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Warsaw Uprising

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Warsaw Uprising

The Warsaw Uprising (Polish: powstanie warszawskie; German: Warschauer Aufstand), sometimes referred to as the August Uprising (Polish: powstanie sierpniowe), or the Battle of Warsaw, was a major World War II operation by the Polish underground resistance to liberate Warsaw from German occupation. It occurred in the summer of 1944, and it was led by the Polish resistance Home Army (Polish: Armia Krajowa). The uprising was timed to coincide with the retreat of the German forces from Poland ahead of the Soviet advance. While approaching the eastern suburbs of the city, the Red Army halted combat operations, enabling the Germans to regroup and defeat the Polish resistance and to destroy the city in retaliation. The Uprising was fought for 63 days with little outside support. It was the single largest military effort taken by any European resistance movement during World War II. The defeat of the uprising and suppression of the Home Army enabled the pro-Soviet Polish administration, instead of the Polish government-in-exile based in London, to take control of Poland afterwards. Poland would remain as part of the Soviet-aligned Eastern Bloc throughout the Cold War until 1989. The Uprising began on 1 August 1944 as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest, launched at the time of the Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive. The main Polish objectives were to drive the Germans out of Warsaw while helping the Allies defeat Germany. An additional, political goal of the Polish Underground State was to liberate Poland's capital and assert Polish sovereignty before the Soviet Union and Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation, which already controlled eastern Poland, could assume control. Other immediate causes included a threat of mass German round-ups of able-bodied Poles for "evacuation"; calls by Radio Moscow's Polish Service for uprising; and an emotional Polish desire for justice and revenge against the enemy after five years of German occupation. Despite the early gains by the Home Army, the Germans successfully counterattacked on 25 August, in an attack that killed as many as 40,000 civilians. The uprising was now in a siege phase which favored the better-equipped Germans and eventually the Home Army surrendered on 2 October when their supplies ran out. The Germans then deported the remaining civilians in the city and razed the city itself. In the end, as many as 15,000 insurgents and 250,000 civilians lost their lives, while the Germans lost around 16,000 men. Scholarship since the fall of the Soviet Union, combined with eyewitness accounts, has questioned Soviet motives and suggested their lack of support for the Warsaw Uprising represented their ambitions in Eastern Europe. The Red Army did not reinforce resistance fighters or provide air support. Declassified documents indicate that Joseph Stalin had tactically halted his forces from advancing on Warsaw in order to exhaust the Polish Home Army and to aid his political desires of turning Poland into a Soviet-aligned state. Scholars note the two month period of the Warsaw Uprising marked the start of the Cold War. Casualties during the Warsaw Uprising were catastrophic. Although the exact number of casualties is unknown, it is estimated that about 16,000 members of the Polish resistance were killed and about 6,000 badly wounded. In addition, between 150,000 and 200,000 Polish civilians died, mostly from mass executions. Jews being harboured by Poles were exposed by German house-to-house clearances and mass evictions of entire neighbourhoods. The defeat of the Warsaw Uprising also further decimated urban areas of Poland.

Infobox

Date
1 August – 2 October 1944 (63 days)
Location
Warsaw, 52°13′48″N 21°00′39″E / 52.23000°N 21.01083°E / 52.23000; 21.01083
Result
German victory Surrender of Warsaw Home Army(see capitulation agreement)
Territorialchanges
Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive halted 80–90% of Warsaw destroyed

Tables

· Aftermath › Casualties (including both Uprising civilian soldiers and civilians)
Polish
Polish
Side
Polish
Civilians
150,000–200,000
KIA
15,20016,00016,200
WIA
5,0006,00025,000
MIA
all declared dead
POW
15,000
German
German
Side
German
Civilians
unknown
KIA
2,000 to 17,000
WIA
9,000
MIA
0 to 7,000
POW
2,000 to 5,000
Side
Civilians
KIA
WIA
MIA
POW
Polish
150,000–200,000
15,20016,00016,200
5,0006,00025,000
all declared dead
15,000
German
unknown
2,000 to 17,000
9,000
0 to 7,000
2,000 to 5,000

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  196. The number includes all troops fighting under German command, including Germans, Azerbaijanis, Hungarians, Russians, Ukr
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  198. "auf deutscher Seite während des Aufstandes 2 000 Angehörige deutsch geführer Verbände gefallen und 9 000 verwunder word
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  202. see e.g. Krzysztof Komorowski, Militarne aspekty powstania warszawskiego, [in:] Marek M. Drozdowski (ed.), Powstanie War
  203. see e.g. Gunther Deschner, Warsaw rising, New York 1972, p. 175
  204. see e.g. Janusz Kazimierz Zawodny, Nothing But Honour: The Story of the Warsaw Uprising, 1944, Washington 1978, ISBN 978
  205. see e.g. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the US Congress, Washington 1983, p. 16309
  206. Krzysztof Komorowski, Bitwa o Warszawę '44, Warszawa 2004, ISBN 9788373991330, p. 271
  207. Tadeusz Sawicki, Rozkaz: zdławić Powstanie, Warszwa 2001, ISBN 9788311092846, p. 189
  208. Piotr Rozwadowski, Warszawa 1944–1945, Warszawa 2006, ISBN 8311104808, pp. 110–111
  209. Norbert Bączyk, Ilu naprawdę poległo w powstaniu warszawskim, [in:] Tygodnik Polityka 42 (2014), pp. 54–56
  210. Andrzej Leon Sowa, Kto wydał wyrok na miasto?, Kraków 2016, ISBN 9788308060957, pp. 617–618.
  211. see e.g. the entry Армия Крайова, [in:] Андрей Голубев, Дмитрий Лобанов, Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 гг. Энцик
  212. see e.g. Андрей Паршев, Виктор Степаков, Не там и не тогда. Когда началась и где закончилась Вторая мировая?, Москва 201
  213. Беларуская энцыклапедыя, vol. 4, Мінск 1997, ISBN 9789851100909, p. 17. The entry claims that total losses suffered by t
  214. Steve Crawford, The Eastern Front Day by Day; 1941–1945. A Photographic Chronology, New York 2012, ISBN 9781908410245 (r
  215. Milan N. Vego, Joint Operational Warfare: Theory and Practice, Tampa 2009, ISBN 9781884733628, p. II-36)
  216. Philip Cooke, Ben H. Shepherd (eds.), Hitler's Europe Ablaze: Occupation, Resistance, and Rebellion during World War II,
  217. compare August 1 entry [in:] BBC On This Day service, available here
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  218. Anthony James Joes, Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency, Lexington 2006, ISBN 97808131917
  219. "German casualties totalled over 17,000 soldiers", Zuzanna Bogumił, Joanna Wawrzyniak, Tim Buchen, Christian Ganzer, The
  220. "German losses may have been as high as 17,000 dead and missing", Alan Axelrod, Jack A. Kingston, Encyclopedia of World
  221. "German losses amounted to some 10,000 dead 9,000 wounded", Stephan Lehnstaedt, Occupation in the East: The Daily Lives
  222. Norman Davies, Rising 44, London 2003, ISBN 9780333905685
  223. Rolf Michaelis, Das SS-Sonderkommando "Dirlewanger": Der Einsatz in Weißrussland 1941–1944, Dusseldorf 2012, ISBN 978389
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  225. George Orwell, " As I Please" column in Tribune, 1 September 1944. Accessed 26 November 2012.
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  226. Andrzej Paczkowski. Poland, the "Enemy Nation", pp. 372–375, in Black Book of Communism. Crimes, Terror, Repression. Har
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  227. Michał Zając, Warsaw Uprising: 5 pm, 1 August 1944, Retrieved on 4 July 2007.
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  228. Żołnierze Batalionu Armii Krajowej "Zośka" represjonowani w latach 1944–1956 ", Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa 200
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  234. Michta, A. (1990) Red Eagle Stanford University ISBN 0-8179-8862-9 p. 39
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  244. Davies, pp. 521–522.
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  247. International Relations
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  249. The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
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  251. Davies, p. 528.
  252. Peszke, Michael Alfred (October 2006). "An Introduction to English-Language Literature on the Polish Armed Forces in Wor
  253. See also: Tessa Stirling, Daria Nalecz, and Tadeusz Dubicki, eds. (2005). Intelligence Co-operation between Poland and G
  254. Władysław Bartoszewski interviewed by Marcin Mierzejewski, On the Front Lines, Warsaw Voice, 1 September 2004.
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  255. 60TH ANNIVERSARY, Warsaw Rising Museum
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  256. cba.gov.pl
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  257. www.thefirstnews.com
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  258. The Art of Commemoration
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  259. Censorship Towards the Subject of the Warsaw Uprising in Belles-Lettres in 1956–1958 p. 149 (pdf)
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  260. "Kanal"
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  262. "Powstanie Warszawskie"
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  263. "Warsaw Uprising Docudrama to Begin Filming"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130520163245/http://www.filmneweurope.com/news/poland/105417-production-warsaw-uprising-docudrama-to-begin-filming/menu-id-158
  264. Gaming Company
    http://gaming-company.com/warsaw.html
  265. www.1944.pl
    https://www.1944.pl/powstancze-biogramy/maria-cetys,5474.html
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