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United States midterm election

Updated: Wikipedia source

United States midterm election

Midterm elections in the United States are the general elections that are held near the midpoint of a president's four-year term of office, on Election Day on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November. Federal offices that are up for election during the midterms include all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives, and 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate. In addition, 34 of the 50 U.S. states elect their governors for four-year terms during midterm elections, while Vermont and New Hampshire elect governors to two-year terms in both midterm and presidential elections. Thus, 36 governors are elected during midterm elections. Many states also elect officers to their state legislatures in midterm years. There are also elections held at the municipal level. On the ballot are many mayors, other local public offices, and a wide variety of citizen and legislatively referred initiatives. Special elections are often held in conjunction with regular elections, so additional Senators, governors and other local officials may be elected to partial terms. Midterm elections historically generate lower voter turnout than presidential elections. While the latter have had turnouts of about 50–60% over the past 60 years, only about 40% of those eligible to vote go to the polls in midterm elections. Historically, midterm elections often see the president's party lose seats in Congress, and also frequently see the president's opposite-party opponents gain control of one or both houses of Congress.

Tables

· Historical record of midterm
House seats
House seats
Year
House seats
Sitting president
Senate seats
1790
1790
Year
1790
Sitting president
George Washington
President's party
None
Net gain/loss of president's party
+3: (37 ► 40)
Net gain/loss of president's party
0: (18 ► 18)
1794
1794
Year
1794
Sitting president
-4: (51 ► 47)
President's party
+3: (16 ► 19)
1798
1798
Year
1798
Sitting president
John Adams
President's party
Federalist
Net gain/loss of president's party
+3: (57 ► 60)
Net gain/loss of president's party
0: (22 ► 22)
1802
1802
Year
1802
Sitting president
Thomas Jefferson
President's party
Democratic-Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
+35: (68 ► 103)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+5: (17 ► 22)
1806
1806
Year
1806
Sitting president
+2: (114 ► 116)
President's party
+1: (27 ► 28)
1810
1810
Year
1810
Sitting president
James Madison
President's party
Democratic-Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
+13: (94 ► 107)
Net gain/loss of president's party
0: (26 ► 26)
1814
1814
Year
1814
Sitting president
+5: (114 ► 119)
President's party
-3: (26 ► 22)
1818
1818
Year
1818
Sitting president
James Monroe
President's party
Democratic-Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
+13: (145 ► 158)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+2: (28 ► 30)
1822
1822
Year
1822
Sitting president
+34: (155 ► 189)
President's party
0: (44 ► 44)
1826
1826
Year
1826
Sitting president
John Quincy Adams
President's party
Democratic-Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-9: (109 ► 100)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-2: (21 ► 19)
1830
1830
Year
1830
Sitting president
Andrew Jackson
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-10: (136 ► 126)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+1: (25 ► 26)
1834
1834
Year
1834
Sitting president
0: (143 ► 143)
President's party
+1: (21 ► 22)
1838
1838
Year
1838
Sitting president
Martin Van Buren
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-3: (128 ► 125)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-7: (35 ► 28)
1842
1842
Year
1842
Sitting president
John Tyler
President's party
None
Net gain/loss of president's party
-69: (142 ► 73)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-3: (30 ► 27)
1846
1846
Year
1846
Sitting president
James K. Polk
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-30: (142 ► 112)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+2: (33 ► 35)
1850
1850
Year
1850
Sitting president
Millard Fillmore
President's party
Whig
Net gain/loss of president's party
-22: (108 ► 86)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-3: (36 ► 33)
1854
1854
Year
1854
Sitting president
Franklin Pierce
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-75: (158 ► 83)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-3: (36 ► 33)
1858
1858
Year
1858
Sitting president
James Buchanan
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-35: (133 ► 98)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-4: (32 ► 38)
1862
1862
Year
1862
Sitting president
Abraham Lincoln
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-23: (108 ► 85)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+1: (31 ► 32)
1866
1866
Year
1866
Sitting president
Andrew Johnson
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
+9: (38 ► 47)
Net gain/loss of president's party
0: (10 ► 10)
1870
1870
Year
1870
Sitting president
Ulysses S. Grant
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-32: (171 ► 139)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-5: (63 ► 58)
1874
1874
Year
1874
Sitting president
-93: (199 ► 106)
President's party
-10: (52 ► 42)
1878
1878
Year
1878
Sitting president
Rutherford B. Hayes
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-4: (136 ► 132)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-7: (38 ► 31)
1882
1882
Year
1882
Sitting president
Chester A. Arthur
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-29: (151 ► 118)
Net gain/loss of president's party
0: (37 ► 37)
1886
1886
Year
1886
Sitting president
Grover Cleveland
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-16: (183 ► 167)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+2: (34 ► 36)
1890
1890
Year
1890
Sitting president
Benjamin Harrison
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-93: (179 ► 86)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-4: (47 ► 43)
1894
1894
Year
1894
Sitting president
Grover Cleveland
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-127: (220 ► 93)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-4: (44 ► 40)
1898
1898
Year
1898
Sitting president
William McKinley
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-21: (205 ► 189)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+6: (44 ► 50)
1902
1902
Year
1902
Sitting president
Theodore Roosevelt
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
+9: (201 ► 210)
Net gain/loss of president's party
0: (55 ► 55)
1906
1906
Year
1906
Sitting president
-27: (251 ► 224)
President's party
+2: (58 ► 60)
1910
1910
Year
1910
Sitting president
William Howard Taft
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-56: (219 ► 163)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-9: (59 ► 50)
1914
1914
Year
1914
Sitting president
Woodrow Wilson
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-61: (291 ► 230)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+3: (50 ► 53)
1918
1918
Year
1918
Sitting president
-22: (214 ► 192)
President's party
-4: (52 ► 48)
1922
1922
Year
1922
Sitting president
Warren G. Harding
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-77: (302 ► 225)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-7: (60 ► 53)
1926
1926
Year
1926
Sitting president
Calvin Coolidge
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-9: (247 ► 238)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-6: (56 ► 50)
1930
1930
Year
1930
Sitting president
Herbert Hoover
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-52: (270 ► 218)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-6: (56 ► 50)
1934
1934
Year
1934
Sitting president
Franklin D. Roosevelt
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
+9: (313 ► 322)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+9: (60 ► 69)
1938
1938
Year
1938
Sitting president
-72: (334 ► 262)
President's party
-7: (75 ► 68)
1942
1942
Year
1942
Sitting president
-45: (267 ► 222)
President's party
-8: (65 ► 57)
1946
1946
Year
1946
Sitting president
Harry S. Truman
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-54: (242 ► 188)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-10: (56 ► 46)
1950
1950
Year
1950
Sitting president
-28: (263 ► 235)
President's party
-5: (54 ► 49)
1954
1954
Year
1954
Sitting president
Dwight D. Eisenhower
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-18: (221 ► 203)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-2: (49 ► 47)
1958
1958
Year
1958
Sitting president
-48: (201 ► 153)
President's party
-12: (47 ► 35)
1962
1962
Year
1962
Sitting president
John F. Kennedy
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-4: (262 ► 258)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+4: (64 ► 68)
1966
1966
Year
1966
Sitting president
Lyndon B. Johnson
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-47: (295 ► 248)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-3: (67 ► 64)
1970
1970
Year
1970
Sitting president
Richard Nixon
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-12: (192 ► 180)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+2: (43 ► 45)
1974
1974
Year
1974
Sitting president
Gerald Ford
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-48: (192 ► 144)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-4: (42 ► 38)
1978
1978
Year
1978
Sitting president
Jimmy Carter
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-15: (292 ► 277)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-2: (61 ► 59)
1982
1982
Year
1982
Sitting president
Ronald Reagan
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-26: (192 ► 166)
Net gain/loss of president's party
0: (54 ► 54)
1986
1986
Year
1986
Sitting president
-5: (182 ► 177)
President's party
-8: (53 ► 45)
1990
1990
Year
1990
Sitting president
George H. W. Bush
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-8: (175 ► 167)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-1: (45 ► 44)
1994
1994
Year
1994
Sitting president
Bill Clinton
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-54: (258 ► 204)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-9: (56 ► 47)
1998
1998
Year
1998
Sitting president
+4: (207 ► 211)
President's party
0: (45 ► 45)
2002
2002
Year
2002
Sitting president
George W. Bush
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
+8: (221 ► 229)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+2: (49 ► 51)
2006
2006
Year
2006
Sitting president
-32: (231 ► 199)
President's party
-6: (55 ► 49)
2010
2010
Year
2010
Sitting president
Barack Obama
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-63: (256 ► 193)
Net gain/loss of president's party
-6: (59 ► 53)
2014
2014
Year
2014
Sitting president
-13: (201 ► 188)
President's party
-9: (55 ► 46)
2018
2018
Year
2018
Sitting president
Donald Trump
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
-41: (241 ► 200)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+2: (51 ► 53)
2022
2022
Year
2022
Sitting president
Joe Biden
President's party
Democratic
Net gain/loss of president's party
-9: (222 ► 213)
Net gain/loss of president's party
+1: (50 ► 51)
2026
2026
Year
2026
Sitting president
Donald Trump
President's party
Republican
Net gain/loss of president's party
TBD
Net gain/loss of president's party
TBD
Year
Sitting president
President's party
Net gain/loss of president's party
House seats
Senate seats
1790
George Washington
None
+3: (37 ► 40)
0: (18 ► 18)
1794
-4: (51 ► 47)
+3: (16 ► 19)
1798
John Adams
Federalist
+3: (57 ► 60)
0: (22 ► 22)
1802
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic-Republican
+35: (68 ► 103)
+5: (17 ► 22)
1806
+2: (114 ► 116)
+1: (27 ► 28)
1810
James Madison
Democratic-Republican
+13: (94 ► 107)
0: (26 ► 26)
1814
+5: (114 ► 119)
-3: (26 ► 22)
1818
James Monroe
Democratic-Republican
+13: (145 ► 158)
+2: (28 ► 30)
1822
+34: (155 ► 189)
0: (44 ► 44)
1826
John Quincy Adams
Democratic-Republican
-9: (109 ► 100)
-2: (21 ► 19)
1830
Andrew Jackson
Democratic
-10: (136 ► 126)
+1: (25 ► 26)
1834
0: (143 ► 143)
+1: (21 ► 22)
1838
Martin Van Buren
Democratic
-3: (128 ► 125)
-7: (35 ► 28)
1842
John Tyler
None
-69: (142 ► 73)
-3: (30 ► 27)
1846
James K. Polk
Democratic
-30: (142 ► 112)
+2: (33 ► 35)
1850
Millard Fillmore
Whig
-22: (108 ► 86)
-3: (36 ► 33)
1854
Franklin Pierce
Democratic
-75: (158 ► 83)
-3: (36 ► 33)
1858
James Buchanan
Democratic
-35: (133 ► 98)
-4: (32 ► 38)
1862
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
-23: (108 ► 85)
+1: (31 ► 32)
1866
Andrew Johnson
Democratic
+9: (38 ► 47)
0: (10 ► 10)
1870
Ulysses S. Grant
Republican
-32: (171 ► 139)
-5: (63 ► 58)
1874
-93: (199 ► 106)
-10: (52 ► 42)
1878
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican
-4: (136 ► 132)
-7: (38 ► 31)
1882
Chester A. Arthur
Republican
-29: (151 ► 118)
0: (37 ► 37)
1886
Grover Cleveland
Democratic
-16: (183 ► 167)
+2: (34 ► 36)
1890
Benjamin Harrison
Republican
-93: (179 ► 86)
-4: (47 ► 43)
1894
Grover Cleveland
Democratic
-127: (220 ► 93)
-4: (44 ► 40)
1898
William McKinley
Republican
-21: (205 ► 189)
+6: (44 ► 50)
1902
Theodore Roosevelt
Republican
+9: (201 ► 210)
0: (55 ► 55)
1906
-27: (251 ► 224)
+2: (58 ► 60)
1910
William Howard Taft
Republican
-56: (219 ► 163)
-9: (59 ► 50)
1914
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic
-61: (291 ► 230)
+3: (50 ► 53)
1918
-22: (214 ► 192)
-4: (52 ► 48)
1922
Warren G. Harding
Republican
-77: (302 ► 225)
-7: (60 ► 53)
1926
Calvin Coolidge
Republican
-9: (247 ► 238)
-6: (56 ► 50)
1930
Herbert Hoover
Republican
-52: (270 ► 218)
-6: (56 ► 50)
1934
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic
+9: (313 ► 322)
+9: (60 ► 69)
1938
-72: (334 ► 262)
-7: (75 ► 68)
1942
-45: (267 ► 222)
-8: (65 ► 57)
1946
Harry S. Truman
Democratic
-54: (242 ► 188)
-10: (56 ► 46)
1950
-28: (263 ► 235)
-5: (54 ► 49)
1954
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican
-18: (221 ► 203)
-2: (49 ► 47)
1958
-48: (201 ► 153)
-12: (47 ► 35)
1962
John F. Kennedy
Democratic
-4: (262 ► 258)
+4: (64 ► 68)
1966
Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic
-47: (295 ► 248)
-3: (67 ► 64)
1970
Richard Nixon
Republican
-12: (192 ► 180)
+2: (43 ► 45)
1974
Gerald Ford
Republican
-48: (192 ► 144)
-4: (42 ► 38)
1978
Jimmy Carter
Democratic
-15: (292 ► 277)
-2: (61 ► 59)
Basic rotation of U [1]) · Comparison with other U.S. general elections
Type
Type
Year
Type
2024
Presidential
2025
Off-year
2026
Midterm
2027
Off-year
2028
Presidential
President
President
Year
President
2024
Yes
2025
No
2026
Yes
Senate
Senate
Year
Senate
2024
Class I (33 seats)
2025
No
2026
Class II (33 seats)
2027
No
2028
Class III (34 seats)
House
House
Year
House
2024
All 435 seats
2025
No
2026
All 435 seats
2027
No
2028
All 435 seats
Gubernatorial
Gubernatorial
Year
Gubernatorial
2024
11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR
2025
2 states NJ, VA
2026
36 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IA, KS, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VT, WI, WY, DC (Mayor), GU, MP, VI
2027
3 states KY, LA, MS
2028
11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR
Lieutenant gubernatorial
Lieutenant gubernatorial
Year
Lieutenant gubernatorial
2024
5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS
2025
1 state VA
2026
10 states AL, AR, CA, GA, ID, NV, OK, RI, TX, VT
2027
2 states LA, MS
2028
5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS
Secretary of state
Secretary of state
Year
Secretary of state
2024
7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV
2025
None
2026
26 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, ND, OH, RI, SC, TX, VT, WI, WY
2027
3 statesKY, LA, MS
2028
7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV
Attorney general
Attorney general
Year
Attorney general
2024
10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
2025
1 state VA
2026
30 states, DC, & 2 territories AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, NY, ND, OH, OK, RI, SC, SD, TX, VT, WI, DC, GU, MP
2027
3 states KY, LA, MS
2028
10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State treasurer
State treasurer
Year
State treasurer
2024
9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
2025
None
2026
23 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL (CFO), ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, NE, NV, NM, OH, OK, RI, SC, VT, WI, WY
2027
3 states KY, LA, MS
2028
9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State comptroller/controller
State comptroller/controller
Year
State comptroller/controller
2024
None
2025
None
2026
7 states CA, CT, IL, MD, NV, NY, SC
2027
None
2028
None
State auditor
State auditor
Year
State auditor
2024
9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU
2025
None
2026
15 states AL, AR, DE, IN, IA, MA, MN, MO, NE, NM, OH, OK, SD, VT, WY
2027
2 states KY, MS
2028
9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU
Superintendent of public instruction
Superintendent of public instruction
Year
Superintendent of public instruction
2024
4 states MT, NC, ND, WA
2025
1 state WI
2026
7 states AZ, CA, GA, ID, OK,SC, WY
2027
None
2028
4 states MT, NC, ND, WA
Agriculture commissioner
Agriculture commissioner
Year
Agriculture commissioner
2024
2 states NC, WV
2025
None
2026
6 statesAL, FL, GA, IA, ND, SC
2027
3 statesKY, LA, MS
2028
2 states NC, WV
Insurance commissioner
Insurance commissioner
Year
Insurance commissioner
2024
3 states NC, ND, WA,
2025
None
2026
5 statesDE, CA GA, KS, OK,
2027
2 statesLA, MS
2028
3 states NC, ND, WA,
Other commissioners & elected officials
Other commissioners & elected officials
Year
Other commissioners & elected officials
2024
1 state NC (Labor)
2025
None
2026
9 statesAZ (Mine Inspector), AR (Land), GA (Land), NM (Land), ND (Tax), OK (Labor), OR (Labor), SD (Land), TX (Land)
2027
None
2028
1 state NC (Labor)
State legislatures
State legislatures
Year
State legislatures
2024
44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
2025
2 states VA, NJ
2026
46 states, DC, & 4 territories AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI
2027
4 states LA, MS, NJ, VA
2028
44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
State boards of education
State boards of education
Year
State boards of education
2024
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
2025
None
2026
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
2027
None
2028
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
Other state, local, and tribal offices
Other state, local, and tribal offices
Year
Other state, local, and tribal offices
2024
Varies
Year
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
Type
Presidential
Off-year
Midterm
Off-year
Presidential
President
Yes
No
Yes
Senate
Class I (33 seats)
No
Class II (33 seats)
No
Class III (34 seats)
House
All 435 seats
No
All 435 seats
No
All 435 seats
Gubernatorial
11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR
2 states NJ, VA
36 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IA, KS, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VT, WI, WY, DC (Mayor), GU, MP, VI
3 states KY, LA, MS
11 states, 2 territories DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR
Lieutenant gubernatorial
5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS
1 state VA
10 states AL, AR, CA, GA, ID, NV, OK, RI, TX, VT
2 states LA, MS
5 states, 1 territory DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS
Secretary of state
7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV
None
26 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, ND, OH, RI, SC, TX, VT, WI, WY
3 statesKY, LA, MS
7 states MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV
Attorney general
10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
1 state VA
30 states, DC, & 2 territories AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, NY, ND, OH, OK, RI, SC, SD, TX, VT, WI, DC, GU, MP
3 states KY, LA, MS
10 states IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State treasurer
9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
None
23 states AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL (CFO), ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, NE, NV, NM, OH, OK, RI, SC, VT, WI, WY
3 states KY, LA, MS
9 states MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State comptroller/controller
None
None
7 states CA, CT, IL, MD, NV, NY, SC
None
None
State auditor
9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU
None
15 states AL, AR, DE, IN, IA, MA, MN, MO, NE, NM, OH, OK, SD, VT, WY
2 states KY, MS
9 states MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU
Superintendent of public instruction
4 states MT, NC, ND, WA
1 state WI
7 states AZ, CA, GA, ID, OK,SC, WY
None
4 states MT, NC, ND, WA
Agriculture commissioner
2 states NC, WV
None
6 statesAL, FL, GA, IA, ND, SC
3 statesKY, LA, MS
2 states NC, WV
Insurance commissioner
3 states NC, ND, WA,
None
5 statesDE, CA GA, KS, OK,
2 statesLA, MS
3 states NC, ND, WA,
Other commissioners & elected officials
1 state NC (Labor)
None
9 statesAZ (Mine Inspector), AR (Land), GA (Land), NM (Land), ND (Tax), OK (Labor), OR (Labor), SD (Land), TX (Land)
None
1 state NC (Labor)
State legislatures
44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
2 states VA, NJ
46 states, DC, & 4 territories AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI
4 states LA, MS, NJ, VA
44 states, DC, & 5 territories AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
State boards of education
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
None
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
None
8 states, DC, & 3 territories AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
Other state, local, and tribal offices
Varies

References

  1. Party shading shows which party controls chamber after that election.
  2. Gain/loss numbers are for the Pro-Administration faction (1790) and Federalist Party (1794).
  3. Gain/loss numbers are for the anti-Jacksonian faction.
  4. Gain/loss numbers are for the pro-Jacksonian faction.
  5. Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket in 1840 but expelled from the party in 1841. Gain/loss numbers are for the Whig Par
  6. Encyclopedia of the United States Congress
  7. "Demand for Democracy"
    http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/trends_detail.aspx?id=31674
  8. Desilver, D. (2014) Voter turnout always drops off for midterm elections, but why? Pew Research Center, July 24, 2014.
    https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/24/voter-turnout-always-drops-off-for-midterm-elections-but-why/
  9. Horses in Midstream
    https://archive.org/details/horsesinmidstrea0000busc
  10. Time
    https://time.com/5443162/why-midterm-elections-exist-history/
  11. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2019/11/04/767959274/why-these-5-states-hold-odd-year-elections-bucking-the-trend
  12. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/07/AR2006110701697.html
  13. "Election '98 Lewinsky factor never materialized"
    http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/11/04/impeachment/
  14. The Opposition Presidency: Leadership and the Constraints of History
    https://archive.org/details/oppositionpresid00davi/page/228
  15. "Explaining Midterm Election Outcomes: A New Theory and an Overview of Existing Explanations"
    https://www.wallis.rochester.edu/assets/pdf/conference11/TheoryMidterm.pdf
Image
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