Topzle Topzle

Vishnu

Updated: Wikipedia source

Vishnu

Vishnu (; Sanskrit: विष्णु, lit. 'All Pervasive', IAST: Viṣṇu, pronounced [ʋɪʂɳʊ]), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation (sattva). Vishnu is known as The Preserver within the Trimurti, the triple deity of supreme divinity that includes Brahma and Shiva. In Vaishnavism, Vishnu is the supreme Lord who creates, protects, and transforms the universe. Tridevi is stated to be the energy and creative power (Shakti) of each, with Lakshmi being the equal complementary partner of Vishnu. He is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism. According to Vaishnavism, the supreme being is with qualities (Saguna), and has definite form, but is limitless, transcendent and unchanging absolute Brahman, and the primal Atman (Self) of the universe. There are both benevolent and fearsome depictions of Vishnu. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient being sleeping on the coils of the serpent Shesha (who represents time) floating in the primeval ocean of milk called Kshira Sagara with his consort, Lakshmi. Whenever the world is threatened with evil, chaos, and destructive forces, Vishnu descends in the form of an avatar (incarnation) to restore the cosmic order and protect dharma. The Dashavatara are the ten primary avatars of Vishnu. Out of these ten, Rama and Krishna are the most important.

Infobox

Other names
NarayanaHariMadhavaKeshavaAchyutaJanardanaGovindaand various others listed in the Vishnu Sahasranama
Affiliation
ParabrahmanTrimurtiBrahmanBhagavanIshvaraDashavatara
Abode
VaikunthaKshira Sagara
Mantra
Om Namo Narayanaya Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya Hari Om
Weapon
Sudarshana Chakra (discus) Kaumodaki (mace) Sharanga (bow) Nandaka (sword)
Symbols
Padma (lotus) Shaligram Panchajanya (conch)
Day
Thursday
Mount
GarudaShesha
Festivals
HoliRama NavamiKrishna JanmashtamiNarasimha JayantiDeepavaliOnamVivaha PanchamiVishuVijayadashamiKartik PurnimaTulasi VivahaBuddha PurnimaAnanta ChaturdashiShayani EkadashiPrabodhini EkadashiVaikuntha Ekadashi and other Ekadashis
Consort
Lakshmi and her forms

Tables

· Avatars › The Puranas
Matsya (2), Kurma (3), Dhanvantari (3.11), Mohini (3.12), Varaha (4), Narasimha (4.3–4), Vamana (4.5–11), Parasurama (4.12–20), Rama (5–11; one of the 'four forms' of Vishnu, including his brothers Bharata, Laksmana and Satrughna), Krishna (12), Buddha (16), Kalki (16)
Matsya (2), Kurma (3), Dhanvantari (3.11), Mohini (3.12), Varaha (4), Narasimha (4.3–4), Vamana (4.5–11), Parasurama (4.12–20), Rama (5–11; one of the 'four forms' of Vishnu, including his brothers Bharata, Laksmana and Satrughna), Krishna (12), Buddha (16), Kalki (16)
Purana
Agni
Avatars
12
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Matsya (2), Kurma (3), Dhanvantari (3.11), Mohini (3.12), Varaha (4), Narasimha (4.3–4), Vamana (4.5–11), Parasurama (4.12–20), Rama (5–11; one of the 'four forms' of Vishnu, including his brothers Bharata, Laksmana and Satrughna), Krishna (12), Buddha (16), Kalki (16)
Kumaras, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Dattatreya, Yajna, Rsabha, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanvantari, Mohini, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Vyasadeva, Rama, Balarama and Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 1, Chapter 3).
Kumaras, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Dattatreya, Yajna, Rsabha, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanvantari, Mohini, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Vyasadeva, Rama, Balarama and Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 1, Chapter 3).
Purana
Bhagavata
Avatars
22
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Kumaras, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Dattatreya, Yajna, Rsabha, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanvantari, Mohini, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Vyasadeva, Rama, Balarama and Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 1, Chapter 3).
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Hayagriva, Buddha, Rama, Kalki, Ananta, Acyuta, Jamadagnya (Parashurama), Varuna, Indra, and Yama (Volume 4: 52.68–73)
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Hayagriva, Buddha, Rama, Kalki, Ananta, Acyuta, Jamadagnya (Parashurama), Varuna, Indra, and Yama (Volume 4: 52.68–73)
Purana
Brahma
Avatars
15
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Hayagriva, Buddha, Rama, Kalki, Ananta, Acyuta, Jamadagnya (Parashurama), Varuna, Indra, and Yama (Volume 4: 52.68–73)
Kumara, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Datta (Dattatreya), Yajna, Urukrama, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanavantari, Mohini, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Vyasadeva, Balarama, Krishna, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter 1)
Kumara, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Datta (Dattatreya), Yajna, Urukrama, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanavantari, Mohini, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Vyasadeva, Balarama, Krishna, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter 1)
Purana
Garuda
Avatars
20
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Kumara, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Datta (Dattatreya), Yajna, Urukrama, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanavantari, Mohini, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Vyasadeva, Balarama, Krishna, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter 1)
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31–32)
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31–32)
Purana
Linga
Avatars
10
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31–32)
3 celestial incarnations of Dharma, Nrishimha, and Vamana; and 7 human incarnations of Dattatreya, Mandhitri, Parasurama, Rama, Vedavyasa (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter XLVII / 47)
3 celestial incarnations of Dharma, Nrishimha, and Vamana; and 7 human incarnations of Dattatreya, Mandhitri, Parasurama, Rama, Vedavyasa (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter XLVII / 47)
Purana
Matsya
Avatars
10
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
3 celestial incarnations of Dharma, Nrishimha, and Vamana; and 7 human incarnations of Dattatreya, Mandhitri, Parasurama, Rama, Vedavyasa (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter XLVII / 47)
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, Kalki (Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19), and Kapila
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, Kalki (Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19), and Kapila
Purana
Narada
Avatars
10
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, Kalki (Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19), and Kapila
Part 7: Yama (66.44–54) and Brahma (71.23–29) name 'Matsya, Kurma, and Varaha. Narasimha and Vamana, (Parasu-)rama, Rama, Krsna, Buddha, and Kalki'; Part 9: this list is repeated by Shiva (229.40–44); Kapila
Part 7: Yama (66.44–54) and Brahma (71.23–29) name 'Matsya, Kurma, and Varaha. Narasimha and Vamana, (Parasu-)rama, Rama, Krsna, Buddha, and Kalki'; Part 9: this list is repeated by Shiva (229.40–44); Kapila
Purana
Padma
Avatars
10
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Part 7: Yama (66.44–54) and Brahma (71.23–29) name 'Matsya, Kurma, and Varaha. Narasimha and Vamana, (Parasu-)rama, Rama, Krsna, Buddha, and Kalki'; Part 9: this list is repeated by Shiva (229.40–44); Kapila
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, 'Rama trio' [Rama, Parasurama, Balarama], Krishna, Kalki (Part 4: Vayaviya Samhita: Chapter 30, Verses 56–58 and Chapter 31, verses 134–136)
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, 'Rama trio' [Rama, Parasurama, Balarama], Krishna, Kalki (Part 4: Vayaviya Samhita: Chapter 30, Verses 56–58 and Chapter 31, verses 134–136)
Purana
Shiva
Avatars
10
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, 'Rama trio' [Rama, Parasurama, Balarama], Krishna, Kalki (Part 4: Vayaviya Samhita: Chapter 30, Verses 56–58 and Chapter 31, verses 134–136)
Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Nrsimha, Vamana, Kapila, Datta, Rsabha, Bhargava Rama (Parashurama), Dasarathi Rama, Krsna, Krsna Dvaipayana (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Part 7: Vasudeva-Mamatmya: Chapter 18)
Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Nrsimha, Vamana, Kapila, Datta, Rsabha, Bhargava Rama (Parashurama), Dasarathi Rama, Krsna, Krsna Dvaipayana (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Part 7: Vasudeva-Mamatmya: Chapter 18)
Purana
Skanda
Avatars
14
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Nrsimha, Vamana, Kapila, Datta, Rsabha, Bhargava Rama (Parashurama), Dasarathi Rama, Krsna, Krsna Dvaipayana (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Part 7: Vasudeva-Mamatmya: Chapter 18)
Adi Purusha, Kumaras, Narada, Kapila, Yajna, Dattatreya, Nara-Narayana, Vibhu, Satyasena, Hari, Vaikunta, Ajita, Shaligram, Sarvabhauma, Vrishbha, Visvaksena, Sudhama(not krishna's friend Sudama), Dharmasetu, Yogeshwara, Brihadbhanu, Hamsa, Hayagriva, Vyasa, Prithu, Vrishbha deva, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Balrama, Krishna, Buddha, Venkateswara, Dnyaneshwar, Chaitanya, Kalki
Adi Purusha, Kumaras, Narada, Kapila, Yajna, Dattatreya, Nara-Narayana, Vibhu, Satyasena, Hari, Vaikunta, Ajita, Shaligram, Sarvabhauma, Vrishbha, Visvaksena, Sudhama(not krishna's friend Sudama), Dharmasetu, Yogeshwara, Brihadbhanu, Hamsa, Hayagriva, Vyasa, Prithu, Vrishbha deva, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Balrama, Krishna, Buddha, Venkateswara, Dnyaneshwar, Chaitanya, Kalki
Purana
Manavā
Avatars
42
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Adi Purusha, Kumaras, Narada, Kapila, Yajna, Dattatreya, Nara-Narayana, Vibhu, Satyasena, Hari, Vaikunta, Ajita, Shaligram, Sarvabhauma, Vrishbha, Visvaksena, Sudhama(not krishna's friend Sudama), Dharmasetu, Yogeshwara, Brihadbhanu, Hamsa, Hayagriva, Vyasa, Prithu, Vrishbha deva, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Balrama, Krishna, Buddha, Venkateswara, Dnyaneshwar, Chaitanya, Kalki
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 4, Verses 2–3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22; and Chapter 211, Verse 69)
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 4, Verses 2–3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22; and Chapter 211, Verse 69)
Purana
Varaha
Avatars
10
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 4, Verses 2–3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22; and Chapter 211, Verse 69)
Purana
Avatars
Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – Dashavatara lists are in bold
Agni
12
Matsya (2), Kurma (3), Dhanvantari (3.11), Mohini (3.12), Varaha (4), Narasimha (4.3–4), Vamana (4.5–11), Parasurama (4.12–20), Rama (5–11; one of the 'four forms' of Vishnu, including his brothers Bharata, Laksmana and Satrughna), Krishna (12), Buddha (16), Kalki (16)
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 49)
Bhagavata
22
Kumaras, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Dattatreya, Yajna, Rsabha, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanvantari, Mohini, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parashurama, Vyasadeva, Rama, Balarama and Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 1, Chapter 3).
20
Varaha, Suyajna (Hari), Kapila, Dattātreya, Four Kumaras, Nara-Narayana, Prthu, Rsabha, Hayagriva, Matsya, Kurma, Nṛsiṁha, Vamana, Manu, Dhanvantari, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 2, Chapter 7)
Brahma
15
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Hayagriva, Buddha, Rama, Kalki, Ananta, Acyuta, Jamadagnya (Parashurama), Varuna, Indra, and Yama (Volume 4: 52.68–73)
Garuda
20
Kumara, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, Datta (Dattatreya), Yajna, Urukrama, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanavantari, Mohini, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Vyasadeva, Balarama, Krishna, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter 1)
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1, Chapter 86, Verses 10–11)
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Balarama, Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 3, Chapter 30, Verse 37)
Linga
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31–32)
Matsya
10
3 celestial incarnations of Dharma, Nrishimha, and Vamana; and 7 human incarnations of Dattatreya, Mandhitri, Parasurama, Rama, Vedavyasa (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter XLVII / 47)
Narada
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, Kalki (Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19), and Kapila
Padma
10
Part 7: Yama (66.44–54) and Brahma (71.23–29) name 'Matsya, Kurma, and Varaha. Narasimha and Vamana, (Parasu-)rama, Rama, Krsna, Buddha, and Kalki'; Part 9: this list is repeated by Shiva (229.40–44); Kapila
Shiva
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, 'Rama trio' [Rama, Parasurama, Balarama], Krishna, Kalki (Part 4: Vayaviya Samhita: Chapter 30, Verses 56–58 and Chapter 31, verses 134–136)
Skanda
14
Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Nrsimha, Vamana, Kapila, Datta, Rsabha, Bhargava Rama (Parashurama), Dasarathi Rama, Krsna, Krsna Dvaipayana (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Part 7: Vasudeva-Mamatmya: Chapter 18)
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 15: Reva Khanda: Chapter 151, Verses 1–7)
Manavā
42
Adi Purusha, Kumaras, Narada, Kapila, Yajna, Dattatreya, Nara-Narayana, Vibhu, Satyasena, Hari, Vaikunta, Ajita, Shaligram, Sarvabhauma, Vrishbha, Visvaksena, Sudhama(not krishna's friend Sudama), Dharmasetu, Yogeshwara, Brihadbhanu, Hamsa, Hayagriva, Vyasa, Prithu, Vrishbha deva, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Balrama, Krishna, Buddha, Venkateswara, Dnyaneshwar, Chaitanya, Kalki
Varaha
10
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 4, Verses 2–3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22; and Chapter 211, Verse 69)
mw- Rama and his brothers are considered as one unit. Volume 3, Chapter 276 also lists the same incarnations. Samba, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha have not been counted; a list of the Dashavatara is provided in chapter 49. Others such as Hamsa, Ajita, Samba, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha are mentioned elsewhere but have not been counted. For a complete list, see Bhagavata Purana Kumara is more likely to be the Four Kumaras (one unit) than – as the translator believes – Karttikeya, one of Shiva's sons and the Hindu god of war These avatars are stated to incarnate 'for the good of the world' in every cycle of yugas; It is also stated that there are other avatars due to the curse of Bhrgu Narada, Samba, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha, etc., have not been counted

References

  1. Rama and his brothers are considered as one unit. Volume 3, Chapter 276 also lists the same incarnations. Samba, Pradyum
  2. Others such as Hamsa, Ajita, Samba, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha are mentioned elsewhere but have not been counted. For a co
  3. Kumara is more likely to be the Four Kumaras (one unit) than – as the translator believes – Karttikeya, one of Shiva's s
  4. These avatars are stated to incarnate 'for the good of the world' in every cycle of yugas; It is also stated that there
  5. Narada, Samba, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha, etc., have not been counted
  6. Encyclopedia of World Religions
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA445
  7. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
    https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440
  8. Soifer 1991, p. 85.
  9. Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions
    https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C
  10. Indian Civilization and Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&dq=vishnu+supreme+being+vaishnavism&pg=PA112
  11. For the Trimurti system having Brahma as the creator, Vishnu as the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva as the destroyer.
  12. Encyclopedia of Hinduism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC
  13. "Shesha, Sesa, Śeṣa, Śeṣā: 34 definitions"
    https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shesha
  14. The Hindu Religious Year
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC
  15. Comparative Religion
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb0rCQD9NcoC
  16. Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 BCE – 700 CE
    https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC
  17. An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies
    https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA539
  18. Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism (Archived 23 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine) (1996), p. 17.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C
  19. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ
  20. The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC
  21. In the Lost City of Sri Krishna: The Story of Ancient Dwaraka
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_OIzDwAAQBAJ
  22. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PTfNMQP81nAC
  23. Vishnu Sahasranāma, translated by Swami Chinmayananda. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. pp. 16–17.
  24. Hinduism: A Short History
    https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos
  25. History of Religions
    https://doi.org/10.1086%2F662191
  26. The Padma–Purana Part 10
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21961
  27. The Garuda–Purana Part 1
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541
  28. The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators
    https://books.google.com/books?id=orBAYzCRJhIC
  29. Elements of Hindu iconography
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC
  30. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA137
  31. P.B.B. Bidyabinod, "Varieties of the Vishnu Image", Memoirs of Archaeological Survey of India, No. 2, Calcutta, pp. 23–3
  32. Hindu Art
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&dq=kiritamukuta&pg=PA114
  33. Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives
    https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&q=vishnu+ananta&pg=PA22
  34. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vishnu
  35. Stevenson 2000, p. 57.
  36. See Apte, p. 485, for a definition of Trimurti as 'the unified form' of Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva, as well as the use of ph
  37. See: Jansen, p. 83, for the term "Great Trinity" in relation to the Trimurti.
  38. For quotation defining the Trimurti see: Matchett, Freda. 2003. "'The Purāṇas'." In Flood, p. 139.
  39. For the Trimurti system having Brahma as the creator, Vishnu as the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva as the transforme
  40. ISKCON News
    https://iskconnews.org/shiva-the-auspicious-one/
  41. "Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101123213949/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en
  42. sacred-texts.com
    https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c039.htm
  43. Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal (vol 1.)
    https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal
  44. vedabase.io
    https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/
  45. vedabase.io
    https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/7/
  46. Brahma Purana Part
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20270
  47. The Garusa–Purana Part 1
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541
  48. The Garuda–Purana Part 3
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12942
  49. Linga Purana – English Translation – Part 2 of 2
    https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2
  50. The Matsya Puranam
    https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856
  51. The Narada-Purana Part. 4
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976
  52. Kapila, Founder of Sāṃkhya and Avatāra of Viṣṇu: With a Translation of Kapilāsurisaṃvāda
  53. THE PADMA-PURANA PART. 7
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12949
  54. THE PADMA-PURANA PART. 9
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12954
  55. Siva Purana – English Translation – Part 4 of 4
    https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart4
  56. THE SKANDA-PURANA PART. 7
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008
  57. THE SKANDA-PURANA PART.15
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20778
  58. THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 1
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12962
  59. THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 2
    https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12972
  60. The Garuda Purana
    https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45762
  61. sacred-texts.com
    https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu10.htm
  62. Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+mullai&pg=PA156
  63. The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PC2aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34
  64. The Hindu
    https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/in-praise-of-vishnu/article6245959.ece
  65. University of Cumbria, Division of Religion and Philosophy
    http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html
  66. Who's who in non-classical mythology
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872991268
  67. Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati: An Introduction
    https://books.google.com/books?id=KnXXAAAAMAAJ&q=perumal+venkateshwara+temple
  68. South Indian Shrines: Illustrated
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=perumal+srirangam+temple
  69. Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC
  70. Vedic Mythology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC
  71. Vedic Mythology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC
  72. "ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं १.१५४ – विकिस्रोतः Archived 17 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine". sa.wikisource.org. Retrieved 17 June 2
    https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AA
  73. Jamison, Stephanie (2020). The Rigveda. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0190633395.
  74. Vedic Mythology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC
  75. Vedic Mythology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC
  76. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1980). Advanced History of India, Allied Publishers, New Delhi.
  77. Brahmapurāṇa
    https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC
  78. Hinduism: A Short History
    https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos
  79. Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period
    https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA96
  80. Kalātattvakośa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8f38pN2lvhIC&pg=PA251
  81. Asiatic Mythology: A Detailed Description and Explanation of the Mythologies of All the Great Nations of Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZrFhvqnTkC&pg=PA130
  82. Viṣṇuism and Śivaism: a comparison
    https://books.google.com/books?id=d1YIAQAAIAAJ
  83. A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC
  84. See also, Griffith's Rigveda translation: Wikisource Archived 6 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164
  85. Hinduism: A Short History
    https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos
  86. To Test the Limits of Our Endurance
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8_hOAQAAIAAJ
  87. Müller, Max. History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature. London: Spottiswoode and Co. p. 533
  88. Deussen 1997, p. 556.
  89. Mahony 1998, p. 290.
  90. Lamb 2002, p. 191.
  91. The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination
    https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC
  92. A History of Indian Literature
    https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C
  93. Sen 1937, p. 26.
  94. Rocher 1986, pp. 59–61.
  95. Glucklich 2008, p. 146, Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas..
  96. Sinister Yogis
    https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSpbyjw5DMC&pg=PA273
  97. The Oceanic Feeling: The Origins of Religious Sentiment in Ancient India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=swsrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63
  98. Rocher 1986, pp. 246–247.
  99. Sucharita Adluri (2015), Textual Authority in Classical Indian Thought: Ramanuja and the Visnu Purana, Routledge, ISBN 9
  100. Bhaktivedanta VedaBase
    http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/11/en
  101. Bryant 2007, p. 112.
  102. Kumar Das 2006, pp. 172–173.
  103. Rocher 1986, pp. 138–151.
  104. Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231149990, pp. 3–19
  105. Constance Jones and James Ryan (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase, ISBN 978-0816054589, p. 474
  106. Bryant 2007, p. 118.
  107. Varadpande 1987, pp. 92–97.
  108. Graham Schweig (2007), Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions (Editor: Yudit Kornberg Greenberg), Volume 1, ISBN 978-18
  109. Stevenson 2000, p. 164.
  110. Bryant 2007, p. 18.
    https://archive.org/details/krishnasourceboo00brya_424/page/n32
  111. Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019307, pp. 205–206
  112. Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YxoaUKmMG9gC&pg=PA71
  113. The Presence of Siva
    https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC
  114. Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA27
  115. Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA28
  116. Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA28
  117. The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=j3R1z0sE340C&pg=PA238
  118. Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity
    https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC
  119. The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction
  120. Sheridan 1986, p. [page needed].
  121. Encyclopedia Indica
  122. Brown 1983, pp. 553–557
  123. Sheridan 1986, pp. 1–2, 17–25.
  124. Rukmani 1993, pp. 217–218
  125. Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=EdqMMcYQ7r8C
  126. Visions of a New Earth: Religious Perspectives on Population, Consumption, and Ecology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=gkIwI84XajEC&pg=PA113
  127. Sheridan 1986, p. 23 with footnote 17;Sanskrit: कामस्य नेन्द्रियप्रीतिर्लाभो जीवेत यावता | जीवस्य तत्त्वजिज्ञासा नार्थो
    http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_purana/bhagpur.html?lang=sa
  128. Brown 1998, p. 17.
  129. Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, ISBN 978-0140447996,
  130. Bhakti Schools of Vedānta
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_VtAAAACAAJ
  131. Krishna: A Sourcebook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC&pg=PA358
  132. A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy
  133. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    http://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/
  134. Stafford Betty (2010), Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa, Asian Philosophy: An Internationa
  135. Soteriologies of India
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UxGEy6m4N9kC&pg=PA167
  136. A Parasarthy (1983), Symbolism in Hinduism, Chinmaya Mission Publication, ISBN 978-8175971493, pp. 91–92, 160–162
  137. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages
    http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html
  138. John Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India – Their Religions and Institutions a
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ymLZAAAAMAAJ
  139. Goddesses in World Culture
    https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Radha
  140. Essential Hinduism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C&pg=PA136
  141. Spiritual India Handbook
    https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=sridevi+and+bhudevi&pg=PT378
  142. Critical Companion to George Orwell
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC
  143. Gajendra Moksha
    https://archive.org/stream/HindiBook-gajendra-moksha#page/n0/mode/2up
  144. Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts
    https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC
  145. Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55617010
  146. The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma
    https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+vishnu&pg=PA75
  147. The Vamana Purana With English Translation
    https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313087
  148. Alice Boner (1990), Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120
  149. TA Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808775, pp. 334–335
  150. For Harirudra citation to Mahabharata 3:39:76f see Hopkins (1969), p. 221.
  151. Handbook of Hindu Mythology
    https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=durga+sister+visnu&pg=PA122
  152. The Cult of Draupadī
  153. Sikhism: An Introduction
    https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&pg=PA65
  154. Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures
    https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC
  155. The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC
  156. Sanatan Singh Sabha Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Overview of World Religions, Division of Religion and
    http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/sanatan.html
  157. The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC
  158. Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83
  159. Historical Dictionary of Sikhism
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ
  160. Buddha in Sri Lanka: Remembered Yesterdays
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cYrQnZT9JREC
  161. Mahawamsa: English Translation (1908)
  162. Buddha in Sri Lanka: Remembered Yesterdays
    https://books.google.com/books?id=cYrQnZT9JREC
  163. The Buddhist Vishnu: Religious transformation, politics and culture
  164. The Buddhist Vishnu: Religious transformation, politics and culture
  165. The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC–1300 AD)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=a5rG6reWhloC&pg=PR23
  166. Guy 2014, pp. 131–135, 145.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131
  167. Guy 2014, pp. 146–148, 154–155.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146
  168. Chandra, Lokesh (1988). The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, p, 15. Indira Gandhi Nationa
  169. Studholme, Alexander (2002). The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra. State University of New
  170. Chandra, Lokesh (1988). The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara, pp. 130–133. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi N
  171. www.dsbcproject.org
    https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/book/132
  172. Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA526
  173. Bhattacharyya, B. (1924). The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on The Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Text
  174. www.wisdomlib.org
    https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/harihariharivahana
  175. Sakya, M. B. (1994). The Iconography of Nepalese Buddhism Archived 7 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine, p. 111.
    http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/icon_nepbud.pdf
  176. Guy 2014, pp. 7–9.
  177. Guy 2014, pp. 11–12, 118–129.
  178. Guy 2014, pp. 221–225.
  179. The Major Writings of Nichiren Daishonin
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YxoHJwAACAAJ
  180. waymarking.com
    https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMH64M_Vishnu_4034_Vishnu_Asteroid__Pasadena_CA
  181. The Panda's Thumb
    https://pandasthumb.org/archives/2012/08/vishnu-temple-a.html
  182. Layang kandha kelir Jawa Timuran: seri Mahabharata
    https://books.google.com/books?id=W5YLAQAAMAAJ&q=wisnu+jawa
  183. livescience.com
    https://www.livescience.com/24440-angkor-wat-canals.html
  184. Alexander Lubotsky (1996), The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa Archived 1 Octo
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500
  185. Bryant 2007, p. 7.
  186. Alexander Lubotsky (1996), The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa Archived 1 Octo
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500
  187. Bryant 2007, p. 18 with footnote 19.
  188. Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC
  189. Mathurā: The Cultural Heritage
    https://books.google.com/books?id=82vtCre6vTcC
  190. India Today
    https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kerala-temple-may-reveal-more-riches-137019-2011-07-06
  191. Reuters
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161009161127/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58866020110819
  192. The New Yorker
    http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/30/the-secret-of-the-temple
  193. Forbes.com
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/11/13/a-one-trillion-dollar-hidden-treasure-chamber-is-discovered-at-indias-sree-padmanabhaswam-temple/
  194. Mittal & Thursby 2005, p. 456.
  195. Stele with Vishnu, His Consorts, His Avatars, and Other Dieties Archived 5 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Brooklyn
    https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/147369
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.