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Vulva

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Vulva

In mammals, the vulva (pl.: vulvas or vulvae) comprises mostly external, visible structures of the female genitalia leading into the interior of the female reproductive tract. For humans, it includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urinary meatus, vaginal introitus, hymen, and openings of the vestibular glands (Bartholin's and Skene's). The folds of the outer and inner labia provide a double layer of protection for the vagina (which leads to the uterus). While the vagina is a separate part of the anatomy, colloquially the term has often been used synonymously with vulva. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of the vulva. Other muscles of the urogenital triangle also give support. Blood supply to the vulva comes from the three pudendal arteries. The internal pudendal veins give drainage. Afferent lymph vessels carry lymph away from the vulva to the inguinal lymph nodes. The nerves that supply the vulva are the pudendal nerve, perineal nerve, ilioinguinal nerve and their branches. Blood and nerve supply to the vulva contribute to the stages of sexual arousal that are helpful in the reproduction process. Following the development of the vulva, changes take place at birth, childhood, puberty, menopause and post-menopause. There is a great deal of variation in the appearance of the vulva, particularly in relation to the labia minora. The vulva can be affected by many disorders, which may often result in irritation. Vulvovaginal health measures can prevent many of these. Other disorders include a number of infections and cancers. There are several vulval restorative surgeries known as genitoplasties, and some of these are also used as cosmetic surgery procedures. Different cultures have held different views of the vulva. Some ancient religions and societies have worshipped the vulva and revered the female as a goddess. Major traditions in Hinduism continue this. In Western societies, there has been a largely negative attitude, typified by the Latinate medical terminology pudenda membra, meaning 'parts to be ashamed of'. There has been an artistic reaction to this in various attempts to bring about a more positive and natural outlook.

Infobox

Precursor
Genital tubercle, urogenital folds, labioscrotal swellings, urogenital sinus
System
Reproductive system, genitourinary system
Artery
Internal pudendal artery, superficial external pudendal artery, deep external pudendal artery, labial arteries, clitoral arteries
Vein
Internal pudendal veins, external pudendal veins, labial veins, clitoral veins
Nerve
Pudendal nerve, perineal nerve, labial nerves, dorsal clitoral nerve, perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Lymph
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Latin
vulva, pudendum muliebre, pudendum femininum
MeSH
D014844
TA98
A09.2.01.001
TA2
3547
FMA
20462

Tables

· Structure › Variations
Clitoral length (mm)
Clitoral length (mm)
Col 1
Clitoral length (mm)
Measurements
5.0–35.0
Mean [standard deviation]
19.1 [8.7]
Clitoral glans width (mm)
Clitoral glans width (mm)
Col 1
Clitoral glans width (mm)
Measurements
3.0–10.0
Mean [standard deviation]
5.5 [1.7]
Clitoris to urethra (mm)
Clitoris to urethra (mm)
Col 1
Clitoris to urethra (mm)
Measurements
16.0–45.0
Mean [standard deviation]
28.5 [7.1]
Labia majora length (cm)
Labia majora length (cm)
Col 1
Labia majora length (cm)
Measurements
7.0–12.0
Mean [standard deviation]
9.3 [1.3]
Labia minora length (mm)
Labia minora length (mm)
Col 1
Labia minora length (mm)
Measurements
20–100
Mean [standard deviation]
60.6 [17.2]
Labia minora width (mm)
Labia minora width (mm)
Col 1
Labia minora width (mm)
Measurements
7.0–50.0
Mean [standard deviation]
21.8 [9.4]
Perineum length (mm)
Perineum length (mm)
Col 1
Perineum length (mm)
Measurements
15.0–55.0
Mean [standard deviation]
31.3 [8.5]
Vaginal length (cm)
Vaginal length (cm)
Col 1
Vaginal length (cm)
Measurements
6.5–12.5
Mean [standard deviation]
9.6 [1.5]
Tanner stage (n)
Tanner stage (n)
Col 1
Tanner stage (n)
Measurements
IV
Mean [standard deviation]
4.0 (8%)
V
V
Col 1
V
Measurements
46 (92%)
Color of the genital area compared to the surrounding skin (n)
Color of the genital area compared to the surrounding skin (n)
Col 1
Color of the genital area compared to the surrounding skin (n)
Measurements
Same color
Mean [standard deviation]
9 (18%)
Darker color
Darker color
Col 1
Darker color
Measurements
41 (82%)
Rugosity of the labia (n)
Rugosity of the labia (n)
Col 1
Rugosity of the labia (n)
Measurements
Smooth (unwrinkled)
Mean [standard deviation]
14 (28%)
Moderately wrinkled
Moderately wrinkled
Col 1
Moderately wrinkled
Measurements
34 (68%)
Markedly wrinkled
Markedly wrinkled
Col 1
Markedly wrinkled
Measurements
2 (4%)
Measurements
Mean [standard deviation]
Clitoral length (mm)
5.0–35.0
19.1 [8.7]
Clitoral glans width (mm)
3.0–10.0
5.5 [1.7]
Clitoris to urethra (mm)
16.0–45.0
28.5 [7.1]
Labia majora length (cm)
7.0–12.0
9.3 [1.3]
Labia minora length (mm)
20–100
60.6 [17.2]
Labia minora width (mm)
7.0–50.0
21.8 [9.4]
Perineum length (mm)
15.0–55.0
31.3 [8.5]
Vaginal length (cm)
6.5–12.5
9.6 [1.5]
Tanner stage (n)
IV
4.0 (8%)
V
46 (92%)
Color of the genital area compared to the surrounding skin (n)
Same color
9 (18%)
Darker color
41 (82%)
Rugosity of the labia (n)
Smooth (unwrinkled)
14 (28%)
Moderately wrinkled
34 (68%)
Markedly wrinkled
2 (4%)

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    https://books.google.com/books?id=WKoWblE4pd0C&pg=PA64
  160. Enki und Ninmah: Eine mythische Erzählung in sumerischer Sprache
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0mI552wy2ccC&q=Nin-imma+personification+of+female+genitalia&pg=PA21
  161. Celibacy in the Ancient World: Its Ideal and Practice in Pre-Hellenistic Israel, Mesopotamia, and Greece
    https://books.google.com/books?id=yDe0gv9GJQcC&q=Nin-imma&pg=PA184
  162. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
    https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana
  163. Merriam-Webster
    http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yoni
  164. A Dictionary of Hinduism
    http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-2801
  165. An Introduction to Hinduism
    https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo
  166. "Mudra Photo Gallery"
    https://www.thoughtco.com/mudra-photo-gallery-4051990
  167. Sheela-na-gigs: Unravelling an Enigma
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Y03UDxXyOb8C
  168. The witch on the wall: medieval erotic sculpture in the British isles
  169. Sheela na gig: The Dark Goddess of Sacred Power
    http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Sheela-na-gig/Starr-Goode/9781620555958
  170. "Musée d'Orsay: Gustave Courbet The Origin of the World"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160319102750/http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/works-in-focus/search/commentaire/commentaire_id/the-origin-of-the-world-3122.html
  171. The Daily Beast
    https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-muslim-playboy-behind-paris-most-scandalous-painting
  172. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/sep/25/origin-of-gustave-courbet-scandalous-painting-revealed
  173. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/15/vagina-selfie-for-3d-printers-lands-japanese-artist-in-trouble
  174. The dinner party: from creation to preservation
  175. The great wall of vagina
  176. Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C&q=vulva
  177. C. elegans
    https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2009.04.005
  178. The Dog Breeder's Guide to Successful Breeding and Health Management
    https://books.google.com/books?id=rqIa-9jew_MC&pg=PA116
  179. Anatomy of the Horse: An Illustrated Text
    https://books.google.com/books?id=CUFN_K0AHgsC&pg=PA76
  180. Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j87wTz362roC&pg=PA192
  181. Vertebrate Reproduction: A Textbook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=JZfzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74
  182. Black's Veterinary Dictionary
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw1fBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA484
  183. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary E-Book
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6dvQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1183
  184. Integrative and Comparative Biology
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9494530
  185. Reproductive Pathology of Domestic Mammals
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AiISEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA14-PA30
  186. Physiology of Domestic Mammals
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5Uw-LJlU3I8C&pg=PA704
  187. The Horse
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j87wTz362roC&pg=PA192
  188. Advances in the Study of Behavior
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sOyUnJrhmEkC
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