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Virginia

Updated: Wikipedia source

Virginia

Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The state's capital is Richmond and its most populous city is Virginia Beach. Its most populous subdivision is Fairfax County, part of Northern Virginia, where slightly over a third of Virginia's population of more than 8.8 million live. Eastern Virginia is part of the Atlantic Plain, and the Middle Peninsula forms the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Central Virginia lies predominantly in the Piedmont, the foothill region of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which cross the western and southwestern parts of the state. The fertile Shenandoah Valley fosters the state's most productive agricultural counties, while the economy in Northern Virginia is driven by technology companies and U.S. federal government agencies. Hampton Roads is also the site of the region's main seaport and Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval base. Virginian history begins with several Indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607, the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World, leading to Virginia's nickname as the Old Dominion. Slaves from Africa and land from displaced native tribes fueled the growing plantation economy, but also fueled conflicts both inside and outside the colony. Virginians fought for the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution, and helped establish the new national government. During the American Civil War, the state government in Richmond joined the Confederacy, while many northwestern counties remained loyal to the Union, which led to the separation of West Virginia in 1863. Although the state was under one-party Democratic rule for nearly a century following the Reconstruction era, both major political parties have been competitive in Virginia since the repeal of racial segregation laws in the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia's state legislature is the Virginia General Assembly, which was established in July 1619, making it the oldest extant law-making body in North America. Unlike other states, cities and counties in Virginia function as approximate equals, but the state government manages most local roads. It is also the only state where governors are prohibited from serving consecutive terms.

Infobox

Country
United States
Before statehood
Colony of Virginia
Admitted to the Union
June 25, 1788 (10th)
Capital
Richmond
Largest city
Virginia Beach
Largest county or equivalent
Fairfax
Largest metro and urban areas
Washington (metro and urban)
• Governor
Glenn Youngkin (R)
• Lieutenant Governor
Winsome Earle-Sears (R)
Legislature
General Assembly
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Delegates
Judiciary
Supreme Court of Virginia
U.S. senators
mw- Mark Warner (D) Tim Kaine (D)
U.S. House delegation
6 Democrats5 Republicans (list)
• Total
8,811,195
• Rank
15th
• Length
430 mi (690 km)
• Width
200 mi (320 km)
Elevation
950 ft (290 m)
Highest elevation (Mount Rogers)
5,728 ft (1,746 m)
Lowest elevation (Atlantic Ocean)
0 ft (0 m)
• Density
219/sq mi (84.7/km2)
• Median household income
$89,900 (2023)
• Income rank
11th
Demonym
Virginian
• Official language
English
• Spoken language
English 86% Spanish 6% Other 8%
Time zone
UTC−05:00 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation
VA
ISO 3166 code
US-VA
Traditional abbreviation
Va.
Latitude
36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N
Longitude
75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W
Website
virginia.gov

Tables

Legend
Non-Hispanic White .mw- 30–39% 40–49% 50–59% 60–69% 70–79% 80–89% 90–99%
Black or African American 40–49% 50–59% 60–69% 70–79%
Hispanic or Latino 40–49%
· External links › Maps and demographics
Preceded byNew Hampshire
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on June 25, 1788 (10th)
Succeeded byNew York

References

  1. Virginia is one of four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Massachusetts, Kentu
  2. U.S. Census Bureau
    https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/VA
  3. "Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023"
    https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf
  4. Hamilton 2016, pp. 6
  5. Burnham & Burnham 2018, pp. 277
  6. Slate Magazine
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  10. "Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity"
    https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/chronology-of-powhatan-indian-activity.htm
  11. National Institutes of Health
    https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/220.html
  12. Virginia Commonwealth University Scholars Compass
    https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1553
  13. AARP
    https://states.aarp.org/virginia/virginia-treasures-pocahontas-her-real-world-versus-the-legend
  14. Historical Society of Western Virginia Journal
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  15. Wallenstein 2007, pp. 8–9.
  16. Moran 2007, p. 8.
  17. Stewart 2008, p. 22.
  18. The Virginian-Pilot
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  19. Vollmann 2002, pp. 695–696.
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  23. Wallenstein 2007, p. 22.
  24. Hashaw 2007, pp. 76–77, 239–240.
  25. Smithsonian Magazine
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  27. Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 76–77.
  28. Gordon 2004, p. 17.
  29. Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 32, 37.
  30. A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century
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  31. Tarter 2020, pp. 62.
  32. Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 51–59.
  33. Tarter 2020, pp. 51–57.
  34. National Park Service
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  36. Shefveland 2016, pp. 59–62.
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  39. "Signers of the Declaration (Richard Henry Lee)"
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  41. Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 125–133.
  42. Smithsonian
  43. Politico
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  47. Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 131–133.
  48. Robertson 1993, pp. 8–12
  49. "Visualizing the Richmond Slave Trade"
    https://dsl.richmond.edu/civilwar/slavemarket_essay.html
  50. Weber State University
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  51. Morgan 1998, p. 490.
  52. Fischer & Kelly 2000, pp. 202–208
  53. Bryson 2011, pp. 466–467.
  54. Jordan 1995, pp. 119–122.
  55. Davis 2006, pp. 125, 208–210.
  56. Prologue Magazine
    https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/brown.html
  57. Jaffa 2000, pp. 230–236, 357–358.
  58. The Free Lance-Star
    https://www.wvgazettemail.com/west-by-secession-virginia-the-wheeling-conventions-legal-vs-illegal-separation/article_c29e90c7-1863-51bc-8fe8-ae5ccca42134.html
  59. Goodwin 2012, pp. 4.
  60. Virginia Daily Press
    https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-nws-wwi-port-of-embarkation-20170729-story.html
  61. Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 249–250.
  62. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/4249314
  63. Davis 2006, pp. 328–329.
  64. Morgan 1992, pp. 160–166.
  65. Dailey, Gilmore & Simon 2000, pp. 90–96.
  66. A Saga of the New South: Race, Law, and Public Debt in Virginia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DJyBCwAAQBAJ
  67. The Journal of Southern History
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211650.
  68. Dailey, Gilmore & Simon 2000, pp. 99–103.
  69. Wallenstein 2007, pp. 253–254.
  70. Styron 2011, pp. 42–43.
  71. Feuer 1999, pp. 50–52.
  72. The Roanoke Times
    https://roanoke.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-remembering-the-red-summer-of-1919/article_25cd5f5c-8588-58af-84c9-835d381df8ec.html
  73. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
    https://www.jstor.org/pss/4249293
  74. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/an-art-center-now-alexandrias-torpedo-factory-began-life-making-weapons/2014/08/30/31a55ec0-2e0f-11e4-994d-202962a9150c_story.html
  75. WETA
    https://boundarystones.weta.org/2013/02/02/it-happened-here-first-arlington-students-integrate-virginia-schools
  76. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/27/integration-public-schools-massive-resistance-virginia-1950s
  77. Wallenstein 2007, pp. 340–341, 350–357.
  78. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
    https://richmond.com/news/local/civil-rights-progress-in-va-but-barriers-remain/article_41f067ac-cb6f-5222-a666-298f5d72bac0.html
  79. Virginia Business
    https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/virginias-latest-constitution-turns-50/
  80. Heinemann et al. 2007, pp. 359–366.
  81. Virginia Museum of History & Culture
    https://virginiahistory.org/learn/historical-book/chapter/voting-rights
  82. Accordino 2000, pp. 76–78.
  83. Ghosts of D.C
    https://ghostsofdc.org/2013/10/02/cia-langley-virginia/
  84. ABC News
    https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-releases-batch-911-pentagon-photos/story?id=46484696
  85. The Roanoke Times
    https://www.roanoke.com/news/local/northam-signs-history-making-batch-of-gun-control-bills/article_af8f9c9f-529f-502e-b225-b8c538036b69.html
  86. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/jeb-stuart-richmond/2020/07/07/bbfe4ff8-bfd3-11ea-b4f6-cb39cd8940fb_story.html
  87. www.bls.gov
    https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/
  88. National Geographic Society
    https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/united-states-regions/
  89. United States Census Bureau
    https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf
  90. The Sea Grant Law Center
    http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/SandBar/SandBar2/2.4supreme.htm
  91. The Virginian Pilot
    https://www.pilotonline.com/2017/01/02/along-north-carolina-virginia-border-a-tiny-turn-in-the-map-and-a-history-of-lies-and-controversy/
  92. Van Zandt 1976, pp. 92–95.
  93. Smith 2015, pp. 71–72.
  94. Bristol Herald Courier
    https://www.heraldcourier.com/news/pieces-of-the-past-supreme-court-looked-at-controversy-over/article_37075b77-6b6c-5a8b-a33d-4f74b5d3a0f1.html
  95. Earth Science Picture of the Day
    https://epod.usra.edu/blog/2007/10/great-falls-national-park-on-the-potomac-river.html
  96. "Geological Formation"
    https://www.nps.gov/locations/chesapeakebaywatershed/index.htm
  97. Burnham & Burnham 2018, pp. 1.
  98. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/tangier-the-sinking-island-in-the-chesapeake
  99. Roadtrippers
    https://roadtrippers.com/magazine/virginia-barrier-islands/
  100. Pazzaglia 2006, pp. 135–138.
  101. Natural Resource Education Guide
    http://www.deq.state.va.us/vanaturally/guide/agriculture.html
  102. The Geology of Virginia
    http://geology.blogs.wm.edu/valley-ridge/
  103. Palmer 1998, pp. 49–51.
  104. The Daily Press
    https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20110823-2011-08-23-dp-nws-earthquake-regional-20110823-story.html
  105. "Chesapeake Bay Crater Offers Clues to Ancient Cataclysm"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190052/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1113_chesapeakcrater.html
  106. The Virginian-Pilot Daily Press
    https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20090408-2009-04-08-0904070065-story.html
  107. Washingtonian Magazine
    https://www.washingtonian.com/2017/10/12/6-spectacular-caves-youll-want-explore-shenandoah/
  108. The Virginia Landscape: A Cultural History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=7pBOAAAAYAAJ
  109. "Coal"
    http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/commercedocs/COAL.pdf
  110. "Comparison of Annually Reported Tonnage Data"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140705140805/http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/DMM/PDF/DATA/Production.xls
  111. The Virginia Mercury
    https://www.virginiamercury.com/blog-va/uranium-ban-upheld-as-supreme-court-of-va-declines-to-reopen-lower-court-ruling/
  112. Hamilton 2016, pp. 12–13.
  113. NOAA National Centers for Environmental information
    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/statewide/time-series/44/pcp/ann/1/1895-2023?base_prd=true&begbaseyear=1895&endbaseyear=2023
  114. Burnham & Burnham 2018, pp. xvii–xxi, 64
  115. Pentagram
    https://www.dcmilitary.com/pentagram/news/news_notes/severe-weather-awareness-for-spring-summer/article_434e2ce1-5441-5b2f-9113-d61f3ff1702f.html
  116. WSET-TV
    https://wset.com/news/local/annual-tornado-drill-in-virginia-will-be-held-march-17
  117. NOAA / National Weather Service
    https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/summary/?month=00&year=2024&state=VA
  118. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/08/19/virginias-deadliest-natural-disaster-unfolded-years-ago-hurricane-camille/
  119. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/02/07/your-primer-to-understanding-mid-atlantic-cold-air-damming-and-the-wedge/
  120. Patch
    https://patch.com/virginia/vienna/snowiest-day-record-day-fairfax-co-saw-25-5-inches-fall
  121. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
    https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/national/202202/supplemental/page-5
  122. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
    https://richmond.com/weather/we-give-our-virginia-winter-forecast-a-b/article_2b8c8e76-b869-11ed-8586-47e1d026fa8e.html
  123. WDBJ-TV
    https://www.wdbj7.com/content/news/Virginia-summers-getting-more-hot-and-humid-385709001.html
  124. The Virginia Mercury
    https://www.virginiamercury.com/blog-va/there-may-be-a-link-between-urban-heat-islands-and-past-redlining-practices-study-finds/
  125. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/24/climate/racism-redlining-cities-global-warming.html
  126. The Roanoke Star
    https://www.roanoke.com/weather/weather-journal-you-really-can-see-more-clearly-on-hot-summer-days-than-you-used/article_08e9554d-1435-570a-926c-6e06b2d4ce1f.html
  127. Energy News Network
    https://energynews.us/2020/12/16/report-dominion-energy-must-start-planning-now-for-coal-plant-transition/
  128. U.S. Energy Information Administration
    https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/0?agg=2,0,1&fuel=vvvvu&geo=00000001&sec=g&freq=A&start=2001&end=2021&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&pin=&rse=0&maptype=0
  129. Associated Press
    https://apnews.com/97033f76286b4fd0ad0f25fb4108e627
  130. Hiking Shenandoah National Park
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kXSOCwAAQBAJ
  131. "State of the Forest Annual Report on Virginia's Forests – 2021"
    https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2022/RD282
  132. WDBJ-TV
    https://www.wdbj7.com/content/news/Gyspy-Moths-on-wide-destructive-path-in-Southwest-Virginia-390498551.html
  133. "Common Native Trees of Virginia"
    https://dof.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/Common-Native-Trees-ID_pub.pdf
  134. Prince William Conservation Alliance
    https://www.pwconserve.org/plants/
  135. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
    https://www.richmond.com/sports/local/clarkson-deer-populations-abound-but-number-of-hunters-continues-to/article_3ac70bd5-8345-57e2-a6b2-0031130c926d.html
  136. "Virginia Master Naturalist Basic Training Course"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210831195527/https://vaswcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Envirothon-Mammals-of-VA.pdf
  137. Shenandoah National Park
    https://www.nps.gov/shen/learn/nature/black-bear.htm
  138. "Wildlife Information"
    https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/
  139. Science Daily
    https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091215202320.htm
  140. Sylvilagus obscurus
    https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41301/10434606
  141. Karen Terwilliger, A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia (Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisher
  142. National Audubon Society
    https://www.audubon.org/news/birding-virginia
  143. National Audubon Society
    https://www.audubon.org/important-bird-areas/state/virginia
  144. The Chesapeake Bay Journal
    https://www.bayjournal.com/archives/peregrine-falcons-slow-to-return-to-appalachia/article_28e00ba7-e86e-518d-8e06-5f025b618ae7.html
  145. Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Virginia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=4M6wDwAAQBAJ
  146. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/as-blue-catfish-multiply-in-chesapeake-bay-watermen-pursue-new-catch/2019/06/10/5b5df3f2-8973-11e9-a870-b9c411dc4312_story.html
  147. Chesapeake Bay Magazine
    https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/spring-feeding/
  148. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2025/06/09/blue-crabs-chesapeake-bay-population-drop/
  149. Loudoun Wildlife
    https://loudounwildlife.org/2016/07/crayfish/
  150. Jeffrey C. Beane, Alvin L. Braswell, William M. Palmer, Joseph C. Mitchell & Julian R. Harrison III, Amphibians and Rept
  151. Virginia Mercury
    https://www.nbc12.com/2019/05/03/snakes-virginia-meet-youll-mostly-likely-see-this-season/
  152. Our State
    https://www.ourstate.com/why-are-the-blue-ridge-mountains-blue/
  153. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
    https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/land-conservation/protected-lands
  154. "Virginia"
    https://www.nps.gov/state/va/index.htm
  155. Carroll & Miller 2002, p. 158.
  156. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service
    https://www.fs.usda.gov/r08/gwj
  157. Smith 2008, pp. 152–153, 356.
  158. "Fun Facts"
    https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state-parks/fun-facts
  159. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
    https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/natural-area-preserves/
  160. Knoxville News Sentinel
    https://www.knoxnews.com/story/entertainment/2018/01/12/breaks-centuries-struggle-breaks-interstate-park/1012506001/
  161. Virginia Department of Forestry
    https://dof.virginia.gov/about/
  162. Outdoors Rambler
    https://www.outdoorsrambler.com/post/2019/05/23/virginias-newest-wildlife-management-areas-are-shining-examples-of-howwhere-to-buy
  163. Chesapeake Bay Foundation
    https://www.cbf.org/news-media/newsroom/2020/federal/enactment-of-historic-legislation-is-major-victory-for-chesapeake-bay.html
  164. "Virginia Basic Information"
    https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-local-geo-guides-2010/virginia.html
  165. Library of Virginia 1994, pp. 183.
  166. Virginia Business
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110511132428/http://www.virginiabusiness.com/index.php/opinion/article/unique-structural-issues-make-progress-in-virginia-difficult/201616/
  167. WAMU 88.5
    https://wamu.org/story/17/07/14/no-longer-county-boy-arlington-official-says-county-become-city/
  168. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/why-arlington-and-fairfax-cant-tax-plastic-bags--and-why-that-might-change/2019/12/09/0913fd32-1544-11ea-9110-3b34ce1d92b1_story.html
  169. U.S. Census Bureau
    https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html
  170. NBC4 Washington
    https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/all-hail-the-northeast-megalopolis-the-census-bureau-region-home-to-roughly-1-in-6-americans/3226966/
  171. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/virginias-growth-is-most-robust-in-washington-suburbs/2018/01/25/8de356f0-0134-11e8-93f5-53a3a47824e8_story.html
  172. WTOP
    https://wtop.com/business-finance/2017/08/booming-tysons-looming-problem/
  173. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/22/AR2005112202165_pf.html
  174. WTOP
    https://wtop.com/loudoun-county/2019/12/loudoun-county-one-of-the-fastest-growing-in-the-country/
  175. The Roanoke Star
    https://www.roanoke.com/news/local/new-population-estimates-montgomery-county-passes-roanoke/article_b4ad525d-96ad-55dd-978b-d82f58db46c0.html
  176. U.S. Census Bureau
    https://data.census.gov/table?g=0400000US51,51$0500000&y=2021&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S0101&moe=false&tp=true
  177. "All About Suffolk"
    http://www.suffolkva.us/1065/History
  178. Virginia Law Review
    https://www.virginialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/1551.pdf
  179. WYDaily
    https://wydaily.com/our-community/2022/03/10/why-do-we-call-it-poquoson/
  180. "Resident Population and Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives"
    https://www2.census.gov/library/visualizations/2000/dec/2000-resident-population/virginia.pdf
  181. Census.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html
  182. U.S. Census Bureau
    https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html
  183. March of Dimes
    https://www.marchofdimes.org/peristats/data?reg=99&top=2&stop=1&lev=1&slev=4&obj=1&sreg=51
  184. Cardinal News
    https://cardinalnews.org/2025/11/18/virginas-population-center-is-moving-closer-to-fredericksburg-each-year/
  185. Cardinal News
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  186. Washingtonian
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  187. Axios
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  188. The New York Times
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  189. The Commonwealth Institute
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  191. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census"
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  193. The Sum of Our Dreams: A Concise History of America
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  194. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
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  195. Prince William Times
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  200. The Living Cities Census Series
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  202. The Virginian-Pilot
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  203. Geographical Review
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  204. Fairfax County Times
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  205. The Virginian-Pilot
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  206. Virginia Mercury
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  207. Time Magazine
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  208. Chesapeake Bay Magazine
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  209. Voice of America
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  210. WHSV-TV
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  211. Migration Policy Institute
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  212. Joseph 2006, p. 63.
  213. NPR
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  214. Augusta Free Press
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  215. BBC America
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  216. "Virginia's Many Voices"
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  217. The Roanoke Times
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  218. BBC
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  219. National Review
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  220. The American Values Atlas
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  221. The Cooper Center
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  222. Gallup
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  223. The Association of Religion Data Archives
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  224. Pentagram
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  225. Mormon Newsroom
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  227. WUSA9
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  228. CBS News
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  229. "SAINC1 State annual personal income summary: personal income, population, per capita personal income"
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  230. GDP by State | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)
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  233. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
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  234. NBC12
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  235. Yahoo! News
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  236. Northern Virginia Magazine
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  237. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
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  238. National Alliance to End Homelessness
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  239. Patch Leesburg
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  240. 24/7 Wall St
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  241. Axios
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  242. Forbes
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  243. Oxfam America
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  244. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  245. New York Magazine
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  246. WDBJ7
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  247. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
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  248. "States That Get The Most Federal Money"
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  249. Virginia Business
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  250. Readiness and Environmental Protection Integration Program
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  251. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  252. U.S. News & World Report
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  253. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  254. "Commonwealth Data Point Budget"
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  255. USA Facts
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  256. Virginia Business
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  257. Zippa.com
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  258. "Cyberstates 2021"
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  259. DCist
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  260. Virginia Business
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  261. The Virginia Mercury
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  262. The Washington Post
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  263. HighSpeedInternet.com
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  264. BroadbandNow
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  265. The Virginian-Pilot
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  266. Virginia Economic Development Partnership
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  267. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  268. The Travel
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  269. Virginia Tourism Corporation
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  270. Virginia Business
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  271. "Virginia Agriculture—Facts and Figures"
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  272. "Virginia's Top 20 Farm Commodities"
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  273. Virginia Mercury
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  274. Virginia Seafood and Virginia Marine Products Board
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  275. The Daily Press
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  278. The Roanoke Star
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  279. Wines Vines Analytics
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  280. VinePair
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  281. "Individual Income Tax"
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  282. Fiscal Fact No. 576: State Individual Income Tax Rates and Brackets for 2018
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  283. "Retail Sales and Use Tax"
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  284. "States That Still Impose Sales Taxes on Groceries Should Consider Reducing or Eliminating Them"
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  286. Virginia Local Tax Rates, 2017
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  289. Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2007
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  291. Gray & Robinson 2004, pp. 81, 103.
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  294. The Washington Post
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  295. The Washington Post
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  296. Daily Press
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  298. Smith 2008, pp. 22–25.
  299. Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 88, 206, 292.
  300. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities
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  301. Howard, Burnham & Burnham 2006, pp. 165–166.
  302. Goodwin 2012, p. 154.
  303. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  305. Scott & Scott 2004, pp. 307–308
  306. Folkways
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  307. Richmond Magazine
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  308. Paste
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  309. The Roanoke Times
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  310. WAVY
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  311. Goodwin 2012, pp. 25, 287.
  312. The Washington Post
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  313. Virginia Living
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  314. Danville Register & Bee
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  316. The Virginia Gazette
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  317. The American Political Science Review
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  318. VPM
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  320. 7News
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  321. Virginia Senate Finance Committee
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  322. "Virginia's Legislative Information System"
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  323. Charlottesville Tomorrow
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  324. ABC 8 News
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  325. The Washington Post
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  326. The Voice of the Commonwealth's Counties
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  327. "Virginia Courts In Brief"
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  328. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  329. ABC8 WRIC
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  330. The Virginia Mercury
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  331. "2019 Facts & Figures"
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  332. The Virginian-Pilot
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  333. "Message from the Chief"
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  336. "Incarceration Trends in Virginia"
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  337. The Center Square
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  338. Prison Legal News
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  339. "Virginia's recidivism rate remains lowest in the country"
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  340. The News Leader
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  341. Associated Press
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  342. Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services
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  344. Fox Business
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  345. The Washington Post
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  347. The Atlantic
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  348. Participation, Community, and Public Policy in a Virginia Suburb: Of Our Own Making
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  349. University of Richmond Law Review
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  350. The Journal of Negro History
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  351. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  352. The New York Times
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  353. Bloomberg
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  355. The American Political Science Review
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  356. Rasmussen Reports
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  357. Journal of Black Studies
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  358. UVAToday
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  359. The New York Times
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  360. WAMU
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  361. NBC News
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  362. The Washington Post
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  363. The Washington Post
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  364. The Free Lance-Star
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  365. Grose, Christian R.
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  366. The Washington Post
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  367. CNN
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  368. The New York Times
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  369. Quartz
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  370. The Washington Post
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  371. NBC News
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  372. Washington Post
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  373. Business Insider
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  374. Virginia Mercury
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  375. The Washington Post
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  376. The Breeze
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  377. The Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  378. The Washington Post
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  379. The Culpepper Star-Exponent
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  380. Virginia State Quality Profile
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  381. "Virginia School Report Card"
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  382. Virginia Department of Education
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  383. Virginia Department of Education
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  384. 7News
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  386. Virginia Department of Education
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  387. ABC 8 News
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  388. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
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  389. The Virginia Mercury
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  390. The Washington Post
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  392. Virginia Public Media/NPR
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  393. National Center for Education Statistics
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  394. The Center Square
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  395. U.S. News & World Report
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  396. Richmond Magazine
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  397. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  398. "VCCS Fact Sheet 2021–2022"
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  399. ABC8 WRIC
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  400. Washington Business Journal
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  401. WSLS 10
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  402. The Virginian-Pilot
    https://www.pilotonline.com/life/article_eae5349c-1f9e-5ce2-bdb7-78ee8f5090a3.html
  403. America's Health Rankings
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  404. National Vital Statistics Reports
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  405. WTOP
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  406. Richmond Free Press
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  407. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2020/05/05/fact-check-blacks-make-up-all-covid-19-deaths-richmond-virginia/3086558001/
  408. The Virginian-Pilot
    https://www.dailypress.com/news/health/dp-nws-evg-vp-black-childbirth-mortality-virginia-20180629-story.html
  409. The Roanoke Times
    https://www.richmond.com/news/virginia/report-finds-death-rates-rise-for-white-middle-class-virginians/article_b1fba73d-fd60-5303-90ef-9c3eb83d62f3.html
  410. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/12/12/virginia-mental-health-jlarc-report/
  411. State of Childhood Obesity
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  412. Patch
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  413. The Washington Times
    http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/nov/30/restaurant-owners-to-brace-for-smoke-ban
  414. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/va-senate-kills-bill-repealing-hpv-vaccine-requirement-for-girls/2012/02/27/gIQAviHMeR_blog.html
  415. American Hospital Directory
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  416. VCU Health
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  417. University of Virginia News
    https://news.virginia.edu/content/news-brief-uva-health-university-medical-center-named-best-state-cancer-care
  418. Axios Richmond
    https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/03/07/ivf-virginia-embryos-alabama-ruling
  419. National Association of Broadcasters
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  420. MondoTimes
    http://www.mondotimes.com/world/usa/tv.html?state=46
  421. "FM Query"
    https://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?state=VA
  422. "AM Query"
    https://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?state=VA
  423. The Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-tronc-buys-virginian-pilot-newspaper-20180529-story.html
  424. Blue Virginia
    https://bluevirginia.us/2018/10/dying-richmond-times-dispatch-announces-it-will-stop-making-endorsements-blames-its-customers
  425. Agility PR
    https://www.agilitypr.com/resources/top-media-outlets/top-10-virginia-daily-newspapers-circulation/
  426. Press Gazette
    https://pressgazette.co.uk/biggest-us-newspapers-by-circulation/
  427. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/30/gannett-newspapers-furloughs/
  428. Virginia's Native Son: The Election and Administration of Governor L. Douglas Wilder
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Aky-V0CFFWEC&pg=PA115
  429. Northern Virginia Magazine
    https://northernvirginiamag.com/culture/culture-features/2022/04/21/inside-the-20-plus-year-relationship-that-made-arlington-a-new-global-media-capital/
  430. Virginia Department of Transportation
    http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/98-r29.pdf
  431. "Virginia's Highway System"
    http://www.virginiadot.org/about/vdot_hgwy_sys.asp
  432. WTOP
    https://wtop.com/local/2020/09/dc-region-among-worst-nationwide-for-commute-times-ranking-reveals/
  433. American Community Survey
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  434. The Washington Post
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  435. Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation
    http://www.drpt.virginia.gov/media/2989/drpt-fy19-ridership-report.pdf
  436. WTOP
    https://wtop.com/dc-transit/2019/07/ahead-of-i-395-tolling-start-virginia-looks-at-more-bus-service/
  437. Virginia Mercury
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  438. "Ferry Information"
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  439. InsideNoVa
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  440. GazetteLeader
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  441. WYDaily
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  442. "Public Transportation Ridership Report"
    https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/2024-Q1-Ridership-APTA.pdf
  443. The Washington Post
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  444. "Airports"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080429184947/http://www.doav.virginia.gov/airports.htm
  445. "2021 Trade Overview"
    https://wp.portofvirginia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2021-Trade-Overview.pdf
  446. Goodwin 2012, p. 305.
  447. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600880.html
  448. The Seattle Times
    http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003675354_spacetours21.html?syndication=rss
  449. USA Today
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  450. Politifact
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  451. WAVY
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  452. Associated Press News
    https://apnews.com/article/virginia-washington-sports-capitals-wizards-fedabae3b196b6e79a759f7e6aa44a86
  453. Richmond Times-Dispatch
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  454. "Baseball in Virginia"
    http://www.virginia.org/baseball/
  455. "Loudoun United FC Joins the USL for 2019"
    https://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/935229
  456. Style Weekly
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  457. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/06/02/redskins-training-camp-ashburn-2020/
  458. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/12/05/spirit-audi-field-2023-home-games/
  459. ARLnow
    https://www.arlnow.com/2023/12/13/what-the-capitals-move-to-potomac-yard-could-mean-for-its-ballston-practice-facility-and-an-at-grade-route-1/
  460. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/sports/olympics/gabby-douglas-of-united-states-wins-gymnastics-all-around.html
  461. The Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/dp-spt-20160820-story.html
  462. The Zebra
    https://thezebra.org/2024/08/04/noah-lyles-100m-gold/
  463. Fox Sports
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  464. "Virginians Favor Background Checks, Paid Sick Days". Public Policy Polling, July 21, 2015. Accessed April 17, 2021.
    https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/roanoke.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/7/12/712bdf7a-98ec-5ab8-a08c-2defb63ad99b/55b111de998ca.pdf.pdf
  465. AP. "James Madison beats Youngstown State for FCS title". USA Today, January 7, 2017. Accessed April 16, 2021.
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  466. Staff Report. "UVa wins Capital One Cup for men's sports". Richmond Times-Dispatch, January 29, 2015. Accessed April 16,
    https://richmond.com/sports/college/schools/university-virginia/uva-wins-capital-one-cup-for-men-s-sports/article_679c22b1-24ff-5350-a719-8c8da094ac20.html
  467. Ron Counts. "Former Cavalier Long to present Virginia with its second Capital One Cup". Daily Progress, July 10, 2019. A
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  468. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-12-13-focus-salem_x.htm
  469. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2004-02-18-athletic-spending-cover_x.htm
  470. CBS Sports
    https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/high-school-basketball-rankings-millard-north-jumps-in-maxpreps-top-25-after-win-vs-oak-hill-academy/
  471. Virginia High School League
    https://www.vhsl.org/about-vhsl/
  472. Virginia Youth Soccer Association
    https://www.vysa.com/members/
  473. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-is-for-lovers/2021/07/24/65fd0e78-ebfb-11eb-ba5d-55d3b5ffcaf1_story.html
  474. Berkeley, Billings & Kimberly 2007, pp. 184–185.
  475. Library of Virginia 1994, pp. 88.
  476. Welch 2006, pp. 1–3.
  477. Goodwin 2012, pp. 11–13.
  478. The Virginian-Pilot
    https://www.pilotonline.com/news/article_36f89ba4-ca4a-529a-be8f-31e8c1736068.html
  479. Patch
    http://patch.com/virginia/fairfaxcity/listen-virginia-now-has-2-state-songs
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