combined with the justification for using force to impose Zionism's minimum requirements, Jabotinsky's prac
227. Shlaim 2001: "Jabotinsky never wavered in his conviction that Jewish military power was the key factor in the struggle f
228. Gorny 1987, Historical Background.
229. Khalidi 2020, Chapter 1.
230. Dieckhoff 2003, pp. 7–8, 42.
231. Roy 2016, Political Background to the British Mandate Period (1917–1948).
232. Roy 2016, p. 38: "The Mandate administration further exacerbated the problems of the Arab producer by pursuing fiscal po
233. Roy 2016, British Government Policies.
234. Sternhell 1999, Introduction.
235. Shimoni 1995, p. 201.
236. Cleveland 2010, p. 252.
237. Sternhell 1999, Ends and Means: The Labor Ideology and the Histadrut.
238. Flapan 1979, p. 131.
239. Dieckhoff 2003, p. 91.
240. Sternhell 1999, p. 219.
241. Sternhell 1999.
242. Dieckhoff 2003, pp. 89–95.
243. Flapan 1979, pp. 19.
244. Roy 2016, The Economic Transformation of Palestine: Key British and Zionst Policies.
245. Pappé 2004.
246. Roy 2016, p. 33.
247. Khalidi 2020, p. 44.
248. Gorny 1987, pp. 243, 251.
249. Shapira 1992, pp. 247, 249, 251–252, 350, 365.
250. Khalidi 2006, p. 45.
251. The New York Times
     https://web.archive.org/web/20250207025354/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/02/01/magazine/israel-founding-palestinian-conflict.html
252. Jewish Review of Books
     https://web.archive.org/web/20241229114844/https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/7210/the-war-on-history/
253. States of Separation: Transfer, Partition, and the Making of the Modern Middle East
     https://books.google.com/books?id=c0InDgAAQBAJ
254. Katz 1992, p. 59: "The Commission, however, believed that a secure peace could not be achieved solely by partition and t
255. Ben-Ami 2007, p. 25.
256. Flapan 1979, p. 261: "Ben-Gurion declared unequivocally that sovereignty of the Jewish state, especially in matters of i
257. Gorny 1987: "In any event, the idea of a mass transfer did not strike them as morally deplorable at any time, and their
258. Morris 1999, p. 144.
259. Chomsky 1999, "The Boundaries of Zionist Aspirations". sfn error: no target: CITEREFChomsky1999 (help)
260. Rubin 2019, p. 12: "...Jabotinsky also rejected the [partition] plan on moral grounds, fiercely opposing the idea of tra
261. Flapan 1979, p. 264.
262. Rubin 2019, p. 15: "...in early 1940...Jabotinsky for the first time publicly proposed expelling Arabs from Palestine, e
263. Schechtman 1956:[page needed] "In his last book... he fully endorsed the idea of a voluntary Arab transfer from Palestin
264. Shilon 2021: "...in his last book, The Jewish War Front, Jabotinsky did not rule out the possibility of population trans
265. Segev 2001, pp. 406–407.
266. Morris 2009, pp. 349–360.
267. Morris 2001, p. 140.
268. Finkelstein 2016.
269. Gorny 1987, p. 243-245.
270. Gorny 1987, p. 323: "In the end, all of them accepted partition, less out of inner conviction than because of internatio
271. Cleveland 2010, Communal Conflict and the British Response.
272. Morris 2001, Conclusions.
273. Morris 1999, p. 162.
274. Pappé 2004: "A British White Paper of 1939 tried to make provision for Palestinian sensibilities. It repeated the promis
275. Morris 1999, p. 167.
276. Gorny 1987, p. 277.
277. Cleveland 2010, World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel.
278. Pappé 2004, Palestine in World War II: "This was selective, in which the physically fit and those with the right ideolog
279. Pappé 2004, Palestine in World War II.
280. Morris 1999, p. 169.
281. Shlaim 2001: "With this resolution the Zionist movement for the first time openly staked a claim to the whole of mandato
282. Cleveland 2010.
283. "VI". Survey of Palestine (Report). Vol. I. 1946. p. 141.
284. Johnson 1998, pp. 21–28.
285. avalon.law.yale.edu
     https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angpre.asp
286. Ravndal 2010.
287. McConaghy 2021, p. 482.
288. Morris 1999, p. 174.
289. "Establishment of UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP)"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20240527151638/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-183472/
290. Pappé 2004, p. 118-119.
291. Morris 1999, p. 148.
292. Morris 1999, pp. 196–197.
293. Pappé 2004, p. 127.
294. Pappé 2004, pp. 118–119.
295. Pappé 2004, p. 120.
296. Morris 2004: "The prospect and need to prepare for the invasion gave birth to Plan D, prepared in early March. It gave t
297. Morris 2008, pp. 404–406.
298. Morris 2004: "Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition. Demoralisation of the
299. Khalidi 2020, Chapter 1: "When the British left Palestine in 1948, there was no need to create the apparatus of a Jewish
300. Cleveland 2010, Terror and Intercommunal War.
301. Shapira 2012, p. 180.
302. Masalha 2012: "The 'War of Liberation', which led to the creation of the State of Israel on 78 per cent of historic Pale
303. Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126
304. Féron, Féron, p. 94.
305. "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East"
     https://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87
306. Shapira 2014, p. 248.
307. Masalha 2012, The Zionist Superimposing of Hebrew Toponymy.
308. Masalha 2012.
309. Hacohen 1991, p. 262 #2:"In meetings with foreign officials at the end of 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion cited the pla
310. Hakohen 2003, p. 46: "After independence, the government presented the Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish populati
311. Hakohen 2003, p. 246–247: "Both the immigrants' dependence and the circumstances of their arrival shaped the attitude of
312. Hakohen 2003, p. 47: "But as head of the government, entrusted with choosing the cabinet and steering its activities, Be
313. Hakohen 2003, p. 247: "On several occasions, resolutions were passed to limit immigration from European and Arab countri
314. Ravitzky 1996, pp. 32–34.
315. Ravitzky 1996, pp. 102–109, 122–131.
316. Shlaim 2001, Chapter 14.
317. Goldberg 2009.
318. Ravitzky 1996, Chapter 3.
319. Masalha 2014.
320. Dubnov 2011:[page needed] "Relatively recent examples of the search for this "core" idea in Zionism (which tends to labe
321. Yadgar 2017, pp. 119–160, "Main Zionist Streams and Jewish Traditions"Stanislawski 2017[page needed]Penslar 2023, p. 36
322. Shoham 2013, p. 31: "practical Zionism. This designation referred to those who supported the redemption of Palestine by
323. Seidler 2012, p. 176: "conflicting founding designs...express the formative ideological background underlying the very i
324. Boyarin 2025, pp. 137–160}: "What we call Zionism, despite the existence of a World Zionist Organization and then a Zion
325. Shindler 2015:[page needed] "Zionism was never a monolithic movement. It would be more correct to speak of a range of di
326. Berent 2019.
327. Penslar 2023, pp. 36–39.
328. Schulman 1998Sternhell 1999, p. 35Cohen 1984[page needed]
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330. Kimmerling 2006: "The tactics that Labor Zionists used to build the Jewish community in Palestine were completely differ
331. Keßler 2019.
332. Teveth 1985, pp. 66–70.
333. Getzoff 2019.
334. Sternhell 1999: "The formal decision to found Ahdut Ha'avoda was made at the Convention of Agricultural Workers, held in
335. Laqueur 2009: "The two largest of them, Ahdut Ha'avoda and Hapoel Hatzair, merged in January 1930 to form Mapai."
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354. Pappé 2004: "Zionism in many ways began as a Christian project, as part of a restorationist movement believing that the
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435. Judt 2003: "As the prominent Labor politician Avraham Burg recently wrote, "After two thousand years of struggle for sur
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440. Shafir 2016, pp. 799–805.
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442. Shlaim 2023, Epilogue.
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455. Dowty 2022.
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457. Sabbagh-Khoury 2022, first section.
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