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Zia-ul-Haq

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Zia-ul-Haq

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was a Pakistani military officer and politician who served as the sixth president of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in an airplane crash in 1988. He also served as the second chief of the army staff of the Pakistan Army from 1976 until his death. The country's longest-serving de facto head of state and chief of the army staff, Zia's political ideology is known as Ziaism. Born in Jalandhar, Punjab, Zia was trained at the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun and fought in the Second World War under the British Indian Army. Following the partition of India in 1947, he joined the Pakistan Army as a part of the Frontier Force Regiment. Zia was on active duty in Kashmir during the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, and after it he was promoted to colonel. During Black September, he played a prominent role as an advisor of the Jordanian Armed Forces against the Palestine Liberation Organization. In 1976, Zia was elevated to the rank of general and was appointed as chief of the army staff by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, succeeding Tikka Khan. In July 1977, Zia organized Operation Fair Play, in which he overthrew Bhutto's federal government, declared martial law and assumed the office of the chief martial law administrator, dissolved the federal and provincial legislatures — hence suspending the provincial governments as well and declaring governor's rule across all provinces — and suspended the constitution. The coup was the second in Pakistan's history. Zia remained de facto leader for over a year, assuming the presidency in September 1978, after Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry resigned. He directed a policy of Islamisation in Pakistan, escalated the country's atomic bomb project and instituted industrialisation and deregulation, which significantly improved Pakistan's economy. In 1979, following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Zia adopted an anti-Soviet stance and aided the Afghan mujahideen. He bolstered ties with China and the United States, and emphasised Pakistan's role in the Islamic world. Zia held non-partisan elections in 1985 and appointed Muhammad Khan Junejo prime minister, though he accumulated more presidential powers through the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. He dismissed Junejo's government on charges of economic stagflation and announced a general election in November 1988. However, on August 1988, while travelling from Bahawalpur to Islamabad, Zia died in an aircraft crash near the Sutlej River. He is buried at the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad. Zia dominated Pakistan's politics for over a decade and his proxy war against the Soviet Union is credited with leading to the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan. He is praised by right-wing conservatives for his desecularisation efforts and opposition to Western culture. Conversely, Zia's detractors criticise his authoritarianism, his press censorship, his purported religious intolerance, his suppression of women's rights by Hudood Ordinance, and his weakening of democracy in Pakistan.

Infobox

Prime Minister
Zulfikar Ali BhuttoMuhammad Junejo
Preceded by
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (as Prime Minister)
Succeeded by
Muhammad Junejo (as Prime Minister)
President
mw- Fazal Ilahi ChaudhryHimself
Born
(1924-08-12)12 August 1924Jalandhar, Punjab Province, British India
Died
17 August 1988(1988-08-17) (aged 64)Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Cause of death
Aircraft crash
Resting place
Faisal Mosque, Islamabad
Spouse
mw- Shafiq Jahan (m. 1950)
Children
5, including Ijaz
Alma mater
St. Stephen's CollegeIndian Military Academy
Nickname(s)
The Ringmaster, Master of Illusion
Allegiance
British India Pakistan
Branch/service
British Indian Army Pakistan Army
Years of service
1943–1988
Rank
General
Unit
Guides CavalryArmoured Corps
Commands
II Strike CorpsChief of Army Staff
Battles/wars
mw- li Second World War Pacific War Indonesian National Revolution Battle of Surabaya Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 Black September Spillover of the Soviet–Afghan war in Pakistan

Tables

· Awards and decorations
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965)
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965)
Col 1
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965)
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War (War Medal 1971)
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
Pakistan Tamgha (Pakistan Medal) 1947
Col 4
Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e- Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam (100th Birth Anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah) 1976
Hijri Tamgha (Hijri Medal) 1979
Hijri Tamgha (Hijri Medal) 1979
Col 1
Hijri Tamgha (Hijri Medal) 1979
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Tamgha-e-Jamhuria (Republic Commemoration Medal) 1956
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
Order of Independence (Jordan) 1971
Col 4
Order of the Star of Jordan (1971)
Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (Thailand)
Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (Thailand)
Col 1
Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (Thailand)
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Burma Star
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
War Medal1939-1945
Col 4
General Service Medal World War 2 (Awarded in 1945)
Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War (War Star 1965)
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965)
Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War (War Medal 1971)
Pakistan Tamgha (Pakistan Medal) 1947
Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e- Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam (100th Birth Anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah) 1976
Hijri Tamgha (Hijri Medal) 1979
Tamgha-e-Jamhuria (Republic Commemoration Medal) 1956
Order of Independence (Jordan) 1971
Order of the Star of Jordan (1971)
Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (Thailand)
Burma Star
War Medal1939-1945
General Service Medal World War 2 (Awarded in 1945)
· Awards and decorations
Jordan
Jordan
Foreign Awards
Jordan
Foreign Awards
Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali
Foreign Awards
Thailand
Thailand
Foreign Awards
Thailand
Foreign Awards
Order of the Rajamitrabhorn
Foreign Awards
Jordan
Jordan
Foreign Awards
Jordan
Foreign Awards
Order of the Star of Jordan
Foreign Awards
Order of Independence
Order of Independence
Foreign Awards
Order of Independence
Foreign Awards
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Foreign Awards
United Kingdom
Foreign Awards
Burma Star
Foreign Awards
War Medal 1939-1945
1939
1939–1945
War Medal 1939-1945
Foreign Awards
War Medal 1939-1945
Foreign Awards
General Service Medal - (World War 2)
General Service Medal - (World War 2)
Foreign Awards
General Service Medal - (World War 2)
Foreign Awards
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Foreign Awards
Yugoslavia
Foreign Awards
Order of the Yugoslav Great Star
Foreign Awards
Foreign Awards
Jordan
Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali
Thailand
Order of the Rajamitrabhorn
Jordan
Order of the Star of Jordan
Order of Independence
United Kingdom
Burma Star
War Medal 1939-1945
General Service Medal - (World War 2)
Yugoslavia
Order of the Yugoslav Great Star
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Military offices
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Military offices
Colonel Commandant of Army Armoured Corps 1974–1978
Military offices
Succeeded byAli Jan Mehsud
Preceded byTikka Khan
Preceded byTikka Khan
Military offices
Preceded byTikka Khan
Military offices
Chief of Army Staff 1976–1988
Military offices
Succeeded byMirza Aslam Beg
Political offices
Political offices
Military offices
Political offices
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Military offices
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Military offices
Minister of Defence 1978
Military offices
Succeeded byAli Ahmed Khan Talpur
Preceded byAli Ahmed Khan Talpur
Preceded byAli Ahmed Khan Talpur
Military offices
Preceded byAli Ahmed Khan Talpur
Military offices
Minister of Defence 1985
Military offices
Succeeded byMuhammad Khan Junejo
Preceded byFazal Ilahi Chaudhry
Preceded byFazal Ilahi Chaudhry
Military offices
Preceded byFazal Ilahi Chaudhry
Military offices
President of Pakistan 1978–1988
Military offices
Succeeded byGhulam Ishaq Khan
Military offices
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Colonel Commandant of Army Armoured Corps 1974–1978
Succeeded byAli Jan Mehsud
Preceded byTikka Khan
Chief of Army Staff 1976–1988
Succeeded byMirza Aslam Beg
Political offices
Preceded byZulfikar Ali Bhutto
Minister of Defence 1978
Succeeded byAli Ahmed Khan Talpur
Preceded byAli Ahmed Khan Talpur
Minister of Defence 1985
Succeeded byMuhammad Khan Junejo
Preceded byFazal Ilahi Chaudhry
President of Pakistan 1978–1988
Succeeded byGhulam Ishaq Khan

References

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  140. The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994
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  143. The Economist
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  144. HuffPost
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  145. "Historical USD to PKR Rates 1960-2020 | Pakistan Image"
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  147. Geo TV
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  148. geo.tv
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  151. What we won: America's secret war in Afghanistan, 1979-89
  152. What we won: America's secret war in Afghanistan, 1979-89
  153. A Case of Exploding Mangoes
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  154. Document ratchakitcha.soc.go.th
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  155. Jordan Times, 1987, Jordan, English
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