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Also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar,
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Silver bullion can be converted in unlimited quantities of Trade dollars of 420 grains, but these were meant for export
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Obverse
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Reverse
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See Federal Reserve Note § Lawsuit over U.S. banknote design for details and references.
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Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation
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1970–1992 Archived October 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. 1980 derived from AUD–USD=1.1055 and AUD–GBP=0.4957 at end
https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html -
Value at the start of the year
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"Coinage Act of 1792"
https://web.archive.org/web/20040407164627/http://nesara.org/files/coinage_act_1792.pdf -
Mises.org
https://mises.org/mises-daily/constitutional-dollar -
"Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage/Price Controls"
https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold_convertibility_ends -
"The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere"
https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_4.pdf -
Cohen, Benjamin J. 2006. The Future of Money, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11666-0.
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Agar, Charles. 2006. Vietnam, (Frommer's). ISBN 0-471-79816-9. p. 17: "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia."
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"How much U.S. currency is in circulation?"
https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12773.htm -
"Federal Reserve Balance Sheet: Factors Affecting Reserve Balances - H.4.1"
https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h41/20250102/ -
U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 8. para. 5 Archived November 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8 -
Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. 31 U.S.C. § 5112.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5112 -
Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. 31 U.S.C. § 5112.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5112 -
U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 9. para. 7 Archived November 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section9 -
Reports. 31 U.S.C. § 331.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/331 -
"Financial Report of the United States Government"
https://web.archive.org/web/20181113005737/https://www.gao.gov/financial_pdfs/fy2009/09frusg.pdf -
U.S. Congress. 1792. Coinage Act of 1792. 2nd Congress, 1st Session. Sec. 9, ch. 16. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
https://web.archive.org/web/20040407164627/http://nesara.org/files/coinage_act_1792.pdf -
U.S. Congress. 1792. Coinage Act of 1792. 2nd Congress, 1st Session. Sec. 9, ch. 16. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
https://web.archive.org/web/20040407164627/http://nesara.org/files/coinage_act_1792.pdf -
Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0317)) -
The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, Etc. Etc
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=369 -
WHYY
https://whyy.org/articles/what-is-a-millage-rate-and-how-does-it-affect-school-funding/ -
Past & Present
https://web.archive.org/web/20210503090930/https://pastandpresent.com/2018/09/26/mills-currency/ -
"How much is "two bits" and where did the phrase"
https://www.almanac.com/fact/how-much-is-two-bits-and-where -
"Decimal Trading Definition and History"
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decimal-trading.asp -
Mehl, B. Max. "United States $50.00 Gold Pieces, 1877", in Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue (20th edit
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"Ask US." National Geographic. June 2002. p. 1.
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There is no solid reference on the desirability of liondollars in North America and on 1:1 parity with heavier dollars.
http://coins.lakdiva.org/netherlands/1644_wes_lion_daalder_ag.html -
Online Etymology Dictionary
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=buck -
"Paper Money Glossary"
https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043137/https://www.littletoncoin.com/shop/Glossaries-Paper-Money -
Business Insider
https://web.archive.org/web/20190807004722/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/fx-currency-aud-australia-dollar-fed-trade-war-china-2019-6 -
MarketWatch
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-higher-ahead-of-data-new-zealand-currency-at-lowest-since-2016-2018-08-09 -
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL5N22F4S0/ -
Business Today
https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/why-rupee-is-once-again-under-pressure-191471-2019-04-22 -
Cajori, Florian ([1929]1993). A History of Mathematical Notations (Vol. 2). New York: Dover, 15–29. ISBN 0-486-67766-4
https://books.google.com/books?id=7juWmvQSTvwC&pg=RA1-PA22#PRA1-PA22,M1 -
The Hispanic American Historical Review
https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-11.2.198 -
A History of the Dollar
https://archive.org/details/historyofdollar0000nuss -
www.bep.gov
https://web.archive.org/web/20181018003102/https://www.bep.gov/resources/faqs.html -
"From the Spanish dollar to the US dollar"
https://www.iberdrola.com/culture/spanish-dollar -
Rand, Ayn. [1957] 1992. Atlas Shrugged. Signet. p. 628.
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Oliver Pollock: The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot
https://books.google.com/books?id=kht_DEllNccC -
"Coinage Act of 1792"
https://www.usmint.gov/learn/history/historical-documents/coinage-act-of-april-2-1792 -
Ecominoes
https://www.ecominoes.com/2013/01/the-definitive-inflation-chart.html -
The American Historical Review
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834139 -
"United States Dollar"
https://www.oanda.com/currency/iso-currency-codes/USD -
"Engraving and printing currency and security documents:Article b"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5114 -
Mental Floss
http://mentalfloss.com/article/28312/money-everything-you-ever-wanted-know-about-coin-portraits -
The Early Paper Money of America
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One Nation Under Debt: Hamilton, Jefferson, and the History of What We Owe
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Anderson, Gordon T. April 25, 2005. "Congress tries again for a dollar coin Archived March 21, 2022, at the Wayback Mach
https://money.cnn.com/2005/04/27/pf/new_dollar/ -
CNN Money
https://money.cnn.com/2006/07/18/news/penny/index.htm -
"Penny pinching: Can Obama manage elimination of one-cent coin?"
http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/19/17019470-penny-pinching-can-obama-manage-elimination-of-one-cent-coin?lite -
Coin World
https://www.coinworld.com/news/paper-money/series-2021-dollar-notes-now-being-found-in-circulation -
CNN
https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/17/business/2-dollar-bill-history/index.html -
Numista
https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note201558.html -
"$100 Note | U.S. Currency Education Program"
https://www.uscurrency.gov/denominations/100 -
"Paragraph 2 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8 -
"Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/12/411 -
"Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5103 -
"Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/5115 -
"Treasury Department Appropriation Bill for 1929: Hearing Before the Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations... Seventieth Congress, First Session"
https://books.google.com/books?id=qqQuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA105 -
Standard Guide to Small-Size U.S. Paper Money – 1928-Date
https://books.google.com/books?id=DhRjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 -
Coin World
https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/what-is-a-horse-blanket-note.html -
CIA World Factbook
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/ -
CIA World Factbook
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ -
Central Bank of Liberia
https://cbl.org.lr/general/currency -
"Central Bank of Timor-Leste"
https://www.bancocentral.tl/en/go/banknotes-in-circulation -
National Bank of Cambodia
https://www.nbc.org.kh/download_files/publication/others_eng/NoteMD117-14_article_dollarization.pdf -
"Cambodia aims to wean off US dollar dependence with digital currency"
https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Currencies/Cambodia-aims-to-wean-off-US-dollar-dependence-with-digital-currency#:~:text=Cambodia%20runs%20a%20dual%2Dcurrency,of%20civil%20war%20and%20unrest. -
laprensa.hn
https://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/honduras-roatan-prefiere-cobrar-dolares-lempiras-no-bitcoin-cirptomonedas-DC16361064 -
Associated Press
https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-economy-crisis-currency-pound-dollarization-44f8173d75d2e1a37526b3e1252c5a92 -
Bloomberg
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-05/venezuela-is-now-more-than-50-dollarized-study-finds -
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/maduro-says-thank-god-for-dollarization-in-venezuela-idUSKBN1XR0RV -
"Federal Reserve Board – Purposes & Functions"
https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/pf.htm -
"Conducting Monetary Policy"
https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/files/pf_3.pdf -
"St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base"
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BASE/ -
"Fact Sheets: Currency & Coins"
https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/edu_fact-sheets_currency_index.aspx -
"'The Silver Way' Explains How the Old Mexican Dollar Changed the World"
https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-silver-way-explains-how-the-old-mexican-dollar-changed-20410 -
European Review of Economic History
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review-of-economic-history/article/abs/rise-and-fall-of-the-dollar-or-when-did-the-dollar-replace-sterling-as-the-leading-reserve-currency/9C78B88EBC0099E26A105DEC90CBE103 -
"How a 1944 Agreement Created a New World Order"
https://www.thebalance.com/bretton-woods-system-and-1944-agreement-3306133 -
US Treasury
https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt -
"SWIFT oversight"
https://www.swift.com/about-us/organisation-governance/swift-oversight -
"Sanctions Programs and Country Information | U.S. Department of the Treasury"
https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/sanctions-programs-and-country-information -
"Impact of the Dollar on Commodity Prices"
https://www.thebalance.com/how-the-dollar-impacts-commodity-prices-809294 -
"Dollar Bond"
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dollarbond.asp -
"The dollar's international role: An "exorbitant privilege"?"
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2016/01/07/the-dollars-international-role-an-exorbitant-privilege-2/ -
Bloomberg
https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/almighty-dollar -
"Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792"
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=371 -
"Measuring Worth – Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010"
https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ppowerus/ -
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"Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions"
https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm#Question_1 -
"Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions"
https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm#Question_12 -
A monetary history of the United States, 1867–1960
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Friedman 189–190
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Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
https://web.archive.org/web/20181026144515/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/central-bankingthen-and-now -
"Controlling Inflation: A Historical Perspective"
https://web.archive.org/web/20101207041621/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/swe/1993/swe9304b.pdf -
FRB
https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2005/20051103/default.htm -
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043148/https://www.frbsf.org/education/teacher-resources/us-monetary-policy-introduction/goals/ -
"Argentina's Convertibility Plan"
https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=28699 -
"Pegged and Crawling Pegged Rate Systems"
http://web.uncg.edu/dcl/courses/global/unit5/part4.asp -
"Exchange Rate Systems"
https://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesofeconomics/chapter/30-3-exchange-rate-systems/ -
"The Mexican Peso Crisis: The Foreseeable and the Surprise"
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-mexican-peso-crisis-the-foreseeable-and-the-surprise/ -
"What's Behind the Volatility of Mexico's Peso?"
https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/whats-behind-the-volatility-of-mexicos-peso/ -
U.S. Federal Reserve: Last 4 years Archived October 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, 2009–2012 Archived October 18, 201
https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/current/ -
"2004–present"
http://www.x-rates.com/historical/ -
"FRB: Foreign Exchange Rates – G.5A; Release Dates"
https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g5a/ -
OECD
https://data.oecd.org/conversion/exchange-rates.htm -
TransferMate.com
https://www.transfermate.com/en/currency-converter-historic-exchange-rates.asp -
"Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the Swiss Franc Archived March 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine." M
https://www.forecast-chart.com/usd-swiss-franc.html -
1977–1991
https://web.archive.org/web/20150103130811/http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=31 -
intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk
https://web.archive.org/web/20141230104547/http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=17 -
Central Bank of Russia
https://web.archive.org/web/20130203063808/http://www.cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls -
Russian ruble 1992 onwards | USD exchange rates in RUB Archived 11 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Bank of Russia
http://cbr.ru/eng/currency_base/dynamics -
1974–1991, 1993–1995
https://web.archive.org/web/20081003050230/http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=8
