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Voyager 1

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Voyager 1

Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of the Voyager program, to study the outer Solar System and the interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. It was launched 16 days after its twin, Voyager 2. It communicates through the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth. Real-time distance and velocity data are provided by NASA and JPL. At a distance of 170.02 AU (25.4 billion km; 15.8 billion mi) as of November 2025, it is the most distant human-made object from Earth. Voyager 1 is also projected to reach a distance of one light day from Earth in November of 2026. The probe made flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's largest moon, Titan. NASA had a choice of either conducting a Pluto or Titan flyby. Exploration of Titan took priority because it was known to have a substantial atmosphere. Voyager 1 studied the weather, magnetic fields, and rings of the two gas giants and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons. As part of the Voyager program and like its sister craft Voyager 2, the spacecraft's extended mission is to locate and study the regions and boundaries of the outer heliosphere and to begin exploring the interstellar medium. Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause and entered interstellar space on August 25, 2012, making it the first spacecraft to do so. Two years later, Voyager 1 began experiencing a third wave of coronal mass ejections from the Sun that continued to at least December 15, 2014, further confirming that the probe is in interstellar space. In 2017, the Voyager team successfully fired the spacecraft's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters for the first time since 1980, enabling the mission to be extended by two to three years. Voyager 1 experienced two successful revivals of several thrusters: In 2018-2019 then in 2025. Voyager 1's extended mission is expected to continue to return scientific data for several more years. Its radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) may supply enough electric power to return engineering data until 2036.

Infobox

Mission type
Outer planetary, heliosphere, and interstellar medium exploration
Operator
NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
COSPAR ID
1977-084A
SATCAT no.
10321
Website
science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/
Mission duration
mw- 48 years, 3 months, 5 days elapsed Planetary mission: 3 years, 3 months, 9 days Interstellar mission: 44 years, 11 months, 26 days elapsed
Spacecraft type
Mariner Jupiter-Saturn
Manufacturer
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Launch mass
815 kg (1,797 lb)
Dry mass
721.9 kg (1,592 lb)
Power
470 watts (at launch)
Launch date
September 5, 1977, 12:56:01 (1977-09-05UTC12:56:01Z) UTC
Rocket
Titan IIIE
Launch site
Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 41
Closest approach
November 12, 1980
Distance
6,490 km (4,030 mi)
Instruments
InstrumentsISSImaging Science SystemRSSRadio Science SystemIRISInfrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometerUVSUltraviolet SpectrometerMAGTriaxial Fluxgate MagnetometerPLSPlasma SpectrometerLECPLow Energy Charged Particle InstrumentCRSCosmic Ray SystemPRAPlanetary Radio Astronomy InvestigationPPSPhotopolarimeter SystemPWSPlasma Wave Subsystem
ISS
Imaging Science System
RSS
Radio Science System
IRIS
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer
UVS
Ultraviolet Spectrometer
MAG
Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer
PLS
Plasma Spectrometer
LECP
Low Energy Charged Particle Instrument
CRS
Cosmic Ray System
PRA
Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation
PPS
Photopolarimeter System
PWS
Plasma Wave Subsystem

Tables

· Mission background › Spacecraft components › Scientific instruments
Imaging Science System(disabled)
Imaging Science System(disabled)
Instrument name
Imaging Science System(disabled)
Abbr.
(ISS)
Description
Used a two-camera system (narrow-angle/wide-angle) to provide images of Jupiter, Saturn and other objects along the trajectory. Filters Narrow-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 0 – Clear 280–640 nm 4 – Clear 280–640 nm 7 – UV 280–370 nm 1 – Violet 350–450 nm 2 – Blue 430–530 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 6 – Green 530–640 nm 3 – Orange 590–640 nm Wide-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 2 – Clear 280–640 nm 3 – Violet 350–450 nm 1 – Blue 430–530 nm 6 – CH4-U 536–546 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 4 – Na-D 588–590 nm 7 – Orange 590–640 nm 0 – CH4-JST 614–624 nm Principal investigator: Bradford Smith / University of Arizona (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PDI data catalog, PDS/PRN data catalog
Radio Science System(disabled)
Radio Science System(disabled)
Instrument name
Radio Science System(disabled)
Abbr.
(RSS)
Description
Used the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites (ionospheres, atmospheres, masses, gravity fields, densities) and the amount and size distribution of material in Saturn's rings and the ring dimensions. Principal investigator: G. Tyler / Stanford University PDS/PRN overviewData: PDS/PPI data catalog, PDS/PRN data catalog (VG_2803), NSSDC data archive
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer(disabled)
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer(disabled)
Instrument name
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer(disabled)
Abbr.
(IRIS)
Description
Investigates both global and local energy balance and atmospheric composition. Vertical temperature profiles are also obtained from the planets and satellites as well as the composition, thermal properties, and size of particles in Saturn's rings. Principal investigator: Rudolf Hanel / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PRN data catalog, PDS/PRN expanded data catalog (VGIRIS_0001, VGIRIS_002), NSSDC Jupiter data archive
Ultraviolet Spectrometer(disabled)
Ultraviolet Spectrometer(disabled)
Instrument name
Ultraviolet Spectrometer(disabled)
Abbr.
(UVS)
Description
Designed to measure atmospheric properties, and to measure radiation. Principal investigator: A. Broadfoot / University of Southern California (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PRN data catalog
Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer(active)
Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer(active)
Instrument name
Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer(active)
Abbr.
(MAG)
Description
Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the magnetic field of interplanetary space out to the boundary between the solar wind and the magnetic field of interstellar space. Principal investigator: Norman F. Ness / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Plasma Spectrometer(defective)
Plasma Spectrometer(defective)
Instrument name
Plasma Spectrometer(defective)
Abbr.
(PLS)
Description
Investigates the microscopic properties of the plasma ions and measures electrons in the energy range from 5 eV to 1 keV. Principal investigator: John Richardson / MIT (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Low Energy Charged Particle Instrument(active)
Low Energy Charged Particle Instrument(active)
Instrument name
Low Energy Charged Particle Instrument(active)
Abbr.
(LECP)
Description
Measures the differential in energy fluxes and angular distributions of ions, electrons and the differential in energy ion composition. Principal investigator: Stamatios Krimigis / JHU / APL / University of Maryland (JHU/APL website / UMD website / KU website)Data: UMD data plotting, PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Cosmic Ray System(disabled)
Cosmic Ray System(disabled)
Instrument name
Cosmic Ray System(disabled)
Abbr.
(CRS)
Description
Determines the origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays, the nucleosynthesis of elements in cosmic-ray sources, the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium, and the trapped planetary energetic-particle environment. Principal investigator: Edward Stone / Caltech / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation(disabled)
Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation(disabled)
Instrument name
Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation(disabled)
Abbr.
(PRA)
Description
Uses a sweep-frequency radio receiver to study the radio-emission signals from Jupiter and Saturn. Principal investigator: James Warwick / University of ColoradoData: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Photopolarimeter System(defective)
Photopolarimeter System(defective)
Instrument name
Photopolarimeter System(defective)
Abbr.
(PPS)
Description
Used a telescope with a polarizer to gather information on surface texture and composition of Jupiter and Saturn and information on atmospheric scattering properties and density for both planets. Principal investigator: Arthur Lane / JPL (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PRN data catalog
Plasma Wave Subsystem(active)
Plasma Wave Subsystem(active)
Instrument name
Plasma Wave Subsystem(active)
Abbr.
(PWS)
Description
Provides continuous, sheath-independent measurements of the electron-density profiles at Jupiter and Saturn as well as basic information on local wave–particle interaction, useful in studying the magnetospheres. Principal investigator: William Kurth / University of Iowa (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog
Instrument name
Abbr.
Description
Imaging Science System(disabled)
(ISS)
Used a two-camera system (narrow-angle/wide-angle) to provide images of Jupiter, Saturn and other objects along the trajectory. Filters Narrow-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 0 – Clear 280–640 nm 4 – Clear 280–640 nm 7 – UV 280–370 nm 1 – Violet 350–450 nm 2 – Blue 430–530 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 6 – Green 530–640 nm 3 – Orange 590–640 nm Wide-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 2 – Clear 280–640 nm 3 – Violet 350–450 nm 1 – Blue 430–530 nm 6 – CH4-U 536–546 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 4 – Na-D 588–590 nm 7 – Orange 590–640 nm 0 – CH4-JST 614–624 nm Principal investigator: Bradford Smith / University of Arizona (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PDI data catalog, PDS/PRN data catalog
Filters
Narrow-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 0 – Clear 280–640 nm 4 – Clear 280–640 nm 7 – UV 280–370 nm 1 – Violet 350–450 nm 2 – Blue 430–530 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 6 – Green 530–640 nm 3 – Orange 590–640 nmWide-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 2 – Clear 280–640 nm 3 – Violet 350–450 nm 1 – Blue 430–530 nm 6 – CH4-U 536–546 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 4 – Na-D 588–590 nm 7 – Orange 590–640 nm 0 – CH4-JST 614–624 nm
Narrow-angle camera
NameWavelengthSpectrumSensitivity
0 – Clear280–640 nm
4 – Clear280–640 nm
7 – UV280–370 nm
1 – Violet350–450 nm
2 – Blue430–530 nm
5 – Green530–640 nm
6 – Green530–640 nm
3 – Orange590–640 nm
Wide-angle camera
NameWavelengthSpectrumSensitivity
2 – Clear280–640 nm
3 – Violet350–450 nm
1 – Blue430–530 nm
6 – CH4-U536–546 nm
5 – Green530–640 nm
4 – Na-D588–590 nm
7 – Orange590–640 nm
0 – CH4-JST614–624 nm
Radio Science System(disabled)
(RSS)
Used the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites (ionospheres, atmospheres, masses, gravity fields, densities) and the amount and size distribution of material in Saturn's rings and the ring dimensions. Principal investigator: G. Tyler / Stanford University PDS/PRN overviewData: PDS/PPI data catalog, PDS/PRN data catalog (VG_2803), NSSDC data archive
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer(disabled)
(IRIS)
Investigates both global and local energy balance and atmospheric composition. Vertical temperature profiles are also obtained from the planets and satellites as well as the composition, thermal properties, and size of particles in Saturn's rings. Principal investigator: Rudolf Hanel / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PRN data catalog, PDS/PRN expanded data catalog (VGIRIS_0001, VGIRIS_002), NSSDC Jupiter data archive
Ultraviolet Spectrometer(disabled)
(UVS)
Designed to measure atmospheric properties, and to measure radiation. Principal investigator: A. Broadfoot / University of Southern California (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PRN data catalog
Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer(active)
(MAG)
Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the magnetic field of interplanetary space out to the boundary between the solar wind and the magnetic field of interstellar space. Principal investigator: Norman F. Ness / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Plasma Spectrometer(defective)
(PLS)
Investigates the microscopic properties of the plasma ions and measures electrons in the energy range from 5 eV to 1 keV. Principal investigator: John Richardson / MIT (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Low Energy Charged Particle Instrument(active)
(LECP)
Measures the differential in energy fluxes and angular distributions of ions, electrons and the differential in energy ion composition. Principal investigator: Stamatios Krimigis / JHU / APL / University of Maryland (JHU/APL website / UMD website / KU website)Data: UMD data plotting, PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Cosmic Ray System(disabled)
(CRS)
Determines the origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays, the nucleosynthesis of elements in cosmic-ray sources, the behavior of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium, and the trapped planetary energetic-particle environment. Principal investigator: Edward Stone / Caltech / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Planetary Radio Astronomy Investigation(disabled)
(PRA)
Uses a sweep-frequency radio receiver to study the radio-emission signals from Jupiter and Saturn. Principal investigator: James Warwick / University of ColoradoData: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive
Photopolarimeter System(defective)
(PPS)
Used a telescope with a polarizer to gather information on surface texture and composition of Jupiter and Saturn and information on atmospheric scattering properties and density for both planets. Principal investigator: Arthur Lane / JPL (PDS/PRN website)Data: PDS/PRN data catalog
Plasma Wave Subsystem(active)
(PWS)
Provides continuous, sheath-independent measurements of the electron-density profiles at Jupiter and Saturn as well as basic information on local wave–particle interaction, useful in studying the magnetospheres. Principal investigator: William Kurth / University of Iowa (website)Data: PDS/PPI data catalog
Narrow-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 0 – Clear 280–640 nm 4 – Clear 280–640 nm 7 – UV 280–370 nm 1 – Violet 350–450 nm 2 – Blue 430–530 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 6 – Green 530–640 nm 3 – Orange 590–640 nm
Narrow-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 0 – Clear 280–640 nm 4 – Clear 280–640 nm 7 – UV 280–370 nm 1 – Violet 350–450 nm 2 – Blue 430–530 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 6 – Green 530–640 nm 3 – Orange 590–640 nm
Filters
Narrow-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 0 – Clear 280–640 nm 4 – Clear 280–640 nm 7 – UV 280–370 nm 1 – Violet 350–450 nm 2 – Blue 430–530 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 6 – Green 530–640 nm 3 – Orange 590–640 nm
Filters
Wide-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 2 – Clear 280–640 nm 3 – Violet 350–450 nm 1 – Blue 430–530 nm 6 – CH4-U 536–546 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 4 – Na-D 588–590 nm 7 – Orange 590–640 nm 0 – CH4-JST 614–624 nm
Filters
Narrow-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 0 – Clear 280–640 nm 4 – Clear 280–640 nm 7 – UV 280–370 nm 1 – Violet 350–450 nm 2 – Blue 430–530 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 6 – Green 530–640 nm 3 – Orange 590–640 nm
Narrow-angle camera
NameWavelengthSpectrumSensitivity
0 – Clear280–640 nm
4 – Clear280–640 nm
7 – UV280–370 nm
1 – Violet350–450 nm
2 – Blue430–530 nm
5 – Green530–640 nm
6 – Green530–640 nm
3 – Orange590–640 nm
Wide-angle camera Name Wavelength Spectrum Sensitivity 2 – Clear 280–640 nm 3 – Violet 350–450 nm 1 – Blue 430–530 nm 6 – CH4-U 536–546 nm 5 – Green 530–640 nm 4 – Na-D 588–590 nm 7 – Orange 590–640 nm 0 – CH4-JST 614–624 nm
Wide-angle camera
NameWavelengthSpectrumSensitivity
2 – Clear280–640 nm
3 – Violet350–450 nm
1 – Blue430–530 nm
6 – CH4-U536–546 nm
5 – Green530–640 nm
4 – Na-D588–590 nm
7 – Orange590–640 nm
0 – CH4-JST614–624 nm
· Mission profile › Timeline of travel
Voyager 1's trajectory seen from Earth, diverging from the ecliptic in 1981 at Saturn and now heading towards the constellation Ophiuchus
· Mission profile › Timeline of travel
1977-09-05
1977-09-05
Date
1977-09-05
Event
Spacecraft launched at 12:56:00 UTC.
1977-12-10
1977-12-10
Date
1977-12-10
Event
Entered asteroid belt.
1977-12-19
1977-12-19
Date
1977-12-19
Event
Voyager 1 overtakes Voyager 2. (see diagram)
1978-09-08
1978-09-08
Date
1978-09-08
Event
Exited asteroid belt.
1979-01-06
1979-01-06
Date
1979-01-06
Event
Start Jupiter observation phase.
1979-03-05
1979-03-05
Date
1979-03-05
Event
Encounter with the Jovian system.
0006:54
0006:54
Date
0006:54
Event
Amalthea flyby at 420,200 km.
0012:05:26
0012:05:26
Date
0012:05:26
Event
Jupiter closest approach at 348,890 km from the center of mass.
0015:14
0015:14
Date
0015:14
Event
Io flyby at 20,570 km.
0018:19
0018:19
Date
0018:19
Event
Europa flyby at 733,760 km.
1979-03-06
1979-03-06
Date
1979-03-06
0002:15
0002:15
Date
0002:15
Event
Ganymede flyby at 114,710 km.
0017:08
0017:08
Date
0017:08
Event
Callisto flyby at 126,400 km.
1979-04-13
1979-04-13
Date
1979-04-13
Event
Phase end
1980-08-22
1980-08-22
Date
1980-08-22
Event
Start Saturn observation phase.
1980-11-12
1980-11-12
Date
1980-11-12
Event
Encounter with the Saturnian system.
0005:41:21
0005:41:21
Date
0005:41:21
Event
Titan flyby at 6,490 km.
0022:16:32
0022:16:32
Date
0022:16:32
Event
Tethys flyby at 415,670 km.
0023:46:30
0023:46:30
Date
0023:46:30
Event
Saturn closest approach at 184,300 km from the center of mass.
1980-11-13
1980-11-13
Date
1980-11-13
0001:43:12
0001:43:12
Date
0001:43:12
Event
Mimas flyby at 88,440 km.
0001:51:16
0001:51:16
Date
0001:51:16
Event
Enceladus flyby at 202,040 km.
0006:21:53
0006:21:53
Date
0006:21:53
Event
Rhea flyby at 73,980 km.
0016:44:41
0016:44:41
Date
0016:44:41
Event
Hyperion flyby at 880,440 km.
1980-11-14
1980-11-14
Date
1980-11-14
Event
Phase end
1980-11-14
1980-11-14
Date
1980-11-14
Event
Begin extended mission.
Date
Event
1977-09-05
Spacecraft launched at 12:56:00 UTC.
1977-12-10
Entered asteroid belt.
1977-12-19
Voyager 1 overtakes Voyager 2. (see diagram)
1978-09-08
Exited asteroid belt.
1979-01-06
Start Jupiter observation phase.
1979-03-05
Encounter with the Jovian system.
0006:54
Amalthea flyby at 420,200 km.
0012:05:26
Jupiter closest approach at 348,890 km from the center of mass.
0015:14
Io flyby at 20,570 km.
0018:19
Europa flyby at 733,760 km.
1979-03-06
0002:15
Ganymede flyby at 114,710 km.
0017:08
Callisto flyby at 126,400 km.
1979-04-13
Phase end
1980-08-22
Start Saturn observation phase.
1980-11-12
Encounter with the Saturnian system.
0005:41:21
Titan flyby at 6,490 km.
0022:16:32
Tethys flyby at 415,670 km.
0023:46:30
Saturn closest approach at 184,300 km from the center of mass.
1980-11-13
0001:43:12
Mimas flyby at 88,440 km.
0001:51:16
Enceladus flyby at 202,040 km.
0006:21:53
Rhea flyby at 73,980 km.
0016:44:41
Hyperion flyby at 880,440 km.
1980-11-14
Phase end
1980-11-14
Begin extended mission.
· Mission profile › Timeline of travel
1990-02-14
1990-02-14
Extended mission
1990-02-14
Extended mission
Final images of the Voyager program acquired by Voyager 1 to create the Solar System Family Portrait.
1998-02-17
1998-02-17
Extended mission
1998-02-17
Extended mission
Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft from the Sun, at 69.419 AU. Voyager 1 is moving away from the Sun at over 1 AU per year faster than Pioneer 10.
2004-12-17
2004-12-17
Extended mission
2004-12-17
Extended mission
Passed the termination shock at 94 AU and entered the heliosheath.
2007-02-02
2007-02-02
Extended mission
2007-02-02
Extended mission
Terminated plasma subsystem operations.
2007-04-11
2007-04-11
Extended mission
2007-04-11
Extended mission
Terminated plasma subsystem heater.
2008-01-16
2008-01-16
Extended mission
2008-01-16
Extended mission
Terminated planetary radio astronomy experiment operations.
2012-08-25
2012-08-25
Extended mission
2012-08-25
Extended mission
Crossed the heliopause at 121 AU and entered interstellar space, becoming the first human-made object to exit the solar system.
2014-07-07
2014-07-07
Extended mission
2014-07-07
Extended mission
Further confirmation[clarification needed] probe is in interstellar space.
2016-04-19
2016-04-19
Extended mission
2016-04-19
Extended mission
Terminated Ultraviolet Spectrometer operations.
2017-11-28
2017-11-28
Extended mission
2017-11-28
Extended mission
"Trajectory correction maneuver" (TCM) thrusters are tested in their first use since November 1980.
2023-11-14
2023-11-14
Extended mission
2023-11-14
Extended mission
Issues with onboard computer render it unable to send usable data back to Earth, engineers begin planning and developing a fix.
2024-04-22
2024-04-22
Extended mission
2024-04-22
Extended mission
Engineers re-establish communication with the probe by moving code away from a broken memory chip in the FDS.
2025-02-25
2025-02-25
Extended mission
2025-02-25
Extended mission
Turned off the cosmic ray subsystem.
Extended mission
1990-02-14
Final images of the Voyager program acquired by Voyager 1 to create the Solar System Family Portrait.
1998-02-17
Voyager 1 overtakes Pioneer 10 as the most distant spacecraft from the Sun, at 69.419 AU. Voyager 1 is moving away from the Sun at over 1 AU per year faster than Pioneer 10.
2004-12-17
Passed the termination shock at 94 AU and entered the heliosheath.
2007-02-02
Terminated plasma subsystem operations.
2007-04-11
Terminated plasma subsystem heater.
2008-01-16
Terminated planetary radio astronomy experiment operations.
2012-08-25
Crossed the heliopause at 121 AU and entered interstellar space, becoming the first human-made object to exit the solar system.
2014-07-07
Further confirmation[clarification needed] probe is in interstellar space.
2016-04-19
Terminated Ultraviolet Spectrometer operations.
2017-11-28
"Trajectory correction maneuver" (TCM) thrusters are tested in their first use since November 1980.
2023-11-14
Issues with onboard computer render it unable to send usable data back to Earth, engineers begin planning and developing a fix.
2024-04-22
Engineers re-establish communication with the probe by moving code away from a broken memory chip in the FDS.
2025-02-25
Turned off the cosmic ray subsystem.
Interstellar velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle } ) · Future of the probe
Pioneer 10
Pioneer 10
Probe
Pioneer 10
Velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }} )
11.8 km/s (2.49 au/yr)
Pioneer 11
Pioneer 11
Probe
Pioneer 11
Velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }} )
11.1 km/s (2.34 au/yr)
Voyager 1
Voyager 1
Probe
Voyager 1
Velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }} )
16.9 km/s (3.57 au/yr)
Voyager 2
Voyager 2
Probe
Voyager 2
Velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }} )
15.2 km/s (3.21 au/yr)
New Horizons
New Horizons
Probe
New Horizons
Velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_{\infty }} )
12.6 km/s (2.66 au/yr)
Probe
Velocity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle } )
Pioneer 10
11.8 km/s (2.49 au/yr)
Pioneer 11
11.1 km/s (2.34 au/yr)
Voyager 1
16.9 km/s (3.57 au/yr)
Voyager 2
15.2 km/s (3.21 au/yr)
New Horizons
12.6 km/s (2.66 au/yr)
· Future of the probe › Remaining lifespan
1998
1998
Year
1998
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Termination of Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS)
2007
2007
Year
2007
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Termination of plasma subsystem (PLS)
2008
2008
Year
2008
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Power off Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment (PRA)
2016
2016
Year
2016
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Termination of scan platform and Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) observations
2025
2025
Year
2025
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Termination of Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS)
Unknown date
Unknown date
Year
Unknown date
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Termination of Data Tape Recorder (DTR) operations (limited by ability to capture 1.4 kbit/s data using a 70 m/34 m antenna array; this is the minimum rate at which the DTR can read out data).
Unknown date
Unknown date
Year
Unknown date
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Termination of gyroscopic operations (previously 2017, but backup thrusters active for continuation of gyroscopic operations).
2025–2036
2025–2036
Year
2025–2036
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
Will no longer be able to power even a single instrument. After 2036, both probes will be out of range of the Deep Space Network.
Year
End of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations
1998
Termination of Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS)
2007
Termination of plasma subsystem (PLS)
2008
Power off Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment (PRA)
2016
Termination of scan platform and Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) observations
2025
Termination of Cosmic Ray Subsystem (CRS)
Unknown date
Termination of Data Tape Recorder (DTR) operations (limited by ability to capture 1.4 kbit/s data using a 70 m/34 m antenna array; this is the minimum rate at which the DTR can read out data).
Unknown date
Termination of gyroscopic operations (previously 2017, but backup thrusters active for continuation of gyroscopic operations).
2025–2036
Will no longer be able to power even a single instrument. After 2036, both probes will be out of range of the Deep Space Network.

References

  1. NSSDC Master Catalog
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A
  2. "NASA – Voyager Facts"
    https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1105voyager_facts.html
  3. "Voyager 1"
    https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth/
  4. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/
  5. BBC Solar System
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180203195855/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/voyager_1
  6. IFL Science
    https://www.iflscience.com/in-november-2026-a-human-made-object-will-reach-a-light-day-from-earth-for-first-time-in-history-79691
  7. "Voyager – Frequently Asked Questions"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211021022802/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/voyager/frequently-asked-questions
  8. "New Horizons conducts flyby of Pluto in historic Kuiper Belt encounter"
    https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/07/new-horizons-pluto-historic-kuiper-encounter/
  9. "What If Voyager Had Explored Pluto?"
    http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/What_If_Voyager_Had_Explored_Pluto_999.html
  10. "Interstellar Mission"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar-mission/
  11. New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/13/science/in-a-breathtaking-first-nasa-craft-exits-the-solar-system.html
  12. NASA
    https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-221
  13. "Voyager 1 Just Fired Up its Backup Thrusters for the 1st Time in 37 Years"
    https://www.space.com/38967-voyager-1-fires-backup-thrusters-after-37-years.html
  14. "NASA's Voyager 1 Revives Backup Thrusters Before Command Pause - NASA Science"
    https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2025/05/14/nasas-voyager-1-revives-backup-thrusters-before-command-pause/
  15. American Museum of Natural History
    https://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/news-posts/voyager-1-launched-40-years-ago-today
  16. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/
  17. "1960s"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121208070306/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/index.html
  18. From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0j-4d73jQFEC&pg=PA251
  19. "Voyager 2: Host Information"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170220172046/https://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/ds-view/pds/viewHostProfile.jsp?INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID=VG2
  20. "Voyager 1: Host Information"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/
  21. "High Gain Antenna"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/instruments_hga.html
  22. Descanso Design and Performance Summary Series
    https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf
  23. "NASA News Press Kit 77–136"
    http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=9476.0;attach=591860
  24. Nuclear News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181016011258/http://www3.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/pdfs/1999-4-2.pdf
  25. "Spacecraft Lifetime"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/spacecraftlife.html
  26. "pds-rings"
    https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iss/inst_cat_wa1.html
  27. Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
    https://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch6-2.html
  28. "au.af"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151016052108/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/jplbasic/bsf11-2.htm
  29. "airandspace"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160406141000/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A19990066000
  30. "Voyager 1 Narrow Angle Camera Description"
    https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iss/inst_cat_na1.html#filters
  31. "Voyager 1 Wide Angle Camera Description"
    https://pds-rings.seti.org/voyager/iss/inst_cat_wa1.html#filters
  32. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/voyager-golden-record-40th-anniversary-timothy-ferris
  33. NASA
    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/voyager-1-fires-up-thrusters-after-37
  34. blogs.nasa.gov
    https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2023/12/12/engineers-working-to-resolve-issue-with-voyager-1-computer/
  35. CNN
    https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/13/world/voyager-1-computer-issue-scn/index.html
  36. blogs.nasa.gov
    https://blogs.nasa.gov/voyager/2024/04/22/nasas-voyager-1-resumes-sending-engineering-updates-to-earth/
  37. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
    https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-turns-off-two-voyager-science-instruments-to-extend-mission/
  38. "Encounter with Jupiter"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/jupiter.html
  39. "Planetary voyage"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/planetary.html
  40. "Voyager 1 Probe's 35-Year Trek to Interstellar Space Almost Never Was"
    https://www.space.com/17466-voyager-1-spacecraft-solar-system-35th-anniversary.html
  41. Horizons Archived October 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, JPL Solar System Dynamics (Ephemeris Type Elements; Target Bo
    https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi
  42. voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/galleries/images-voyager-took/jupiter/#:~:text=Photography%20of%20Jupiter%20began%20in,and%20many%20other%20scientific%20measurements.
  43. "The Pioneer missions"
    https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
  44. informal.jpl.nasa.gov
    https://informal.jpl.nasa.gov/museum/content/preview-screening-farthest-voyager-space
  45. "Encounter with saturn"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/saturn.html
  46. The Interstellar Age: Inside the Forty-Year Voyager Mission
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KXPoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93
  47. Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour
    https://books.google.com/books?id=E-NGFqfq1LsC&pg=PA69
  48. NASA
    https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA23645
  49. "Photo Caption"
    https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/caption/solar_family.txt
  50. "Voyager 1 now most distant man-made object in space"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120620094059/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/space/9802/17/nasa.distant.objects/
  51. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2013/sep/13/voyager-1-solar-system-great-explorers
  52. voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=20
  53. "Voyager 1 in heliopause"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html
  54. Space.com
    https://www.space.com/22729-voyager-1-spacecraft-interstellar-space.html
  55. "Spacecraft reaches edge of Solar System"
    http://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/11/05/voyager.solar.boundary/
  56. Nature
    https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62712/1/426021a.pdf
  57. Nature
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426...45K
  58. Nature
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426...48M
  59. Geophysical Research Letters
    https://authors.library.caltech.edu/55625/1/2003-46.pdf
  60. "Voyager Enters Solar System's Final Frontier"
    https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/voyager_agu.html
  61. "Voyager crosses termination shock"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html
  62. "Voyager Timeline"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/timeline.html
  63. amsat.se
    https://www.amsat.se/2006/04/02/voyager-1-received-by-amsat-dl-group/
  64. "Voyager 1 Sees Solar Wind Decline"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110614073203/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=36121
  65. Nature
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.474..359K
  66. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11988466
  67. "Voyager – The Interstellar Mission"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/answer_wind.html
  68. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12688246
  69. National Geographic
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210421164043/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/111201-voyager-probes-milky-way-light-hydrogen-sun-nasa-space
  70. CNN
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190607115011/http://lightyears.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/06/spacecraft-enters-cosmic-purgatory/
  71. "NASA Voyager 1 Spacecraft Nears Interstellar Space"
    https://www.space.com/16167-voyager1-spacecraft-interstellar-space.html
  72. "Data From NASA's Voyager 1 Point to Interstellar Future"
    https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20120614.html
  73. NASA
    https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html
  74. Space.com
    https://www.space.com/22797-voyager-1-interstellar-space-nasa-proof.html
  75. Nature
    https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13735
  76. Science
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341.1158K
  77. Science
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341.1489G
  78. "Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"
    https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx
  79. "Did NASA's Voyager 1 Spacecraft Just Exit the Solar System?"
    https://www.livescience.com/23822-voyager-spacecraft-solar-system.html
  80. Scientific American
    https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/12/04/despite-tantalizing-hints-voyager-1-has-not-crossed-into-the-interstellar-medium/
  81. Discovery News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121205081342/http://news.discovery.com/space/voyager-1-flys-into-a-mystery-magnetic-highway-121203.html
  82. Basic Space Blog
    https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/basic-space/2012/12/03/voyager-1-is-still-not-out-of-the-solar-system/
  83. Daily News & Analysis
    http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report_voyager-1-probe-leaving-solar-system-reaches-magnetic-highway-exit12-4-2012-8-04-28-am_1773168%7C
  84. "Voyager 1 has entered a new region of space, sudden changes in cosmic rays indicate"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130322025117/http://www.agu.org/news/press/pr_archives/2013/2013-11.shtml
  85. "How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space?"
    https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-278
  86. voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/fastfacts.html
  87. See § External links.
  88. The Astrophysical Journal
    https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0850
  89. Los Angeles Times
    http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-nasa-confirms-voyager-1-has-exited-the-solar-system-20130912,0,3406650.story
  90. "Voyage 1 Records "Sounds" of Interstellar Space"
    https://www.space.com/22777-voyager-1-records-sounds-from-interstellar-space-video.html
  91. ScienceAlert
    https://www.sciencealert.com/for-some-reason-the-density-of-space-is-higher-just-outside-the-solar-system
  92. The Astrophysical Journal Letters
    https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fabae58
  93. NASA
    https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/as-nasas-voyager-1-surveys-interstellar-space-its-density-measurements-are-making-waves
  94. CNET
    https://www.cnet.com/science/space/nasas-voyager-1-space-probe-from-the-70s-troubled-by-mysterious-glitch/
  95. MSN
    https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/humanitys-most-distant-spacecraft-is-sending-back-weird-signals-from-beyond-our-solar-system/ar-AAXDut6
  96. Space.com
    https://www.space.com/voyager-1-data-glitch-solved
  97. NASA
    https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/engineers-solve-data-glitch-on-nasa-s-voyager-1
  98. Popular Science
    https://www.popsci.com/science/voyager-computer-issue/
  99. blogs.nasa.gov
    https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2024/03/13/nasa-engineers-make-progress-toward-understanding-voyager-1-issue/
  100. "NASA's interstellar Voyager 1 spacecraft isn't doing so well – here's what we know"
    https://www.space.com/nasa-voyager-spacecraft-mission-deep-space-update
  101. "Humanity's most distant space probe jeopardized by computer glitch"
    https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/02/humanitys-most-distant-space-probe-jeopardized-by-computer-glitch/
  102. "NASA knows what knocked Voyager 1 offline, but it will take a while to fix"
    https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/04/the-diagnosis-is-in-bad-memory-knocked-nasas-aging-voyager-1-offline/
  103. blogs.nasa.gov
    https://blogs.nasa.gov/voyager/2024/04/04/engineers-pinpoint-cause-of-voyager-1-issue-are-working-on-solution/
  104. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/22/world/voyager-1-communication-issue-cause-fix-scn/index.html
  105. IEEE Spectrum
    https://spectrum.ieee.org/voyager-1
  106. "Voyager 1 Resumes Sending Science Data from Two Instruments – Voyager"
    https://blogs.nasa.gov/voyager/2024/05/22/voyager-1-resumes-sending-science-data-from-two-instruments/
  107. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
    https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/voyager-1-returning-science-data-from-all-four-instruments
  108. "After Pause, NASA's Voyager 1 Communicating With Mission Team"
    https://blogs.nasa.gov/voyager/2024/10/
  109. "NASA's Voyager 1 Resumes Regular Operations After Communications Pause"
    https://blogs.nasa.gov/voyager/2024/11/26/nasas-voyager-1-resumes-regular-operations-after-communications-pause/
  110. "Voyager Fast Facts"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/fast-facts/
  111. "Voyager Signal Spotted By Earth Radio Telescopes"
    https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/multimedia/pia17047.html
  112. The Irish Times
    https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/voyager-1-spacecraft-thrusters-fire-up-after-decades-idle-1.3315654
  113. voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-questions/
  114. "Voyager: Operations Plan to the End Mission"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/thirty-year-plan/
  115. Ars Technica
    https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/10/nasa-wants-the-voyagers-to-age-gracefully-so-its-time-for-a-software-patch/
  116. Gizmodo
    https://gizmodo.com/nasa-pulls-off-delicate-thruster-swap-keeping-voyager-1-mission-alive-2000497434
  117. "NASA's Voyager 1 Revives Backup Thrusters Before Command Pause - NASA Science"
    https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/voyager/2025/05/14/nasas-voyager-1-revives-backup-thrusters-before-command-pause/
  118. "New Horizons Salutes Voyager"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141113224847/http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/081706.php
  119. Photo Journal
    https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA17046
  120. UniverseToday
    https://www.universetoday.com/104717/its-official-voyager-1-is-now-in-interstellar-space/
  121. "Voyager – Mission – Interstellar Mission"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html
  122. "Future"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html
  123. Research Notes of the AAS
    https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2515-5172%2Fab158e
  124. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131104221550/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Timothy-Ferris-on-Voyagers-Never-Ending-Journey.html
  125. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-on-voyagers-golden-record-73063839/
  126. "Voyager Golden record"
    https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/goldenrec.html
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