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Wars of the Roses

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Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses, known at the time and in following centuries as the Civil Wars, and also the Cousins' War, were a series of armed confrontations, machinations, battles and campaigns fought for control of the English throne from 1455 to 1487. The conflict was fought between supporters of the House of Lancaster (emblem a red rose) and House of York (white rose), two rival cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet. The conflict resulted in the end of Lancaster's male line in 1471, leaving the Tudor family to inherit their claim to the throne through the female line. Conflict was largely brought to an end upon the union of the two houses through marriage, creating the Tudor dynasty that would subsequently rule England. The Wars of the Roses were rooted in English socio-economic troubles caused by the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) with France, as well as the quasi-military bastard feudalism resulting from the powerful duchies created by King Edward III. The mental instability of King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster revived his cousin Richard, Duke of York's interest in a claim to the throne. Warfare began in 1455 with York's capture of Henry at the First Battle of St Albans, upon which York was appointed Lord Protector by Parliament. Fighting resumed four years later when Yorkists led by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, captured Henry again at the Battle of Northampton. After attempting to seize the throne, York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, and his son Edward inherited his claim per the controversial Act of Accord. The Yorkists lost custody of Henry in 1461 after the Second Battle of St Albans, but defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton. The Yorkist Edward was formally crowned in June 1461. In 1464, Edward married Elizabeth Woodville against the advice of Warwick, and reversed Warwick's policy of seeking closer ties with France. Warwick rebelled against Edward in 1469, leading to Edward's imprisonment after Warwick's supporters defeated a Yorkist army at the Battle of Edgcote. Edward was allowed to resume his rule after Warwick failed to replace him with his brother George of Clarence. Within a year, Warwick launched an invasion of England alongside Henry VI's wife Margaret of Anjou. Edward fled to Flanders, and Henry VI was restored as king in 1470. Edward mounted a counter-invasion with aid from Burgundy a few months later, and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. Henry was returned to prison, and his sole heir later killed by Edward at the Battle of Tewkesbury, followed by Henry's own death in the Tower of London, possibly on Edward's orders. Edward ruled unopposed for the next twelve years, during which England enjoyed a period of relative peace. Upon his death in April 1483, he was succeeded by the twelve-year-old Edward V, who reigned for 78 days until being deposed by his uncle Richard III. Richard assumed the throne amid controversies regarding the disappearance of Edward IV's two sons. He was met with a short-lived but major revolt and a wave of Yorkist defections. Amid the chaos, Henry Tudor, a descendant of Edward III through Lady Margaret Beaufort and a veteran Lancastrian, returned from exile with an army and defeated and killed Richard at Bosworth Field in 1485. Tudor then assumed the English throne as Henry VII and united the rival houses through marriage with Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's eldest daughter and heir. The wars concluded in 1487, with Henry VII's defeat of the remaining Yorkist opposition at Stoke Field. The House of Tudor would rule England until 1603, a period that saw the strengthening of the monarchy and the end of the medieval period in England.

Infobox

Date
22 May 1455 – 16 June 1487
Location
England, Wales, Ireland and Calais
Result
mw- Victory for the House of Tudor See § Aftermath

Tables

· Leadership
Edward IV of England
Edward IV of England
Title
King of England
Name
Edward IV of England
Side
York
Notes
First reign: 4 March 1461 – 3 October 1470Second reign: 11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483Died of natural causes on 9 April 1483
Reign: 9 April 1483 – 25 June 1483Deposed by Richard III after a 78-day reignOne of the Princes in the Tower
Reign: 9 April 1483 – 25 June 1483Deposed by Richard III after a 78-day reignOne of the Princes in the Tower
Title
Edward V of England
Name
Reign: 9 April 1483 – 25 June 1483Deposed by Richard III after a 78-day reignOne of the Princes in the Tower
Reign: 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the last English king to die in battle
Reign: 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the last English king to die in battle
Title
Richard III of England  †
Name
Reign: 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the last English king to die in battle
Elizabeth Woodville
Elizabeth Woodville
Title
Queen consort of England
Name
Elizabeth Woodville
Side
Consort to Edward IVMother to Edward V and Elizabeth of YorkOrganised the alliance with Beaufort to promote Henry Tudor as a claimant to the throne
Tudor
Tudor
Title
Dowager Queen
Name
Tudor
Anne Neville
Anne Neville
Title
Queen consort of England
Name
Anne Neville
Side
York
Notes
Consort to Richard IIIDied of natural causes on 16 March 1485
Richard of York  †
Richard of York  †
Title
Duke of York
Name
Richard of York  †
Side
Also Lord ProtectorKilled in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460
Edmund Plantagenet  †
Edmund Plantagenet  †
Title
Earl of Rutland
Name
Edmund Plantagenet  †
Side
Son of Richard of YorkKilled in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460
George Plantagenet
George Plantagenet
Title
Duke of Clarence
Name
George Plantagenet
Side
Briefly joined the LancastriansSon of Richard of YorkExecuted for treason at the Tower of London on 18 February 1478
Henry Stafford
Henry Stafford
Title
Duke of Buckingham
Name
Henry Stafford
Side
York
Notes
Defected to the Tudor cause
Grandson of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of BuckinghamExecuted after the failed Buckingham's Rebellion on 2 November 1483
Grandson of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of BuckinghamExecuted after the failed Buckingham's Rebellion on 2 November 1483
Title
Tudor
Name
Grandson of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of BuckinghamExecuted after the failed Buckingham's Rebellion on 2 November 1483
Richard NevilleWarwick The Kingmaker  †
Richard NevilleWarwick The Kingmaker  †
Title
Earl of Warwick
Name
Richard NevilleWarwick The Kingmaker  †
Side
York
Notes
Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause.Killed in battle at Barnet on 14 April 1471
Richard Neville
Richard Neville
Title
Earl of Salisbury
Name
Richard Neville
Side
York
Notes
Father of Warwick the KingmakerExecuted after the Battle of Wakefield by Lancastrians on 31 December 1460
William Neville
William Neville
Title
Earl of Kent
Name
William Neville
Side
Uncle of Warwick the KingmakerDied of natural causes on 9 January 1463
Thomas Neville
Thomas Neville
Title
Viscount Fauconberg
Name
Thomas Neville
Side
Son of William Neville, Earl of KentDefected from the Yorkists to the LancastriansExecuted at Middleham Castle on 22 September 1471
John Neville  †
John Neville  †
Title
Marquess of Montagu
Name
John Neville  †
Side
York
Notes
Younger brother of Warwick the KingmakerDefected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian causeKilled in battle at Barnet on 14 April 1471
John Neville
John Neville
Title
Baron Neville
Name
John Neville
Side
Briefly defected from the Lancastrians to the YorkistsKilled in battle at Ferrybridge on 28 March 1461
Thomas Neville  †
Thomas Neville  †
Title
Knight of the Realm
Name
Thomas Neville  †
Side
Younger brother of Warwick the KingmakerKilled in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460
John de Mowbray
John de Mowbray
Title
Duke of Norfolk
Name
John de Mowbray
Side
Died of natural causes on 6 November 1461
Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485
Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485
Title
John Howard  †
Name
Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485
John de la Pole  †
John de la Pole  †
Title
Earl of Lincoln
Name
John de la Pole  †
Side
Killed in battle at Stoke Field on 16 June 1487
Francis Lovell
Francis Lovell
Title
Viscount Lovell
Name
Francis Lovell
Side
Disappeared after the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485
William Herbert
William Herbert
Title
Earl of Pembroke
Name
William Herbert
Side
Executed after the Battle of Edgcote on 27 July 1469
Humphrey Stafford
Humphrey Stafford
Title
Earl of Devon
Name
Humphrey Stafford
Side
Executed after the Battle of Edgcote on 27 July 1469
Thomas FitzGerald X
Thomas FitzGerald X
Title
Earl of Desmond
Name
Thomas FitzGerald X
Side
Commanded Yorkist forces in IrelandAssassinated in Drogheda in 1468
William Hastings
William Hastings
Title
Baron Hastings
Name
William Hastings
Side
Executed at the Tower of London on 20 June 1483
Henry VI of England
Henry VI of England
Title
King of England
Name
Henry VI of England
Side
Lancaster
Notes
First reign: 1 September 1422 – 4 March 1461Second reign: 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471Captured and imprisoned by the YorkistsDied in unclear circumstances on 21 May 1471
Edward of Westminster  †
Edward of Westminster  †
Title
Prince of Wales
Name
Edward of Westminster  †
Side
Son of Henry VI and Margaret of AnjouKilled in battle at Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471
Margaret of Anjou
Margaret of Anjou
Title
Queen consort of England
Name
Margaret of Anjou
Side
Wife of Henry VIDied of natural causes on 25 August 1482
Henry Beaufort  †
Henry Beaufort  †
Title
Duke of Somerset
Name
Henry Beaufort  †
Side
Killed in battle at St Albans on 22 May 1455
Son of Henry Beaufort, 2nd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464
Son of Henry Beaufort, 2nd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464
Title
Henry Beaufort
Name
Son of Henry Beaufort, 2nd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464
Younger brother of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Tewkesbury on 6 May 1471
Younger brother of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Tewkesbury on 6 May 1471
Title
Edmund Beaufort
Name
Younger brother of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Tewkesbury on 6 May 1471
Henry Percy  †
Henry Percy  †
Title
Earl of Northumberland
Name
Henry Percy  †
Side
Killed in battle at Towton on 29 March 1461[citation needed]
Son of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
Son of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
Title
Henry Percy
Name
Son of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
Humphrey Stafford  †
Humphrey Stafford  †
Title
Duke of Buckingham
Name
Humphrey Stafford  †
Side
Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460
John Talbot  †
John Talbot  †
Title
Earl of Shrewsbury
Name
John Talbot  †
Side
Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460
Henry Holland
Henry Holland
Title
Duke of Exeter
Name
Henry Holland
Side
Died of natural causes in September 1475
James Butler
James Butler
Title
Earl of Wiltshire
Name
James Butler
Side
Executed after the Battle of Towton on 1 May 1461[citation needed]
John Courtenay  †
John Courtenay  †
Title
Earl of Devon
Name
John Courtenay  †
Side
Killed in battle at Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471
John de Vere
John de Vere
Title
Earl of Oxford
Name
John de Vere
Side
Later supported the Tudor claim to the throne under Henry VII
John Butler
John Butler
Title
Earl of Ormond
Name
John Butler
Side
Lancaster
Notes
Commanded Lancastrian forces in IrelandDied in the Holy Land of natural causes on 14 December 1476
John Beaumont  †
John Beaumont  †
Title
Viscount Beaumont
Name
John Beaumont  †
Side
Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460
James Tuchet  †
James Tuchet  †
Title
Baron Audley
Name
James Tuchet  †
Side
Killed in battle at Blore Heath on 23 September 1459
John Clifford  †
John Clifford  †
Title
Baron Clifford
Name
John Clifford  †
Side
Killed in battle at Ferrybridge on 28 March 1461
Thomas de Ros
Thomas de Ros
Title
Baron Ros
Name
Thomas de Ros
Side
Executed after the Battle of Hexham on 17 May 1464
Andrew Trollope  †
Andrew Trollope  †
Title
Knight of the Realm
Name
Andrew Trollope  †
Side
Killed in battle at Towton on 29 March 1461
Grandfather of Henry VIIFather of Edmund Tudor and Jasper TudorExecuted shortly after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross at Hereford on 2 February 1461
Grandfather of Henry VIIFather of Edmund Tudor and Jasper TudorExecuted shortly after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross at Hereford on 2 February 1461
Title
Owen Tudor
Name
Grandfather of Henry VIIFather of Edmund Tudor and Jasper TudorExecuted shortly after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross at Hereford on 2 February 1461
Edmund Tudor
Edmund Tudor
Title
Earl of Richmond
Name
Edmund Tudor
Side
Father of Henry VIIDied of bubonic plague on 3 November 1456 while imprisoned at Carmarthen Castle
Jasper Tudor
Jasper Tudor
Title
Earl of Pembroke
Name
Jasper Tudor
Side
Uncle of Henry VII
Henry VII of England
Henry VII of England
Title
King of England
Name
Henry VII of England
Side
Reign: 22 August 1485 – 21 April 1509Inherited the Lancastrian claimDefeated the Yorkists at Bosworth Field
George Talbot
George Talbot
Title
Earl of Shrewsbury
Name
George Talbot
Side
—
Thomas Stanley
Thomas Stanley
Title
Baron Stanley
Name
Thomas Stanley
Side
Supported Henry VII late at the Battle of Bosworth Field
George Stanley
George Stanley
Title
Baron Strange
Name
George Stanley
Side
Son and heir apparent of Thomas Stanley
William Stanley
William Stanley
Title
Knight of the Realm
Name
William Stanley
Side
Younger brother of Thomas StanleySupported Henry VII late at the Battle of Bosworth Field
Edward Woodville
Edward Woodville
Title
Baron Scales
Name
Edward Woodville
Side
—
Robert Welles
Robert Welles
Title
Baron Willoughby de Eresby
Name
Robert Welles
Side
Yorkist rebel
Notes
Executed following the Battle of Losecoat Field on 19 March 1470[citation needed]
Robin of Redesdale  †
Robin of Redesdale  †
Title
Knight of the Realm
Name
Robin of Redesdale  †
Side
Reportedly killed in battle at Edgcote on 24 July 1469
Title
Name
Side
Notes
King of England
Edward IV of England
York
First reign: 4 March 1461 – 3 October 1470Second reign: 11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483Died of natural causes on 9 April 1483
Edward V of England
Reign: 9 April 1483 – 25 June 1483Deposed by Richard III after a 78-day reignOne of the Princes in the Tower
Richard III of England †
Reign: 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, the last English king to die in battle
Queen consort of England
Elizabeth Woodville
Consort to Edward IVMother to Edward V and Elizabeth of YorkOrganised the alliance with Beaufort to promote Henry Tudor as a claimant to the throne
Dowager Queen
Tudor
Queen consort of England
Anne Neville
York
Consort to Richard IIIDied of natural causes on 16 March 1485
Duke of York
Richard of York †
Also Lord ProtectorKilled in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460
Earl of Rutland
Edmund Plantagenet †
Son of Richard of YorkKilled in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460
Duke of Clarence
George Plantagenet
Briefly joined the LancastriansSon of Richard of YorkExecuted for treason at the Tower of London on 18 February 1478
Lancaster
Duke of Buckingham
Henry Stafford
York
Defected to the Tudor cause
Tudor
Grandson of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of BuckinghamExecuted after the failed Buckingham's Rebellion on 2 November 1483
Earl of Warwick
Richard NevilleWarwick The Kingmaker †
York
Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause.Killed in battle at Barnet on 14 April 1471
Lancaster
Earl of Salisbury
Richard Neville
York
Father of Warwick the KingmakerExecuted after the Battle of Wakefield by Lancastrians on 31 December 1460
Earl of Kent
William Neville
Uncle of Warwick the KingmakerDied of natural causes on 9 January 1463
Viscount Fauconberg
Thomas Neville
Son of William Neville, Earl of KentDefected from the Yorkists to the LancastriansExecuted at Middleham Castle on 22 September 1471
Lancaster
Marquess of Montagu
John Neville †
York
Younger brother of Warwick the KingmakerDefected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian causeKilled in battle at Barnet on 14 April 1471
Lancaster
Baron Neville
John Neville
Briefly defected from the Lancastrians to the YorkistsKilled in battle at Ferrybridge on 28 March 1461
York
Knight of the Realm
Thomas Neville †
Younger brother of Warwick the KingmakerKilled in battle at Wakefield on 30 December 1460
Duke of Norfolk
John de Mowbray
Died of natural causes on 6 November 1461
John Howard †
Killed in battle at Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485
Earl of Lincoln
John de la Pole †
Killed in battle at Stoke Field on 16 June 1487
Viscount Lovell
Francis Lovell
Disappeared after the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485
Earl of Pembroke
William Herbert
Executed after the Battle of Edgcote on 27 July 1469
Earl of Devon
Humphrey Stafford
Executed after the Battle of Edgcote on 27 July 1469
Earl of Desmond
Thomas FitzGerald X
Commanded Yorkist forces in IrelandAssassinated in Drogheda in 1468
Baron Hastings
William Hastings
Executed at the Tower of London on 20 June 1483
King of England
Henry VI of England
Lancaster
First reign: 1 September 1422 – 4 March 1461Second reign: 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471Captured and imprisoned by the YorkistsDied in unclear circumstances on 21 May 1471
Prince of Wales
Edward of Westminster †
Son of Henry VI and Margaret of AnjouKilled in battle at Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471
Queen consort of England
Margaret of Anjou
Wife of Henry VIDied of natural causes on 25 August 1482
Duke of Somerset
Henry Beaufort †
Killed in battle at St Albans on 22 May 1455
Henry Beaufort
Son of Henry Beaufort, 2nd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464
Edmund Beaufort
Younger brother of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of SomersetExecuted after the Battle of Tewkesbury on 6 May 1471
Earl of Northumberland
Henry Percy †
Killed in battle at Towton on 29 March 1461[citation needed]
Henry Percy
Son of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
Duke of Buckingham
Humphrey Stafford †
Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460
Earl of Shrewsbury
John Talbot †
Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460
Duke of Exeter
Henry Holland
Died of natural causes in September 1475
Earl of Wiltshire
James Butler
Executed after the Battle of Towton on 1 May 1461[citation needed]
Earl of Devon
John Courtenay †
Killed in battle at Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471
Earl of Oxford
John de Vere
Later supported the Tudor claim to the throne under Henry VII
Tudor
Earl of Ormond
John Butler
Lancaster
Commanded Lancastrian forces in IrelandDied in the Holy Land of natural causes on 14 December 1476
Viscount Beaumont
John Beaumont †
Killed in battle at Northampton on 10 July 1460
Baron Audley
James Tuchet †
Killed in battle at Blore Heath on 23 September 1459

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