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Washington Monument

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Washington Monument

The Washington Monument is a 555-foot (169 m) tall obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, a Founding Father of the United States and the nation's first president. Standing east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument is made of bluestone gneiss for the foundation and of granite for the construction. The outside facing consists of three different kinds of white marble, as the building process was repeatedly interrupted. The monument stands 554 feet 7+11⁄32 inches (169.046 m) tall, according to U.S. National Geodetic Survey measurements in 2013 and 2014. It is the third tallest monumental column in the world, trailing only the Juche Tower in Pyongyang, and the San Jacinto Monument in Houston, Texas. It was the world's tallest structure between 1884 and 1889, after which it was overtaken by the Eiffel Tower, in Paris. Construction of the presidential memorial began in 1848. The construction was suspended from 1854 to 1877 due to funding challenges, a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society, and the American Civil War. The stone structure was completed in 1884, and the internal ironwork, the knoll, and installation of memorial stones was completed in 1888. The original design was by Robert Mills from South Carolina, but construction omitted his proposed colonnade for lack of funds, and construction proceeded instead with a bare obelisk. The completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885, and opened to the public on October 9, 1888. In 2001, a temporary security screening facility was added to the entrance. Following the 2011 Virginia earthquake, the monument was closed for repairs until 2014, and it was closed again from 2016 to 2019. The Washington Monument is a hollow Egyptian-style stone obelisk with a 500-foot-tall (152.4 m) column surmounted by a 55-foot-tall (16.8 m) pyramidion. The walls taper as they rise and are supported by six arches; the top of the pyramidion is a large, marble capstone with a small aluminum pyramid at its apex, with inscriptions on all four sides. The interior is occupied by iron stairs that spiral up the walls, with an elevator in the center. The pyramidion has eight observation windows and eight red aircraft warning lights, two per side. At the northeast corner of the foundation is a marble cornerstone, including a zinc case filled with memorabilia. Fifty U.S. flags fly on a large circle of poles centered on the monument, representing each U.S. state.

Infobox

Preceded by
Cologne Cathedral
Surpassed by
Eiffel Tower
Status
Completed
Location
2 15th Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20024, National Mall, Washington D.C., United States
Coordinates
mw- 38°53′22″N 77°2′7″W / 38.88944°N 77.03528°W / 38.88944; -77.03528
Year built
1848–1854, 1877–1888
Groundbreaking
1848 (1848)
Construction started
July 4, 1848 (1848-07-04)
Construction stopped
1854–1877
Topped-out
December 6, 1884 (1884-12-06)
Completed
1888 (1888)
Opening
October 9, 1888 (1888-10-09)
Inaugurated
February 21, 1885 (1885-02-21)
Renovated
1992–1993, 1998–2002, 2012–2019
Cost
$1,187,710
Owner
National Park Service
Height
555 ft (169 m)
Other information
Other information Technical detailsLifts/elevators1
Lifts/elevators
1
Grounds
106.01 acres (42.90 ha)
Architect
Robert Mills
Developer
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Engineer
Thomas Lincoln Casey Sr.
Main contractor
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Public transit access
Smithsonian metro station
Visitors
671,031 (in 2008)
Governing body
National Park Service
Designated
October 15, 1966
Reference no.
66000035

Tables

· Components › Pinnacle › Aluminum apex
Joint CommissionatSetting of Cap Stone.————— Chester A. Arthur.W. W. Corcoran, Chairman.M. E. Bell.Edward Clark.John Newton.Act of August 2, 1876.
Joint CommissionatSetting of Cap Stone.————— Chester A. Arthur.W. W. Corcoran, Chairman.M. E. Bell.Edward Clark.John Newton.Act of August 2, 1876.
West face
Corner Stone Laidon Bed of FoundationJuly 4, 1848.First Stone at Height of152 feet laidAugust 7, 1880.Capstone set December 6, 1884.
South face
Chief EngineerandArchitect,Thos. Lincoln Casey,Colonel, Corps of Engineers.Assistants:George W. Davis, Captain, 14th Infantry.Bernard R. Green, Civil Engineer.Master Mechanic,P. H. McLaughlin.
East face
Repaired 1934,National Park Service,Department of the Interior.Laus Deo.
North face
West face
South face
East face
Joint CommissionatSetting of Cap Stone.————— Chester A. Arthur.W. W. Corcoran, Chairman.M. E. Bell.Edward Clark.John Newton.Act of August 2, 1876.
Corner Stone Laidon Bed of FoundationJuly 4, 1848.First Stone at Height of152 feet laidAugust 7, 1880.Capstone set December 6, 1884.
Chief EngineerandArchitect,Thos. Lincoln Casey,Colonel, Corps of Engineers.Assistants:George W. Davis, Captain, 14th Infantry.Bernard R. Green, Civil Engineer.Master Mechanic,P. H. McLaughlin.
Repaired 1934,National Park Service,Department of the Interior.Laus Deo.
· External links
Preceded byLincoln Cathedral
Preceded byLincoln Cathedral
Records
Preceded byLincoln Cathedral
Records
World's tallest structure ever built 1884–1889169.29 m
Records
Succeeded byEiffel Tower
Preceded byCologne Cathedral
Preceded byCologne Cathedral
Records
Preceded byCologne Cathedral
Records
World's tallest existing structure 1884–1889
Records
Preceded byLincoln Cathedral
World's tallest structure ever built 1884–1889169.29 m
Succeeded byEiffel Tower
Preceded byCologne Cathedral
World's tallest existing structure 1884–1889

References

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  2. Only two other monumental columns honoring a person or thing have heights comparable to that of the Washington Monument:
  3. The base of the obelisk atop the circular pillar was to have been "70 feet square" (21 m square) according to the House
  4. L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He
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  5. The monument is located 370 feet (112.78 m) east of the north–south White House axis, 123 feet (37.49 m) south of the ea
  6. The park portion of the Mall, including Madison Drive, Jefferson Drive, and four wide gravel boulevards between them eas
  7. The large gold-plated copper band added to the aluminum apex in 1885 discolored or damaged the surface of the aluminum s
  8. A "Dutchman Repair" "is a type of partial replacement or 'piecing-in'" that "involves replacing a small area of damaged
  9. Material of the memorial stones is that named as "original material" by Judith Jacob, regardless of the material given i
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