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Uzbekistan

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five countries: Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, making it one of only two doubly landlocked countries on Earth, the other being Liechtenstein. The country has a population of more than 37.6 million, making it the most populous country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan is a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Uzbek, spoken by the Uzbek people, is the official language and spoken by the majority of its inhabitants, while Russian and Tajik are significant minority languages. Islam is the predominant religion, and most Uzbeks are Sunni Muslims. The first recorded settlers in the land of what is contemporary Uzbekistan were Eastern Iranian nomads, known as Scythians, who founded kingdoms in Khwarazm, Sogdiana, and Bactria in the 8th–6th centuries BC, as well as Fergana and Margiana in the 3rd century BC – 6th century AD. The area was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Greco-Bactrian rule and later by the Sasanian Empire, until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century. The early Muslim conquests and the subsequent Samanid Empire converted most of the people into adherents of Islam. During this period, cities began to grow rich from the Silk Road, and became a center of the Islamic Golden Age. The local Khwarazmian dynasty was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, leading to a dominance by Mongol peoples. Timur in the 14th century established the Timurid Empire. Its capital was Samarkand, which became a center of science under the rule of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance. The territories of the Timurid dynasty were conquered by Kipchak Shaybanids in the 16th century. Conquests by Emperor Babur towards the east led to the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India. Most of Central Asia was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire during the 19th century, with Tashkent becoming the political center of Russian Turkestan. In 1924, national delimitation created the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a republic of the Soviet Union. It declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1991. Uzbekistan is a secular state, with a semi-presidential constitutional government. Uzbekistan comprises 12 regions (vilayats), Tashkent City, and one autonomous republic, Karakalpakstan. While non-governmental organisations have defined Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights", significant reforms under Uzbekistan's second president, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, have been made following the death of the first president, Islam Karimov. Owing to these reforms, relations with the neighbouring countries of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan have drastically improved. A United Nations report of 2020 found much progress toward achieving the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. The Uzbek economy is in a gradual transition to the market economy, with foreign trade policy being based on import substitution. In September 2017, the country's currency became fully convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of cotton. With the gigantic power-generation facilities from the Soviet era and an ample supply of natural gas, Uzbekistan has become the largest electricity producer in Central Asia. From 2018 to 2021, the republic received a BB− sovereign credit rating by both Standard and Poor (S&P) and Fitch Ratings. In June 2025, Fitch Ratings upgraded Uzbekistan’s long-term foreign-currency issuer default rating from BB− to BB, with a Stable Outlook, citing sustained economic reforms, robust growth, and improvements in external buffers. The Brookings Institution described Uzbekistan as having large liquid assets, high economic growth, low public debt, and a low GDP per capita. Uzbekistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), United Nations (UN) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Tashkent 41°19′N 69°16′E / 41.317°N 69.267°E / 41.317; 69.267
Official languages
Uzbek
Recognised languages
Karakalpak
Ethnic groups (2021)
mw- 84.6% Uzbeks4.8% Tajiks2.3% Kazakhs2.2% Karakalpaks2.1% Russians4.0% others
Religion (2020)
94.78% Islam3.89% Irreligion1.04% Christianity0.27% other religions
Demonym
Uzbek • Uzbekistani
Government
Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President
Shavkat Mirziyoyev
• Prime Minister
Abdulla Aripov
Legislature
Oliy Majlis
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Legislative Chamber
• Uzbek Khanate
1428–1471
• Uzbek khanates
1500–1920
• Turkestan ASSR
30 April 1918
• Uzbek SSR
27 October 1924
• Republic
1 September 1991
• Current constitution
8 December 1992
• Total
$132.480 billion (61th)
• Water (%)
4.9
• 2025 estimate
38,000,269 (38th)
• Density
80.2/km2 (207.7/sq mi) (138th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$3,510 (134th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2022)
31.2 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.740high (107th)
Currency
Uzbek sum (UZS)
Time zone
UTC 5 (UZT)
Date format
dd/mm yyyyc
Calling code
998
ISO 3166 code
UZ
Internet TLD
uz

Tables

· Administrative divisions
Andijan RegionUzbek: Андижон вилояти, Andijon Viloyati
Andijan RegionUzbek: Андижон вилояти, Andijon Viloyati
Division
Andijan RegionUzbek: Андижон вилояти, Andijon Viloyati
Capital City
AndijanAndijon
Area(km2)
4,303
Population(1 January 2024)
3394,4
Key
2
Bukhara RegionUzbek: Бухоро вилояти, Buxoro Viloyati
Bukhara RegionUzbek: Бухоро вилояти, Buxoro Viloyati
Division
Bukhara RegionUzbek: Бухоро вилояти, Buxoro Viloyati
Capital City
BukharaBuxoro
Area(km2)
41,937
Population(1 January 2024)
2044,0
Key
3
Fergana RegionUzbek: Фарғона вилояти, Fargʻona Viloyati
Fergana RegionUzbek: Фарғона вилояти, Fargʻona Viloyati
Division
Fergana RegionUzbek: Фарғона вилояти, Fargʻona Viloyati
Capital City
FerganaFargʻona
Area(km2)
7,005
Population(1 January 2024)
4061,5
Key
4
Jizzakh RegionUzbek: Жиззах вилояти, Jizzax Viloyati
Jizzakh RegionUzbek: Жиззах вилояти, Jizzax Viloyati
Division
Jizzakh RegionUzbek: Жиззах вилояти, Jizzax Viloyati
Capital City
JizzakhJizzax
Area(km2)
21,179
Population(1 January 2024)
1507,4
Key
5
Republic of KarakalpakstanKarakalpak: Қарақалпақстан Республикасы, Qaraqalpaqstan RespublikasıʻUzbek: Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси, Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi
Republic of KarakalpakstanKarakalpak: Қарақалпақстан Республикасы, Qaraqalpaqstan RespublikasıʻUzbek: Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси, Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi
Division
Republic of KarakalpakstanKarakalpak: Қарақалпақстан Республикасы, Qaraqalpaqstan RespublikasıʻUzbek: Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси, Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi
Capital City
NukusNo‘kisNukus
Area(km2)
161,358
Population(1 January 2024)
2002,7
Key
14
Kashkadarya RegionUzbek: Қашқадарё вилояти, Qashqadaryo Viloyati
Kashkadarya RegionUzbek: Қашқадарё вилояти, Qashqadaryo Viloyati
Division
Kashkadarya RegionUzbek: Қашқадарё вилояти, Qashqadaryo Viloyati
Capital City
KarshiQarshi
Area(km2)
28,568
Population(1 January 2024)
3560,6
Key
8
Khorezm RegionUzbek: Хоразм вилояти, Xorazm Viloyati
Khorezm RegionUzbek: Хоразм вилояти, Xorazm Viloyati
Division
Khorezm RegionUzbek: Хоразм вилояти, Xorazm Viloyati
Capital City
UrgenchUrganch
Area(km2)
6,464
Population(1 January 2024)
1995,6
Key
13
Namangan RegionUzbek: Наманган вилояти, Namangan Viloyati
Namangan RegionUzbek: Наманган вилояти, Namangan Viloyati
Division
Namangan RegionUzbek: Наманган вилояти, Namangan Viloyati
Capital City
NamanganNamangan
Area(km2)
7,181
Population(1 January 2024)
3066,1
Key
6
Navoiy RegionUzbek: Навоий вилояти, Navoiy Viloyati
Navoiy RegionUzbek: Навоий вилояти, Navoiy Viloyati
Division
Navoiy RegionUzbek: Навоий вилояти, Navoiy Viloyati
Capital City
NavoiyNavoiy
Area(km2)
109,375
Population(1 January 2024)
1075,3
Key
7
Samarkand RegionUzbek: Самарқанд вилояти, Samarqand Viloyati
Samarkand RegionUzbek: Самарқанд вилояти, Samarqand Viloyati
Division
Samarkand RegionUzbek: Самарқанд вилояти, Samarqand Viloyati
Capital City
SamarkandSamarqand
Area(km2)
16,773
Population(1 January 2024)
4208,5
Key
9
Surkhandarya RegionUzbek: Сурхондарё вилояти, Surxondaryo Viloyati
Surkhandarya RegionUzbek: Сурхондарё вилояти, Surxondaryo Viloyati
Division
Surkhandarya RegionUzbek: Сурхондарё вилояти, Surxondaryo Viloyati
Capital City
TermezTermiz
Area(km2)
20,099
Population(1 January 2024)
2877,1
Key
11
Syrdarya RegionUzbek: Сирдарё вилояти, Sirdaryo Viloyati
Syrdarya RegionUzbek: Сирдарё вилояти, Sirdaryo Viloyati
Division
Syrdarya RegionUzbek: Сирдарё вилояти, Sirdaryo Viloyati
Capital City
GulistanGuliston
Area(km2)
4,276
Population(1 January 2024)
914,0
Key
10
Tashkent CityUzbek: Тошкент, Toshkent Shahri
Tashkent CityUzbek: Тошкент, Toshkent Shahri
Division
Tashkent CityUzbek: Тошкент, Toshkent Shahri
Capital City
TashkentToshkent
Area(km2)
327
Population(1 January 2024)
3040,8
Key
1
Tashkent RegionUzbek: Тошкент вилояти, Toshkent Viloyati
Tashkent RegionUzbek: Тошкент вилояти, Toshkent Viloyati
Division
Tashkent RegionUzbek: Тошкент вилояти, Toshkent Viloyati
Capital City
NurafshonNurafshon
Area(km2)
15,258
Population(1 January 2024)
3051,8
Key
12
Division
Capital City
Area(km2)
Population(1 January 2024)
Key
Andijan RegionUzbek: Андижон вилояти, Andijon Viloyati
AndijanAndijon
4,303
3394,4
2
Bukhara RegionUzbek: Бухоро вилояти, Buxoro Viloyati
BukharaBuxoro
41,937
2044,0
3
Fergana RegionUzbek: Фарғона вилояти, Fargʻona Viloyati
FerganaFargʻona
7,005
4061,5
4
Jizzakh RegionUzbek: Жиззах вилояти, Jizzax Viloyati
JizzakhJizzax
21,179
1507,4
5
Republic of KarakalpakstanKarakalpak: Қарақалпақстан Республикасы, Qaraqalpaqstan RespublikasıʻUzbek: Қорақалпоғистон Республикаси, Qoraqalpogʻiston Respublikasi
NukusNo‘kisNukus
161,358
2002,7
14
Kashkadarya RegionUzbek: Қашқадарё вилояти, Qashqadaryo Viloyati
KarshiQarshi
28,568
3560,6
8
Khorezm RegionUzbek: Хоразм вилояти, Xorazm Viloyati
UrgenchUrganch
6,464
1995,6
13
Namangan RegionUzbek: Наманган вилояти, Namangan Viloyati
NamanganNamangan
7,181
3066,1
6
Navoiy RegionUzbek: Навоий вилояти, Navoiy Viloyati
NavoiyNavoiy
109,375
1075,3
7
Samarkand RegionUzbek: Самарқанд вилояти, Samarqand Viloyati
SamarkandSamarqand
16,773
4208,5
9
Surkhandarya RegionUzbek: Сурхондарё вилояти, Surxondaryo Viloyati
TermezTermiz
20,099
2877,1
11
Syrdarya RegionUzbek: Сирдарё вилояти, Sirdaryo Viloyati
GulistanGuliston
4,276
914,0
10
Tashkent CityUzbek: Тошкент, Toshkent Shahri
TashkentToshkent
327
3040,8
1
Tashkent RegionUzbek: Тошкент вилояти, Toshkent Viloyati
NurafshonNurafshon
15,258
3051,8
12

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