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Zimbabwe

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Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare, and the second largest is Bulawayo. A country of roughly 16.9 million people as per 2024 estimates, Zimbabwe's largest ethnic group are the Shona, who make up 80% of the population, followed by the Northern Ndebele and other smaller minorities. Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. Zimbabwe is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The region was long inhabited by the San, and was settled by Bantu peoples around 2,000 years ago. Beginning in the 11th century the Shona people constructed the city of Great Zimbabwe, which became one of the major African trade centres by the 13th century. From there, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe was established, followed by the Mutapa and Rozvi empires. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after the First Matabele War. Company rule ended in 1923 with the establishment of Southern Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. In 1965, the white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black rebel forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU–PF party won the general election following the end of white minority rule and has remained the country's dominant party since. He was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987, after converting the country's initial parliamentary system into a presidential one, until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations, which received worldwide condemnation. From 1997 to 2008, the economy experienced consistent decline (and in the latter years, hyperinflation), though it has since seen rapid growth after the use of currencies other than the Zimbabwean dollar was permitted. In 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, a coup d'état resulted in Mugabe's resignation. Emmerson Mnangagwa has since served as Zimbabwe's president.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Harare 17°49′45″S 31°03′08″E / 17.82917°S 31.05222°E / -17.82917; 31.05222
Official languages
16 languages: .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li ChewaChibarweEnglishKalangaKhoisanNambyaNdauNdebeleShanganiShonaSothoTongaTswanaVendaXhosaZimbabwean sign language
Ethnic groups (2022 census)
99.6% Indigenous African[a]0.2% European0.1% Coloured0.1% other[b]
Religion (2017)
mw- li 84.1% Christianity 69.2% Protestantism 14.9% other Christian 10.2% no religion4.5% traditional faiths1.2% others
Demonyms
Zimbabwean Zimbo (colloquial)
Government
Unitary presidential republic
• President
Emmerson Mnangagwa
• First Vice-President
Constantino Chiwenga
• Second Vice-President
Kembo Mohadi
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
National Assembly
• Declared
11 November 1965
• Republic
2 March 1970
• Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1 June 1979
• Independence recognised
18 April 1980
• Current constitution
15 May 2013
• Total
$53.310 billion (101st)
• Water (%)
1
• January 2024 estimate
16,868,409 (73rd)
• 2022 census
15,178,957
• Density
39/km2 (101.0/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$3,070 (152nd)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2019)
50.3 } }high inequality
HDI (2023)
0.598medium (153rd)
Currency
De jure: Zimbabwe Gold (ZWG) De facto: United States dollar (USD) South African rand (ZAR); Other currencies[note 1]
Time zone
UTC 2 (CAT)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Calling code
263
ISO 3166 code
ZW
Internet TLD
zw

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Bulawayo
Bulawayo
Province
Bulawayo
Capital
Bulawayo
Harare
Harare
Province
Harare
Capital
Harare
Manicaland
Manicaland
Province
Manicaland
Capital
Mutare
Mashonaland Central
Mashonaland Central
Province
Mashonaland Central
Capital
Bindura
Mashonaland East
Mashonaland East
Province
Mashonaland East
Capital
Marondera
Mashonaland West
Mashonaland West
Province
Mashonaland West
Capital
Chinhoyi
Masvingo
Masvingo
Province
Masvingo
Capital
Masvingo city
Matabeleland North
Matabeleland North
Province
Matabeleland North
Capital
Lupane District
Matabeleland South
Matabeleland South
Province
Matabeleland South
Capital
Gwanda
Midlands
Midlands
Province
Midlands
Capital
Gweru
Province
Capital
Bulawayo
Bulawayo
Harare
Harare
Manicaland
Mutare
Mashonaland Central
Bindura
Mashonaland East
Marondera
Mashonaland West
Chinhoyi
Masvingo
Masvingo city
Matabeleland North
Lupane District
Matabeleland South
Gwanda
Midlands
Gweru

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  322. "Finally, Zimbabwe's 'private' radio station goes on air"
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  327. The South African Archaeological Bulletin
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  328. "Great Zimbabwe"
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  329. "Balancing Rocks"
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