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Valentinian II

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Valentinian II

Valentinian II (Latin: Valentinianus; 371 – 15 May 392) was a Roman emperor in the western part of the Roman Empire between AD 375 and 392. He was at first junior co-ruler of his half-brother, then was sidelined by a usurper, and finally became sole ruler after 388, albeit with limited de facto powers. He was the youngest emperor (co-ruler) in the Western Roman Empire (aged 4). A son of emperor Valentinian I and empress Justina, he was raised to the imperial office at the age of four by military commanders upon his father's death. Until 383, Valentinian II remained a junior partner to his older half-brother Gratian in ruling the Western empire, while the East was governed by his uncle Valens until 378 and Theodosius I from 379. When the usurper emperor Magnus Maximus killed Gratian in 383, the court of Valentinian II in Milan became the locus of confrontations between adherents to Nicene and Arian Christianity. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, spurring Valentinian II and his family to escape to Thessalonica where they successfully sought Theodosius's aid. Theodosius defeated Maximus in battle and re-installed Valentinian II. Valentinian II ruled from Gaul after being restored to power in 388. He was largely under the control of Arbogast, a powerful general and regent. In 392, Valentinian II was found dead in his palace, a death some at the time believed was a suicide and others a murder orchestrated by Arbogast, whom the emperor had tried to dismiss.

Infobox

Reign
22 November 375 – 15 May 392 (senior from 28 August 388)
Predecessor
Valentinian I
Successor
Eugenius and Theodosius I
Co-rulers
mw- Valens (East, 375–378)Gratian (375–383)Theodosius I (East, 379–392)Arcadius (East, 383–392)Magnus Maximus (383–388)Victor (384–388)
Born
371Treveri, Gallia Belgica, Western Roman Empire
Died
15 May 392 (aged 21)Vienne, Viennensis, Western Roman Empire
Regnal name
Regnal nameImperator Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus
Dynasty
Valentinian
Father
Valentinian I
Mother
Justina
Religion
Arian Christianity

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Regnal titles
Preceded byValentinian I
Preceded byValentinian I
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Preceded byValentinian I
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Roman emperor 371–392 With: Valens, Gratian and Theodosius I
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Succeeded byTheodosius I
Political offices
Political offices
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Political offices
Preceded byGratianEquitius
Preceded byGratianEquitius
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Preceded byGratianEquitius
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Roman consul 376with Valens
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Succeeded byGratianMerobaudes
Preceded byGratianMerobaudes
Preceded byGratianMerobaudes
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Preceded byGratianMerobaudes
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Roman consul 378with Valens
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Succeeded byAusoniusQ. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius
Preceded byHonoriusEuodius
Preceded byHonoriusEuodius
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Preceded byHonoriusEuodius
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Roman consul 387with Eutropius
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Succeeded byMagnus Maximus, Theodosius I,Maternus Cynegius
Preceded byTimasiusPromotus
Preceded byTimasiusPromotus
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Preceded byTimasiusPromotus
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Roman consul 390with Neoterius
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Succeeded byEutolmius TatianusQ. Aurelius Symmachus
Valentinian II Valentinianic dynastyBorn: 371 Died: 15 May 392
Regnal titles
Preceded byValentinian I
Roman emperor 371–392 With: Valens, Gratian and Theodosius I
Succeeded byTheodosius I
Political offices
Preceded byGratianEquitius
Roman consul 376with Valens
Succeeded byGratianMerobaudes
Preceded byGratianMerobaudes
Roman consul 378with Valens
Succeeded byAusoniusQ. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius
Preceded byHonoriusEuodius
Roman consul 387with Eutropius
Succeeded byMagnus Maximus, Theodosius I,Maternus Cynegius
Preceded byTimasiusPromotus
Roman consul 390with Neoterius
Succeeded byEutolmius TatianusQ. Aurelius Symmachus

References

  1. The statue was found near two columnar bases made under prefect Eutolmius Tatianus (388–392) and dedicated to Valentinia
  2. The bottom of the sarcophagus may be identical to a porphyry tub (labrum) now in the Duomo of Milan.
  3. The Learned Collector: Mythological Statuettes and Classical Taste in Late Antique Gaul
    https://books.google.com/books?id=mEk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128
  4. Last Statues of Antiquity
    http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=535
  5. Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae XXX 10.4; Ps-Aurelius Victor, Epitome 45.10
  6. Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 11.12
  7. Ps-Aurelius Victor, Epitome 45.10
  8. Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae XXX 10.5
  9. Roberts, Walter E., Valentinian II (375–392 A.D.)
    http://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/valenii.htm
  10. Curran 1998, p. 86.
  11. McEvoy 2013, pp. 57–59.
  12. Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae XXX 10.6
  13. Errington, R.M. "The Accession of Theodosius I." Klio 78 (1996) pp. 440–442
  14. McEvoy 2013, pp. 61–64.
  15. Lenski 2003, pp. 357–361.
  16. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Valentinian_I.
  17. Williams & Friell 1994, p. 43.
  18. Williams & Friell 1994, pp. 39–40.
  19. Curran 1998, p. 106.
  20. Ambrose, Epistolae 17–18
  21. Ambrose Epistolae 57.2
  22. Lives of the Patron Saints
  23. Ambrose, Epistolae 20
  24. McLynn 1994, pp. 170–174.
  25. Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 11.15–16
  26. Collectio Avellana 39
  27. Williams & Friell 1994, p. 62.
  28. Williams & Friell 1994, p. 63.
  29. McLynn 1994, p. 293.
  30. McEvoy 2013, p. 91.
  31. McEvoy 2013, p. 92.
  32. Croke 1976, p. 236.
  33. Roberts, Walter E., Eugenius (392–394 A.D.) Archived 28 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/eugene.htm
  34. McEvoy 2013, p. 93.
  35. Croke 1976, pp. 235–236.
  36. McEvoy 2013, pp. 94–95.
  37. McLynn 1994, p. 335.
  38. Williams & Friell 1994, p. 66.
  39. McEvoy 2013, p. 95.
  40. Williams & Friell 1994, p. 126.
  41. Hebblewhite 2020, p. 131.
  42. Croke 1976, p. 237.
  43. McLynn 1994, p. 336.
  44. McEvoy 2013, p. 113.
  45. Williams & Friell 1994, p. 127.
  46. Croke 1976, p. 244.
  47. McEvoy 2013, p. 97.
  48. De obitu Valentiniani consolatio
  49. Political Letters and Speeches
  50. Johnson 1991, p. 503.
  51. Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie
  52. Croke 1976, p. 244; Hebblewhite 2020, pp. 230–235.
  53. Williams & Friell 1994, p. 42.
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