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Yoga

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Yoga

Yoga (UK: , US: ; Sanskrit: योग 'yoga' [joːɡɐ] ; lit. 'yoke' or 'union') is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines that originated with its own philosophy in ancient India, aimed at controlling body and mind to attain liberation (moksha), as practiced in the Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions. Modern forms of Yoga are practiced worldwide, often entailing posture-based physical fitness, stress-relief and relaxation technique. Yoga may have pre-Vedic origins, but is first attested in the early first millennium BCE. It developed as various traditions in the eastern Ganges basin, and drew from a common body of practices, including Vedic elements. Yoga-like practices are mentioned in the Rigveda and a number of early Upanishads, but systematic yoga concepts emerged during the fifth and sixth centuries BCE in ancient India's ascetic and Śramaṇa movements, including Jainism and Buddhism. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the classical text on Hindu yoga, samkhya-based but influenced by Buddhism, dates to the early centuries of the Common Era. Hatha yoga texts began to emerge between the ninth and 11th centuries, originating in Tantra. "Yoga" in the Western world is often a modern form of Hatha yoga consisting largely of asanas; this differs from traditional yoga, which focuses on meditation and release from worldly attachments. It was introduced by gurus from India after the success of Swami Vivekananda's adaptation of yoga without asanas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Vivekananda introduced the Yoga Sutras to the West, and they became prominent after the 20th-century success of hatha yoga. In 1925, Paramahansa Yogananda started a Kriya Yoga centre in Los Angeles, becoming one of the first Yoga teachers in the United States.

Tables

· Definition › Definitions in classical texts
Maitrayaniya Upanishad
Maitrayaniya Upanishad
Source Text
Maitrayaniya Upanishad
Approx. Date
c. 4th century BCE
Definition of Yoga
"Because in this manner he joins the Prana (breath), the Om, and this Universe in its manifold forms, or because they join themselves (to him), therefore this (process of meditation) is called Yoga (joining). The oneness of breath, mind, and senses, and then the surrendering of all conceptions, that is called Yoga"
Vaisesika sutra
Vaisesika sutra
Source Text
Vaisesika sutra
Approx. Date
c. 4th century BCE
Definition of Yoga
"Pleasure and suffering arise as a result of the drawing together of the sense organs, the mind and objects. When that does not happen because the mind is in the self, there is no pleasure or suffering for one who is embodied. That is yoga" (5.2.15–16)
Katha Upanishad
Katha Upanishad
Source Text
Katha Upanishad
Approx. Date
last centuries BCE
Definition of Yoga
"When the five senses, along with the mind, remain still and the intellect is not active, that is known as the highest state. They consider yoga to be firm restraint of the senses. Then one becomes un-distracted for yoga is the arising and the passing away" (6.10–11)
Bhagavad Gita
Bhagavad Gita
Source Text
Bhagavad Gita
Approx. Date
c. 2nd century BCE
Definition of Yoga
"Be equal minded in both success and failure. Such equanimity is called Yoga" (2.48) "Yoga is skill in action" (2.50) "Know that which is called yoga to be separation from contact with suffering" (6.23)
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
Source Text
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
Approx. Date
c. first centuries CE
Definition of Yoga
1.2. yogas chitta vritti nirodhah – "Yoga is the calming down the fluctuations/patterns of mind"1.3. Then the Seer is established in his own essential and fundamental nature.1.4. In other states there is assimilation (of the Seer) with the modifications (of the mind).
Yogabhasya
Yogabhasya
Source Text
Yogabhasya
Approx. Date
same as Yoga Sutras
Definition of Yoga
yoga samadhih - "samadhi is yoga," referring to ekagrata, one-pointedness, and niruddha, that is, contentless samadhi (asamprajnata-samadhi)
Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra (Sravakabhumi), a Mahayana Buddhist Yogacara work
Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra (Sravakabhumi), a Mahayana Buddhist Yogacara work
Source Text
Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra (Sravakabhumi), a Mahayana Buddhist Yogacara work
Approx. Date
4th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"Yoga is fourfold: faith, aspiration, perseverance and means" (2.152)
Kaundinya's Pancarthabhasya on the Pashupata-sutra
Kaundinya's Pancarthabhasya on the Pashupata-sutra
Source Text
Kaundinya's Pancarthabhasya on the Pashupata-sutra
Approx. Date
4th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"In this system, yoga is the union of the self and the Lord" (I.I.43)
Yogaśataka a Jain work by Haribhadra Suri
Yogaśataka a Jain work by Haribhadra Suri
Source Text
Yogaśataka a Jain work by Haribhadra Suri
Approx. Date
6th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"With conviction, the lords of Yogins have in our doctrine defined yoga as the concurrence (sambandhah) of the three [correct knowledge (sajjñana), correct doctrine (saddarsana) and correct conduct (saccaritra)] beginning with correct knowledge, since [thereby arises] conjunction with liberation....In common usage this [term] yoga also [denotes the Self's] contact with the causes of these [three], due to the common usage of the cause for the effect." (2, 4).
Linga Purana
Linga Purana
Source Text
Linga Purana
Approx. Date
7th–10th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"By the word 'yoga' is meant nirvana, the condition of Shiva." (I.8.5a)
Brahmasutra-bhasya of Adi Shankara
Brahmasutra-bhasya of Adi Shankara
Source Text
Brahmasutra-bhasya of Adi Shankara
Approx. Date
c. 8th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"It is said in the treatises on yoga: 'Yoga is the means of perceiving reality' (atha tattvadarsanabhyupāyo yogah)" (2.1.3)
Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, one of the primary authorities in non-dual Kashmir Shaivism
Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, one of the primary authorities in non-dual Kashmir Shaivism
Source Text
Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, one of the primary authorities in non-dual Kashmir Shaivism
Approx. Date
6th–10th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"Yoga is said to be the oneness of one entity with another." (4.4–8)
Mrgendratantravrtti, of the Shaiva Siddhanta scholar Narayanakantha
Mrgendratantravrtti, of the Shaiva Siddhanta scholar Narayanakantha
Source Text
Mrgendratantravrtti, of the Shaiva Siddhanta scholar Narayanakantha
Approx. Date
6th–10th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"To have self-mastery is to be a Yogin. The term Yogin means "one who is necessarily "conjoined with" the manifestation of his nature...the Siva-state (sivatvam)" (yp 2a)
Śaradatilaka of Lakshmanadesikendra, a Shakta Tantra work
Śaradatilaka of Lakshmanadesikendra, a Shakta Tantra work
Source Text
Śaradatilaka of Lakshmanadesikendra, a Shakta Tantra work
Approx. Date
11th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"Yogic experts state that yoga is the oneness of the individual Self (jiva) with the atman. Others understand it to be the ascertainment of Siva and the Self as non-different. The scholars of the Agamas say that it is a Knowledge which is of the nature of Siva's Power. Other scholars say it is the knowledge of the primordial Self." (25.1–3b)
Yogabija, a Hatha yoga work
Yogabija, a Hatha yoga work
Source Text
Yogabija, a Hatha yoga work
Approx. Date
14th century CE
Definition of Yoga
"The union of apana and prana, one's own rajas and semen, the sun and moon, the individual Self and the supreme Self, and in the same way the union of all dualities, is called yoga. " (89)
Source Text
Approx. Date
Definition of Yoga
Maitrayaniya Upanishad
c. 4th century BCE
"Because in this manner he joins the Prana (breath), the Om, and this Universe in its manifold forms, or because they join themselves (to him), therefore this (process of meditation) is called Yoga (joining). The oneness of breath, mind, and senses, and then the surrendering of all conceptions, that is called Yoga"
Vaisesika sutra
c. 4th century BCE
"Pleasure and suffering arise as a result of the drawing together of the sense organs, the mind and objects. When that does not happen because the mind is in the self, there is no pleasure or suffering for one who is embodied. That is yoga" (5.2.15–16)
Katha Upanishad
last centuries BCE
"When the five senses, along with the mind, remain still and the intellect is not active, that is known as the highest state. They consider yoga to be firm restraint of the senses. Then one becomes un-distracted for yoga is the arising and the passing away" (6.10–11)
Bhagavad Gita
c. 2nd century BCE
"Be equal minded in both success and failure. Such equanimity is called Yoga" (2.48) "Yoga is skill in action" (2.50) "Know that which is called yoga to be separation from contact with suffering" (6.23)
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
c. first centuries CE
yogas chitta vritti nirodhah – "Yoga is the calming down the fluctuations/patterns of mind"1.3. Then the Seer is established in his own essential and fundamental nature.1.4. In other states there is assimilation (of the Seer) with the modifications (of the mind).
Yogabhasya
same as Yoga Sutras
yoga samadhih - "samadhi is yoga," referring to ekagrata, one-pointedness, and niruddha, that is, contentless samadhi (asamprajnata-samadhi)
Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra (Sravakabhumi), a Mahayana Buddhist Yogacara work
4th century CE
"Yoga is fourfold: faith, aspiration, perseverance and means" (2.152)
Kaundinya's Pancarthabhasya on the Pashupata-sutra
4th century CE
"In this system, yoga is the union of the self and the Lord" (I.I.43)
Yogaśataka a Jain work by Haribhadra Suri
6th century CE
"With conviction, the lords of Yogins have in our doctrine defined yoga as the concurrence (sambandhah) of the three [correct knowledge (sajjñana), correct doctrine (saddarsana) and correct conduct (saccaritra)] beginning with correct knowledge, since [thereby arises] conjunction with liberation....In common usage this [term] yoga also [denotes the Self's] contact with the causes of these [three], due to the common usage of the cause for the effect." (2, 4).
Linga Purana
7th–10th century CE
"By the word 'yoga' is meant nirvana, the condition of Shiva." (I.8.5a)
Brahmasutra-bhasya of Adi Shankara
c. 8th century CE
"It is said in the treatises on yoga: 'Yoga is the means of perceiving reality' (atha tattvadarsanabhyupāyo yogah)" (2.1.3)
Mālinīvijayottara Tantra, one of the primary authorities in non-dual Kashmir Shaivism
6th–10th century CE
"Yoga is said to be the oneness of one entity with another." (4.4–8)
Mrgendratantravrtti, of the Shaiva Siddhanta scholar Narayanakantha
6th–10th century CE
"To have self-mastery is to be a Yogin. The term Yogin means "one who is necessarily "conjoined with" the manifestation of his nature...the Siva-state (sivatvam)" (yp 2a)
Śaradatilaka of Lakshmanadesikendra, a Shakta Tantra work
11th century CE
"Yogic experts state that yoga is the oneness of the individual Self (jiva) with the atman. Others understand it to be the ascertainment of Siva and the Self as non-different. The scholars of the Agamas say that it is a Knowledge which is of the nature of Siva's Power. Other scholars say it is the knowledge of the primordial Self." (25.1–3b)
Yogabija, a Hatha yoga work
14th century CE
"The union of apana and prana, one's own rajas and semen, the sun and moon, the individual Self and the supreme Self, and in the same way the union of all dualities, is called yoga. " (89)
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali[179] · History › Classical era (200 BCE – 500 CE) › <i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i>
Samadhi Pada
Samadhi Pada
Pada (Chapter)
Samadhi Pada
English meaning
On being absorbed in spirit
Sutras
51
Sadhana Pada
Sadhana Pada
Pada (Chapter)
Sadhana Pada
English meaning
On being immersed in spirit
Sutras
55
Vibhuti Pada
Vibhuti Pada
Pada (Chapter)
Vibhuti Pada
English meaning
On supernatural abilities and gifts
Sutras
56
Kaivalya Pada
Kaivalya Pada
Pada (Chapter)
Kaivalya Pada
English meaning
On absolute freedom
Sutras
34
Pada (Chapter)
English meaning
Sutras
Samadhi Pada
On being absorbed in spirit
51
Sadhana Pada
On being immersed in spirit
55
Vibhuti Pada
On supernatural abilities and gifts
56
Kaivalya Pada
On absolute freedom
34

References

  1. Zimmer's point of view is supported by other scholars, such as Niniam Smart in Doctrine and argument in Indian Philosoph
  2. Gavin Flood: "These renouncer traditions offered a new vision of the human condition which became incorporated, to some
  3. See also Gavin Flood (1996), Hinduism, p.87–90, on "The orthogenetic theory" and "Non-Vedic origins of renunciation".
  4. Post-classical traditions consider Hiranyagarbha the originator of yoga.
  5. Some scholars are now considering the image to be an instance of Lord of the Beasts found in Eurasian neolithic mytholog
  6. Wynne states that "The Nasadiyasukta, one of the earliest and most important cosmogonic tracts in the early Brahminic li
  7. Original Sanskrit: स्वाध्यायमधीयानो धर्मिकान्विदधदात्मनि सर्वैन्द्रियाणि संप्रतिष्ठाप्याहिँसन्सर्व भूतान्यन्यत्र तीर्थेभ
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  8. Ancient Indian literature was transmitted and preserved through an oral tradition. For example, the earliest written Pal
  9. On the dates of the Pali canon, Gregory Schopen writes, "We know, and have known for some time, that the Pali canon as w
  10. For the date of this Upanishad see also Helmuth von Glasenapp, from the 1950 Proceedings of the "Akademie der Wissenscha
  11. The currently existing version of Vaiśeṣika Sūtra manuscript was likely finalized sometime between the 2nd century BCE a
  12. Werner writes, "The word Yoga appears here for the first time in its fully technical meaning, namely as a systematic tra
  13. For Patanjali as the founder of the philosophical system called yoga see: Chatterjee & Datta 1984, p. 42.
  14. For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967, "C
  15. For a brief overview of the yoga school of philosophy see: Chatterjee & Datta 1984, p. 43.
  16. Worthington writes, "Yoga fully acknowledges its debt to Jainism, and Jainism reciprocates by making the practice of yog
  17. The earliest documented use of the word "Tantra" is in the Rigveda (X.71.9).
  18. "The Meditation school, called 'Ch'an' in Chinese from the Sanskrit 'dhyāna,' is best known in the West by the Japanese
  19. For instance, Kamalashila (2003), p. 4, states that Buddhist meditation "includes any method of meditation that has Enli
  20. The Pāli and Sanskrit word bhāvanā literally means "development" as in "mental development." For the association of this
    http://www.tipitaka.org/romn/cscd/s0202m.mul1.xml
  21. See, for example, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), entry for "jhāna1"; Thanissaro (1997); as well as, Kapleau (1989), p. 3
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  22. Not to be confused with Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, a style of modern yoga using fluid transitions (vinyasas) between asanas.
  23. King (1999, p. 67): "Many westerners see yoga as a variation on the modern concern for health and fitness and a means of
  24. A classical definition comes from Patanjali's Yoga sutras(Feuerstein 1998, pp. 4–5, White 2011, p. 3, Olsson 2023, p. 2)
  25. Hindu-scholars have argued that Yoga has Indo-Aryan Vedic origins, and influenced Jainism and Buddhism.
  26. The first known appearance of the word "yoga" with the same meaning as the modern term is in the Katha Upanishad (Single
  27. Bryant (2009, p. xxxiv): "Most scholars date the text shortly after the turn of the Common Era (circa first to second ce
  28. Hatha Yoga dating:Mallinson (2012, p. 20): "The techniques of hatha yoga are not taught in Sanskrit texts until the 11th
  29. Original Sanskrit: युञ्जते मन उत युञ्जते धियो विप्रा विप्रस्य बृहतो विपश्चितः। वि होत्रा दधे वयुनाविदेक इन्मही देवस्य सव
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  31. See, for example, Grimes (1996, p. 359), who states that yoga is a process (or discipline) leading to unity (Aikyam) wit
  32. This understanding of yoga as union with the divine is also informed by the mediaeval synthesis of Advaita Vedanta and y
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