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Zhou Enlai

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Zhou Enlai

Zhou Enlai (Chinese: 周恩来; pinyin: Zhōu Ēnlái; Wade–Giles: Chou1 Ên1-lai2; 5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat, and revolutionary who served as the first Premier of the People's Republic of China from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Chairman Mao Zedong and aided the Communist Party in rising to power, later helping consolidate its control, form its foreign policy, and develop the Chinese economy. As a diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. Advocating peaceful coexistence with the West after the Korean War, he participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and the 1955 Bandung Conference and helped orchestrate Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. He helped devise policies regarding disputes with the United States, Taiwan, the Soviet Union (after 1960), India, Korea, and Vietnam. Zhou survived the purges of other top officials during the Cultural Revolution. While Mao dedicated most of his later years to political struggle and ideological work, Zhou was one of the main driving forces behind the affairs of state during much of the Cultural Revolution. His attempts at mitigating the Red Guards' damage and his efforts to protect others from their wrath made him immensely popular in the Cultural Revolution's later stages. Mao's health began to decline in 1971, and Lin Biao fell into disgrace and later died in a plane crash. Amid these events, Zhou was elected to the vacant position of First Vice Chairman of the Communist Party by the 10th Central Committee in 1973 and thereby designated as Mao's successor (the third person to be so designated after Liu Shaoqi and Lin Biao), but still struggled internally against the Gang of Four over leadership of China. His last major public appearance was at the first meeting of the 4th National People's Congress on 13 January 1975, where he presented the government work report. He then fell out of the public eye for medical treatment and died one year later. The massive public outpouring of grief which his death provoked in Beijing turned to anger at the Gang of Four, leading to the 1976 Tiananmen Incident. Although Zhou was succeeded by Hua Guofeng as First Vice Chairman and designated successor, Zhou's ally Deng Xiaoping was able to outmaneuver the Gang of Four politically and took Hua's place as paramount leader by 1978.

Infobox

First Vice Premier
Dong BiwuChen YunLin BiaoDeng Xiaoping
Preceded by
Mao Zedong
Succeeded by
Vacant (1976–1978)Deng Xiaoping
Premier
Himself
Chairman
Mao Zedong
Honorary Chairman
Mao Zedong
Born
(1898-03-05)5 March 1898Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
Died
8 January 1976(1976-01-08) (aged 77)Beijing, China
Political party
mw- Chinese Communist Party (1921–1976)
Other politicalaffiliations
Kuomintang (1923–1927)
Spouse
mw- Deng Yingchao (m. 1925)
Children
Sun Weishi, Wang Shu(both adopted)
Education
Nankai Middle School
Alma mater
Nankai University
Website
zhouenlai.people.cn
Branch
National Revolutionary Army (1937–1945)Chinese Red ArmyPeople's Liberation Army
Rank
Lieutenant General of the National Revolutionary Army
Conflicts
Northern Expeditions Nanchang Uprising Encirclement Campaigns Second Sino-Japanese War Chinese Civil War
Simplified Chinese
周恩来
Traditional Chinese
周恩來
Transcriptions
TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiángyǔWade–GilesHsiang2-yü3Yue: CantoneseJyutpingCoeng4-jyu5
Hanyu Pinyin
Xiángyǔ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Jou Enlai
Wade–Giles
Hsiang2-yü3
IPA
[tsɐw˥ jɐn˥ lɔj˩]
Suzhounese
Tseu En-le
Yale Romanization
Jāu Yān-lòih
Jyutping
Coeng4-jyu5
Chinese
翔宇
Party
mw- Chinese Communist Party (1921–1976)

Tables

Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen
Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen
Leaders
Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen
Unit Designation
1st Corps
Peng Dehuai, Yang Shangkun
Peng Dehuai, Yang Shangkun
Leaders
Peng Dehuai, Yang Shangkun
Unit Designation
3rd Corps
Xiao Jinguang
Xiao Jinguang
Leaders
Xiao Jinguang
Unit Designation
7th Corps
Xiao Ke
Xiao Ke
Leaders
Xiao Ke
Unit Designation
8th Corps
Luo Binghui
Luo Binghui
Leaders
Luo Binghui
Unit Designation
9th Corps
Fang Zhimin
Fang Zhimin
Leaders
Fang Zhimin
Unit Designation
10th Corps
Leaders
Unit Designation
Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen
1st Corps
Peng Dehuai, Yang Shangkun
3rd Corps
Xiao Jinguang
7th Corps
Xiao Ke
8th Corps
Luo Binghui
9th Corps
Fang Zhimin
10th Corps
· External links
New title
New title
Government offices
New title
Government offices
Premier of China 1949–1976
Government offices
Succeeded byHua Guofeng
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1949–1958
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1949–1958
Government offices
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1949–1958
Government offices
Succeeded byChen Yi
Political offices
Political offices
Government offices
Political offices
Preceded byMao Zedong
Preceded byMao Zedong
Government offices
Preceded byMao Zedong
Government offices
Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1954–1976
Government offices
VacantDeath of Zhou EnlaiTitle next held byDeng Xiaopingfrom 1978
Party political offices
Party political offices
Government offices
Party political offices
Preceded byWang Ming
Preceded byWang Ming
Government offices
Preceded byWang Ming
Government offices
Head of the CPC Central United Front Department 1947–1948
Government offices
Succeeded byLi Weihan
New title
New title
Government offices
New title
Government offices
Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 1956–1966 Served alongside: Chen Yun, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Lin Biao
Government offices
Succeeded byLin Biao
Preceded byLin BiaoVacant since 1971
Preceded byLin BiaoVacant since 1971
Government offices
Preceded byLin BiaoVacant since 1971
Government offices
Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 1973–1976 Served alongside: Kang Sheng, Li Desheng, Wang Hongwen, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping
Government offices
Succeeded byHua GuofengWang HongwenYe JianyingDeng Xiaoping
Government offices
New title
Premier of China 1949–1976
Succeeded byHua Guofeng
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1949–1958
Succeeded byChen Yi
Political offices
Preceded byMao Zedong
Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1954–1976
VacantDeath of Zhou EnlaiTitle next held byDeng Xiaopingfrom 1978
Party political offices
Preceded byWang Ming
Head of the CPC Central United Front Department 1947–1948
Succeeded byLi Weihan
New title
Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 1956–1966 Served alongside: Chen Yun, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Lin Biao
Succeeded byLin Biao
Preceded byLin BiaoVacant since 1971
Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 1973–1976 Served alongside: Kang Sheng, Li Desheng, Wang Hongwen, Ye Jianying, Deng Xiaoping
Succeeded byHua GuofengWang HongwenYe JianyingDeng Xiaoping

References

  1. During the Cultural Revolution, when "red" (poor) family background became essential for everything from college admissi
  2. This is the reason for the adoption given in Gao (23). Lee (11) suggests that it was due to the belief that having a son
  3. Zhou's father may have also been in Manchuria at this time, and Zhou may have lived with him for a while. Afterward Zhou
  4. The date of this has been controversial. Most writers, such as Gao (41), now accept March 1921. Several of these cells w
  5. In addition to noting the uncertain status of cell members versus party members, Levine (151 n47) questions whether Zhou
  6. This description is based on Lee 161. Other sources give varying dates, places and numbers of people.
  7. Lee cites Zhou's last public activity in Europe as a Nationalist Party farewell dinner on 24 July.
  8. "Secretary of provincial committee" is according to Barnouin and Yu, 32. Other works give different dates and positions.
  9. As Wilbur notes, Russian advisors played important roles in these early campaigns.
  10. People's Daily
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  14. Lee papoopooo recent study that claims Zhou Panlong did not actually serve as county magistrate.
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  35. Boorman (332) makes the claim that Zhou attended Kawakami's lectures
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  52. Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 1–2.
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  64. For Chen Yi, see Boorman, "Chen Yi", 255. For the rest, see Weidenbaum 212–213
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