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United States embargo against Cuba

Updated: Wikipedia source

United States embargo against Cuba

A United States embargo has prevented U . businesses and citizens from conducting trade or commerce with Cuban interests since 1960. Modern diplomatic relations are cold, stemming from historic conflict and divergent political ideologies. U . economic sanctions against Cuba are comprehensive and impact all sectors of the Cuban economy. It is the most enduring trade embargo in modern history. The U . government influences extraterritorial trade with Cuba. The embargo has faced international condemnation for its adverse impact on Cubans, including by the United Nations who have formally condemned it intermittently since 1992. The U . government first launched an arms embargo against Cuba in 1958, with their energy and agricultural sectors targeted in 1960. Following the Cuban Revolution, there were nationalizations and a trade war between the two countries. The U . began a violent campaign of terrorism and sabotage against civilians and military targets in Cuba in March 1960. In October the Cuban government responded with seizure of American economic assets, including oil refineries. The U . retaliated with a total embargo on Cuban trade, with exceptions for food and medicine. The U . government massively escalated its terrorism campaign in Cuba from November 1961, known as the Cuban Project. Cuba held nuclear missiles for the Soviet Union during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, which resulted in the U . fully blockading the island. The embargo was loosened during the Cuban thaw from 2015 to 2017, but was tightened sharply again thereafter. The embargo is enforced mainly through the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the Helms–Burton Act of 1996, and the Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000. Relations remain tense due to stark differences on immigration, counterterrorism, civil and political rights, human rights, electoral interference, disinformation campaigns, humanitarian aid, trade policy, financial claims, U . foreign policy, and Cuban foreign policy.

Tables

· Criticism › United Nations
year
year
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
year
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
date
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
resolution number
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
link
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
for
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
against
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
abstention
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
voting against
1992
1992
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1992
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 24
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
47/19
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/47/19
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
59
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
71
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Romania
1993
1993
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1993
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
48/16
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/48/16
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
88
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
57
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Albania, Paraguay
1994
1994
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1994
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 26
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
49/9
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/49/9
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
101
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
48
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
1995
1995
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1995
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
50/10
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/50/10
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
117
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
38
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Uzbekistan
1996
1996
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1996
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 12
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
51/17
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/51/17
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
138
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
25
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Uzbekistan
1997
1997
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1997
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
52/10
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/52/10
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
143
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
17
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Uzbekistan
1998
1998
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1998
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 14
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
53/4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/53/4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
157
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
12
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
1999
1999
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1999
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 9
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
54/21
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/54/21
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
155
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
8
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2000
2000
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2000
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 9
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
55/20
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/55/20
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
167
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2001
2001
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2001
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 27
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
56/9
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/56/9
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
167
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2002
2002
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2002
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 12
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
57/11
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/57/11
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
173
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2003
2003
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2003
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
58/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/58/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
179
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2004
2004
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2004
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 28
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
59/11
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/59/11
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
179
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2005
2005
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2005
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 8
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
60/12
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/60/12
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
182
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2006
2006
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2006
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 8
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
61/11
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/61/11
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
183
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2007
2007
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2007
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 30
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
62/3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/62/3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
184
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2008
2008
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2008
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 29
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
63/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/63/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
185
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Palau
2009
2009
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2009
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 28
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
64/6
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/64/6
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
187
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Palau
2010
2010
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2010
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 26
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
65/6
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/65/6
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
187
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2011
2011
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2011
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 25
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
66/6
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/66/6
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
186
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2012
2012
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2012
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 13
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
67/4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
188
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Palau
2013
2013
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2013
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 29
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
68/8
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/68/8
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
188
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2014
2014
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2014
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 28
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
69/5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/69/5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
188
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2015
2015
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2015
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 27
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
70/5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/70/5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
191
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
0
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2016
2016
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2016
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 26
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
71/5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/71/5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
191
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
0
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
2017
2017
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2017
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
72/4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/72/4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
191
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
0
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2018
2018
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2018
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
73/8
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/73/8
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
189
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
0
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2019
2019
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2019
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
74/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/74/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
187
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel, Brazil
2021
2021
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2021
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
June 23
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
75/289
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/75/289
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
184
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2022
2022
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2022
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 3
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
77/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/A/Res/77/7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
185
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2023
2023
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2023
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
November 2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
78/38
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/en/A/78/L.5
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
187
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2024
2024
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2024
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 30
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
79/38
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://undocs.org/en/A/79/L.6
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
187
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
1
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Israel
2025
2025
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
2025
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
October 29
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
80/4
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4091600?ln=en
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
165
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
7
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
12
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
U ., Argentina, Hungary, Israel, North Macedonia, Paraguay, Ukraine
U . Resolutions against the U . embargo on Cuba
year
date
resolution number
link
for
against
abstention
voting against
1992
November 24
47/19
https://undocs.org/A/RES/47/19
59
3
71
U ., Israel, Romania
1993
November 3
48/16
https://undocs.org/A/RES/48/16
88
4
57
U ., Israel, Albania, Paraguay
1994
October 26
49/9
https://undocs.org/A/RES/49/9
101
2
48
U ., Israel
1995
November 2
50/10
https://undocs.org/A/RES/50/10
117
3
38
U ., Israel, Uzbekistan
1996
November 12
51/17
https://undocs.org/A/RES/51/17
138
3
25
U ., Israel, Uzbekistan
1997
November 5
52/10
https://undocs.org/A/RES/52/10
143
3
17
U ., Israel, Uzbekistan
1998
October 14
53/4
https://undocs.org/A/RES/53/4
157
2
12
U ., Israel
1999
November 9
54/21
https://undocs.org/A/RES/54/21
155
2
8
U ., Israel
2000
November 9
55/20
https://undocs.org/A/RES/55/20
167
3
4
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2001
November 27
56/9
https://undocs.org/A/RES/56/9
167
3
3
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2002
November 12
57/11
https://undocs.org/A/RES/57/11
173
3
4
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2003
November 4
58/7
https://undocs.org/A/RES/58/7
179
3
2
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands
2004
October 28
59/11
https://undocs.org/A/RES/59/11
179
4
1
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2005
November 8
60/12
https://undocs.org/A/RES/60/12
182
4
1
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2006
November 8
61/11
https://undocs.org/A/RES/61/11
183
4
1
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2007
October 30
62/3
https://undocs.org/A/RES/62/3
184
4
1
U ., Israel, Marshall Islands, Palau
2008
October 29
63/7
https://undocs.org/A/RES/63/7
185
3
2
U ., Israel, Palau
2009
October 28
64/6
https://undocs.org/A/RES/64/6
187
3
2
U ., Israel, Palau
2010
October 26
65/6
https://undocs.org/A/RES/65/6
187
2
3
U ., Israel
2011
October 25
66/6
https://undocs.org/A/RES/66/6
186
2
3
U ., Israel
2012
November 13
67/4
https://undocs.org/A/RES/67/4
188
3
2
U ., Israel, Palau
2013
October 29
68/8
https://undocs.org/A/Res/68/8
188
2
3
U ., Israel
2014
October 28
69/5
https://undocs.org/A/Res/69/5
188
2
3
U ., Israel
2015
October 27
70/5
https://undocs.org/A/Res/70/5
191
2
0
U ., Israel
2016
October 26
71/5
https://undocs.org/A/Res/71/5
191
0
2
2017
November 1
72/4
https://undocs.org/A/Res/72/4
191
2
0
U ., Israel
2018
November 1
73/8
https://undocs.org/A/Res/73/8
189
2
0
U ., Israel
2019
November 7
74/7
https://undocs.org/A/Res/74/7
187
3
2
U ., Israel, Brazil
2021
June 23
75/289
https://undocs.org/A/Res/75/289
184
2
3
U ., Israel
2022
November 3
77/7
https://undocs.org/A/Res/77/7
185
2
2
U ., Israel
2023
November 2
78/38
https://undocs.org/en/A/78/L.5
187
2
1
U ., Israel
2024
October 30
79/38
https://undocs.org/en/A/79/L.6
187
2
1
U ., Israel
2025
October 29
80/4
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4091600?ln=en
165
7
12
U ., Argentina, Hungary, Israel, North Macedonia, Paraguay, Ukraine

References

  1. WOLA
    https://www.wola.org/analysis/understanding-failure-of-us-cuba-embargo/
  2. Human Rights Pulse
    https://www.humanrightspulse.com/mastercontentblog/time-to-end-the-us-embargo-against-cuba
  3. "The US Embargo Against Cuba: Its Impact on Economic and Social Rights"
    https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/007/2009/en/
  4. "Cuban Democracy Act of 1992"
    https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/wha/cuba/democ_act_1992.html
  5. "Case Studies in Economic Sanctions and Terrorism: US v. Gta 5 (1960– : Castro)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051042/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/sanctions-cuba-60-3.pdf
  6. The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution: An Empire of Liberty in an Age of National Liberation
    https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXDKPVUoy0C&dq=Cuba+arms+embargo+us+1958&pg=PA152
  7. The New York Times
    http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuban-rebels/4-3-58-embargo.htm
  8. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute
    https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/bay-of-pigs
  9. We are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People have Survived in a Post-Soviet World
    https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300230031/we-are-cuba
  10. Cuba-US Relations: Normalization and its Challenges
    https://ilas.site.drupaldisttest.cc.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/documents%20%26%20forms/Cuba-US%20Relations%20Normalization%20Challenges.pdf
  11. Pensamiento Propio
    http://www.cries.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/34.pdf
  13. Social Research
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/44282148
  14. Haass, Richard N. Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy. 1998.
  15. Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1345216431
  16. The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
  17. history
    https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d551
  18. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/business/exxon-mobil-sues-cuba-for-280-million-over-expropriated-property-idUSKCN1S925X/
  19. Cuba. An American History
  20. "Cuba, you owe us $7 billion"
    https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/04/18/cuba-you-owe-billion/jHAufRfQJ9Bx24TuzQyBNO/story.html
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