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Women's suffrage in the United States

Updated: Wikipedia source

Women's suffrage in the United States

Women's suffrage, or the right of women to vote, was established in the United States over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, first in various states and localities, then nationally in 1920 with the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution. The demand for women's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s, emerging from the broader movement for women's rights. In 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, passed a resolution in favor of women's suffrage despite opposition from some of its organizers, who believed the idea was too extreme. By the time of the first National Women's Rights Convention in 1850, however, suffrage was becoming an increasingly important aspect of the movement's activities. The first national suffrage organizations were established in 1869 when two competing organizations were formed, one led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the other by Lucy Stone and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. After years of rivalry, they merged in 1890 as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) with Anthony as its leading figure. The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), which was the largest women's organization at that time, was established in 1873 and also pursued women's suffrage, giving a huge boost to the movement. Hoping that the U.S. Supreme Court would rule that women had a constitutional right to vote, suffragists made several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed lawsuits when they were turned away. Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum. After the Supreme Court ruled against them in the 1875 case Minor v. Happersett, suffragists began the decades-long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women. Much of the movement's energy, however, went toward working for suffrage on a state-by-state basis. These efforts included pursuing office-holding rights separately in an effort to bolster their argument in favor of voting rights. The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming in 1869. This was followed by Utah in 1870; Colorado in 1893; Idaho in 1896; Washington in 1910; California in 1911; Oregon and Arizona in 1912; Montana in 1914; North Dakota, New York, and Rhode Island in 1917; Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Michigan in 1918. In 1916, Alice Paul formed the National Woman's Party (NWP), a group focused on the passage of a national suffrage amendment. Over 200 NWP supporters, the Silent Sentinels, were arrested in 1917 while picketing the White House, some of whom went on hunger strike and endured forced feeding after being sent to prison. Under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt, the two-million-member NAWSA also made a national suffrage amendment its top priority. After a hard-fought series of votes in the U.S. Congress and in state legislatures, the Nineteenth Amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution on August 18, 1920. It states, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

Tables

· See also › Wikipedia articles on women's suffrage by state
Alabama
Alabama
State
Alabama
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Alabama
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Alabama
Associations
League of Women Voters of Alabama
Alaska
Alaska
State
Alaska
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Alaska
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Alaska
Arizona
Arizona
State
Arizona
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Arizona
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona
Arkansas
Arkansas
State
Arkansas
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Arkansas
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Arkansas
California
California
State
California
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in California
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in California
Associations
California Equal Suffrage Association
Colorado
Colorado
State
Colorado
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Colorado
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut
State
Connecticut
Associations
Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association
Delaware
Delaware
State
Delaware
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Delaware
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware
Florida
Florida
State
Florida
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Florida
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Florida
Associations
League of Women Voters of Florida
Georgia
Georgia
State
Georgia
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)
Associations
Georgia Woman Suffrage Association
Hawaii
Hawaii
State
Hawaii
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Hawaii
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Hawaii
Idaho
Idaho
State
Idaho
Illinois
Illinois
State
Illinois
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Illinois
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Illinois
Associations
League of Women Voters of Naperville
Indiana
Indiana
State
Indiana
Iowa
Iowa
State
Iowa
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Iowa
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Iowa
Kansas
Kansas
State
Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky
State
Kentucky
Associations
Kentucky Equal Rights Association
Louisiana
Louisiana
State
Louisiana
Maine
Maine
State
Maine
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Maine
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Maine
Maryland
Maryland
State
Maryland
Associations
Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
State
Massachusetts
Associations
Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association
Michigan
Michigan
State
Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota
State
Minnesota
Associations
Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association
Mississippi
Mississippi
State
Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri
State
Missouri
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Missouri
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Missouri
Associations
Missouri League of Women Voters
Montana
Montana
State
Montana
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Montana
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Montana
Nebraska
Nebraska
State
Nebraska
Nevada
Nevada
State
Nevada
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Nevada
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Nevada
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
State
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
State
New Jersey
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in New Jersey
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey
New Mexico
New Mexico
State
New Mexico
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in New Mexico
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in New Mexico
New York
New York
State
New York
North Carolina
North Carolina
State
North Carolina
North Dakota
North Dakota
State
North Dakota
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in North Dakota
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in North Dakota
Ohio
Ohio
State
Ohio
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Ohio
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Ohio
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
State
Oklahoma
Oregon
Oregon
State
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
State
Pennsylvania
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
State
Rhode Island
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Rhode Island
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Carolina
State
South Carolina
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in South Carolina
Associations
South Carolina Equal Rights Association
South Dakota
South Dakota
State
South Dakota
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in South Dakota
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in South Dakota
Tennessee
Tennessee
State
Tennessee
Texas
Texas
State
Texas
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Texas
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Texas
Associations
Texas Equal Suffrage Association
Utah
Utah
State
Utah
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Utah
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Utah
Vermont
Vermont
State
Vermont
Virginia
Virginia
State
Virginia
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Virginia
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Virginia
Associations
Equal Suffrage League of Virginia
Washington
Washington
State
Washington
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia
State
West Virginia
Associations
West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
State
Wisconsin
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Wisconsin
Timeline for
Timeline of women's suffrage in Wisconsin
Wyoming
Wyoming
State
Wyoming
Women's suffrage in
Women's suffrage in Wyoming
State
Women's suffrage in
Timeline for
Associations
Alabama
Women's suffrage in Alabama
Timeline of women's suffrage in Alabama
League of Women Voters of Alabama
Alaska
Women's suffrage in Alaska
Timeline of women's suffrage in Alaska
Arizona
Women's suffrage in Arizona
Timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona
Arkansas
Women's suffrage in Arkansas
Timeline of women's suffrage in Arkansas
California
Women's suffrage in California
Timeline of women's suffrage in California
California Equal Suffrage Association
Colorado
Women's suffrage in Colorado
Timeline of women's suffrage in Colorado
Connecticut
Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association
Delaware
Women's suffrage in Delaware
Timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware
Florida
Women's suffrage in Florida
Timeline of women's suffrage in Florida
League of Women Voters of Florida
Georgia
Women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)
Timeline of women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia Woman Suffrage Association
Hawaii
Women's suffrage in Hawaii
Timeline of women's suffrage in Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Women's suffrage in Illinois
Timeline of women's suffrage in Illinois
League of Women Voters of Naperville
Indiana
Iowa
Women's suffrage in Iowa
Timeline of women's suffrage in Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Kentucky Equal Rights Association
Louisiana
Maine
Women's suffrage in Maine
Timeline of women's suffrage in Maine
Maryland
Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
Massachusetts
Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association
Michigan
Minnesota
Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association
Mississippi
Missouri
Women's suffrage in Missouri
Timeline of women's suffrage in Missouri
Missouri League of Women Voters
Montana
Women's suffrage in Montana
Timeline of women's suffrage in Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Women's suffrage in Nevada
Timeline of women's suffrage in Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Women's suffrage in New Jersey
Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey
New Mexico
Women's suffrage in New Mexico
Timeline of women's suffrage in New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Women's suffrage in North Dakota
Timeline of women's suffrage in North Dakota
Ohio
Women's suffrage in Ohio
Timeline of women's suffrage in Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania
Timeline of women's suffrage in Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Women's suffrage in Rhode Island
Timeline of women's suffrage in Rhode Island
South Carolina
Women's suffrage in South Carolina
South Carolina Equal Rights Association
South Dakota
Women's suffrage in South Dakota
Timeline of women's suffrage in South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Women's suffrage in Texas
Timeline of women's suffrage in Texas
Texas Equal Suffrage Association
Texas Equal Rights Association
Utah
Women's suffrage in Utah
Timeline of women's suffrage in Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Women's suffrage in Virginia
Timeline of women's suffrage in Virginia
Equal Suffrage League of Virginia
Washington
Women's suffrage in Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association

References

  1. The New York Times
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  2. The Commons Social Change Library
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  7. History to Go
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  8. www2.sos.wa.gov
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  9. www.sos.ca.gov
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  10. Oregon State Capitol Foundation
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  11. Arizona PBS
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  12. nyheritage.org
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  13. "The Struggle for Woman Suffrage in Rhode Island | EnCompass"
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  14. 64 Parishes
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  15. Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS
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  20. Johanna Neuman, And yet they persisted: how American women won the right to vote (2020) p. 1 excerpt
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  21. Wellman (2004), p. 138
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  22. "Kentucky and the 19th Amendment", National Park Service article. Retrieved February 27, 2021
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  23. Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, December Session, 1837
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  24. Early activists tended to refer to "woman suffrage," but historians usually call it "women's suffrage." See Gordon (199
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  29. Quoted in DuBois, ed. (1992), epigraph, prior to p. 1
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  33. McMillen (2008), p. 120
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  46. Million (2003), p. 72
  47. Quoted in Million (2003), p. 99
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  51. McMillen (2008), pp. 3, 72, 77, 84
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  52. Dubois, ed. (1992) p. 13
  53. McMillen (2008), pp. 99–100
  54. Wellman (2004), pp. 193, 195, 203
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C&pg=PA193
  55. McMillen (2008), pp. 88–89, 238–239
  56. Teacher Resources
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  60. McMillen (2008), p. 110
  61. DuBois (1978), p. 41. The conventions also discussed a variety of other issues, including dress reform and liberalizatio
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA41
  62. Million (2003), pp. 109–110
  63. McMillen (2008), p. 115
  64. Flexner (1959), p. 76
  65. McMillen (2008), p. 116
  66. The first national convention was organized primarily by Davis. The next several conventions were organized primarily by
  67. McMillen (2008), p. 123
  68. Million (2003), pp. 136–137.
  69. Barry (1988), pp. 79–80
  70. Million (2003), p. 245.
  71. Million (2003), pp. 109, 121
  72. Million (2003), pp. 116, 173–174, 264
  73. McMillen (2008), p. 113
  74. Sigerman, Harriet, Elizabeth Cady Stanton: The Right Is Ours, 2001, p. 95. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
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  75. Ginzberg (2009), pp. 76–77
  76. Gordon (1997), p. xxx
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  78. National Woman Suffrage Association, Report of the International Council of Women, Volume 1, 1888, p. 327
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  79. Million (2003), pp. 234–235
  80. McMillen (2008), p. 149
  81. Not for Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
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  82. Venet (1991), p. 148
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  83. Dudden (2011), p. 51
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  84. Venet (1991), p. 116
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  85. Flexner (1959), p. 105
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  86. For membership numbers, see Barry (1988), p. 154. For "pool of talent," see Venet (1991), p. 1.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PfE0ULar1JgC&pg=PA1
  87. Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, pp. 152–153
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  88. Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, pp. 171–172
    https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/170/mode/2up
  89. Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, p. 270. Greeley was referring to the 1867 AERA campaign in New York
    https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/270/mode/2up
  90. Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, p. 232
    https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/232/mode/2up
  91. Dudden (2011), p. 105
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  92. Dudden (2011), pp. 124, 127
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  93. DuBois (1978), pp. 92–94.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA93
  94. DuBois (1978), pp. 80–81, 189, 196. The AERA held no further annual meetings and went out of existence a year later. See
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA80
  95. DuBois (1978), pp. 164, 168
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA168
  96. DuBois (1978), pp. 164–166
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA165
  97. "Woman Suffrage," New York Tribune, November 21, 1868; "Mrs. Lucy Stone and Woman Suffrage," cited in Dudden (2011); p.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA163
  98. Dudden (2011); p. 163
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA163
  99. "Stones Holding Their Peace," and "Lucy Stone and the Negro's Hour," Revolution 3 (February 4, 1869):73, 89. Citied in D
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA165
  100. DuBois (1978), pp. 173, 189, 196.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA173
  101. Rakow and Kramarae eds. (2001), p. 47
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C&pg=PA47
  102. DuBois (1978), pp. 174–175, 185
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA185
  103. Rakow and Kramarae eds. (2001), p. 48
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahcmo4_Jko0C&pg=PA48
  104. Dudden (2011), p. 184
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA184
  105. New York Tribune
  106. Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, pp. 382–384. Douglass and Stone are speaking here during the final A
    https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/382/mode/2up
  107. Barry (1988), pp. 194, 208. The 1869 AERA annual meeting voted to endorse the Fifteenth Amendment.
  108. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "The Sixteenth Amendment," The Revolution, April 29, 1869, p. 266. Quoted in DuBois (1978), p. 1
  109. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Manhood Suffrage," The Revolution, December 24, 1868. Reproduced in Gordon (2000), p. 196
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA196
  110. Quoted in Gordon (2000), p. 190
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA190
  111. "What the South can do"
    https://www.loc.gov/item/rbpe.12701100/
  112. DuBois (1978), pp. 199–200. That did not happen; the high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to w
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA199
  113. Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 2, p. 341. This letter was signed by Anthony, who was requesting permis
    https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/340/mode/2up
  114. DuBois (1978), pp. 109–110, 200
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA109
  115. Dudden (2011), p. 152.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7-XV-oP9UFUC&pg=PA152
  116. Scott & Scott 1982, p. 17.
  117. DuBois (1978), pp. 192, 196–197
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ilKeKwmjFGUC&pg=PA197
  118. DuBois (1978), pp. 166, 200
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