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Yazid I

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Yazid I

Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (c. 646 – 11 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from April 680 until his death in November 683. His appointment by his father Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) was the first hereditary succession to the caliphate in Islamic history. His caliphate was marked by the death of Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali and the start of the crisis known as the Second Fitna. During his father's caliphate, Yazid led several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire including an attack on the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Yazid's nomination as heir apparent in 676 CE (56 AH) by Mu'awiya was opposed by several Muslim grandees from the Hejaz region, including Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. The two men refused to recognize Yazid following his accession and took sanctuary in Mecca. When Husayn left for Kufa in Iraq to lead a revolt against Yazid, he was killed with his small band of supporters by Yazid's forces in the Battle of Karbala. Husayn's death caused resentment in the Hejaz, where Ibn al-Zubayr called for a consultative assembly to elect a new caliph. The people of Medina, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, held other grievances toward the Umayyads. After failing to gain the allegiance of Ibn al-Zubayr and the people of the Hejaz through diplomacy, Yazid sent an army to suppress their rebellion. The army defeated the Medinans in the Battle of al-Harra in August 683 and the city was plundered. Afterward, Mecca was besieged for several weeks until the army withdrew as a result of Yazid's death in November 683. The Caliphate fell into a nearly decade-long civil war, ending with the establishment of the Marwanid dynasty (the Umayyad caliph Marwan I and his descendants). Yazid continued Mu'awiya's decentralized model of governance, relying on his provincial governors and the tribal nobility. He abandoned Mu'awiya's ambitious raids against the Byzantine Empire and strengthened Syria's military defenses. No new territories were conquered during his reign. Yazid is considered an illegitimate ruler and a tyrant by many Muslims due to his hereditary succession, the death of Husayn, and his attack on Medina. Modern historians take a milder view, and consider him a capable ruler, albeit less successful than his father.

Infobox

Reign
April 680[a] – 11 November 683
Predecessor
Mu'awiya I
Successor
Mu'awiya II
Born
c. 646 (25 AH)[b]Syria
Died
11 November 683 (aged c. 37) (14 Rabi al-Awwal 64 AH)Huwwarin, Syria
Spouse
Fakhitah bint Abi Hisham Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah
Issue
Mu'awiya II Khalid Abd Allah Atika
Names
NamesAbū Khālid Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn ʾAbī Sufyānأبو خالد يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان
House
Sufyanid
Dynasty
Umayyad
Father
Mu'awiya I
Mother
Maysun bint Bahdal
Religion
Islam

Tables

· External links
Preceded byMu'awiya I
Preceded byMu'awiya I
Yazid I Umayyad DynastyBorn: 646  Died: 11 November 683
Preceded byMu'awiya I
Yazid I Umayyad DynastyBorn: 646  Died: 11 November 683
Caliph of IslamUmayyad Caliph 680 – 11 November 683
Yazid I Umayyad DynastyBorn: 646  Died: 11 November 683
Succeeded byMu'awiya II
Yazid I Umayyad DynastyBorn: 646 Died: 11 November 683
Preceded byMu'awiya I
Caliph of IslamUmayyad Caliph 680 – 11 November 683
Succeeded byMu'awiya II

References

  1. Mu'awiya died in the month of Rajab 60 AH. Rajab of the year 60 AH started on 7 April 680. The precise date of death var
  2. His year of birth is uncertain. His age at the time of his death is reported to have been between 35 and 43 lunar years.
  3. Arabic: يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان, romanized: Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn ʾAbī Sufyān
  4. The reports of Abd Allah ibn Abbas's earlier rejection of Yazid's nomination by Mu'awiya are doubted by modern historian
  5. Pro-Alids or Alid partisans were political supporters of Ali, and later of his descendants.
  6. According to Julius Wellhausen, the attribution to Yazid is likely correct as the staff of office was usually held by mo
  7. Some later Muslim sources assert that the Syrians caused the fire. It is more likely that the defenders caused it accide
  8. He wrote a treatise on the subject titled Risala fi jawaz al-la'n ala Yazid (Treatise on the legality of cursing Yazid),
  9. Qurayshite descent was considered a prerequisite for the caliphal office by the majority of Muslims in early Islamic his
  10. The names of Yazid's sons from his slave women were Abd Allah al-Asghar, Umar, Abu Bakr, Utba, Harb, Abd al-Rahman, al-R
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