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Vietnam

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of Mainland Southeast Asia. With an area of about 331,000 square kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, it is the world's 15th-most populous country. One of two communist states in Southeast Asia, Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east; it also shares maritime borders with Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia to the south and southwest, the Philippines to the east, and China to the northeast. Its capital is Hanoi, while its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed northern and central Vietnam, which were subsequently under Chinese rule from 111 BC until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the Viet Minh, a coalition front led by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945. Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After World War II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the treaties signed between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. The Vietnam War began shortly after, between the communist North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South Vietnam, supported by the United States. Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary communist state that self-designated as a socialist state under the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective planned economy, a trade embargo by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV launched economic and political reforms similar to the Chinese economic reform, transforming the country to a socialist-oriented market economy. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy and politics. Vietnam is a developing country with a upper-middle-income economy. It has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues, and a poor human rights record. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions, including the ASEAN, the APEC, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.

Infobox

Capital
Hanoi 21°2′N 105°51′E / 21.033°N 105.850°E / 21.033; 105.850
Largest city by municipal boundary
Da Nang16°20′N 107°35′E / 16.333°N 107.583°E / 16.333; 107.583
Largest city by urban population
Ho Chi Minh City10°48′N 106°39′E / 10.800°N 106.650°E / 10.800; 106.650
Official language
Vietnamese
Ethnic groups (2019)
mw- 85.32% Kinh Vietnamese14.68% other
Religion (2019)
86.32% no religion / folk6.1% Catholicism4.79% Buddhism1.02% Hoahaoism1% Protestantism0.58% Caodaism0.07% Islam0.12% other[a]
Demonyms
VietnameseViet (colloquial)
Government
Unitary communist state
• General Secretary[b]
Tô Lâm
• President
Lương Cường
• Prime Minister
Phạm Minh Chính
• National Assembly Chairman
Trần Thanh Mẫn
Legislature
National Assembly
• Văn Lang
7th century BC
• Âu Lạc
3rd century BC
• Han's annexation
111 BC
• Independence from China
939
• Regaining independence
1428
• Nguyễn's unification
1802
• Protectorate Treaty
25 August 1883
• Declaration of Independence
2 September 1945
• North–South partition
21 July 1954
• End of Vietnam War
30 April 1975
• Reunification
2 July 1976
• Đổi Mới
18 December 1986
• Current constitution
28 November 2013[c]
• Total
$490.970 billion (33rd)
• Water (%)
6.38
• 2023 estimate
100,300,000 (15th)
• 2019 census
96,208,984
• Density
298/km2 (771.8/sq mi) (49th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$4,806 (119th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2022)
36.1 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.766high (93rd)
Currency
Vietnamese đồng (₫) (VND)
Time zone
UTC 07:00 (Vietnam Standard Time)
Calling code
84
ISO 3166 code
VN
Internet TLD
vn

Tables

· Economy
Year
Year
Share of world GDP (PPP)
Year
Share of world GDP (PPP)
Share
1980
1980
Share of world GDP (PPP)
1980
Share of world GDP (PPP)
0.21%
1990
1990
Share of world GDP (PPP)
1990
Share of world GDP (PPP)
0.28%
2000
2000
Share of world GDP (PPP)
2000
Share of world GDP (PPP)
0.39%
2010
2010
Share of world GDP (PPP)
2010
Share of world GDP (PPP)
0.52%
2020
2020
Share of world GDP (PPP)
2020
Share of world GDP (PPP)
0.80%
Share of world GDP (PPP)
Year
Share
1980
0.21%
1990
0.28%
2000
0.39%
2010
0.52%
2020
0.80%

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  1. Some cities were established or expanded after the 2019 census was conducted, including Thủ Đức, Thuận An, Huế, Dĩ An, V
  2. Excluding converted population (including temporary residents).
  3. The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom
  4. The most powerful political position is General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, not President. The general
  5. In effect since 1 January 2014
  6. The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However,
  7. Vietnamese: Việt Nam [vîət nāːm] ⓘ
  8. The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full marked-Vietnamese form "Việt Nam" is sometimes used in English by local and governme
  9. Vietnamese: Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
  10. Also seen with the alternate spelling as Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, or Socialist Republic of Việt Nam.
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