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United States congressional apportionment

Updated: Wikipedia source

United States congressional apportionment

United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states according to the most recent decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution. After each state is assigned one seat in the House, most states are then apportioned a number of additional seats which roughly corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states. Every state is constitutionally guaranteed two seats in the Senate and at least one seat in the House, regardless of population. The U.S. House of Representatives' maximum number of seats has been limited to 435, capped at that number by the Reapportionment Act of 1929—except for a temporary (1959–1962) increase to 437 when Alaska and Hawaii were admitted into the Union. The Huntington–Hill method of equal proportions has been used to distribute the seats among the states since the 1940 census reapportionment. Federal law requires the clerk of the United States House of Representatives to notify each state government of the number of seats apportioned to the state no later than January 25 of the year immediately following each decennial census. The size of a state's total congressional delegation (which in addition to representative(s) includes 2 senators for each state) also determines the size of its representation in the U.S. Electoral College, which elects the U.S. president.

Tables

Representation in the House, historical · Number of members › Controversy and history
1793
1793
StartingyearY
1793
Source
1790 census
Avg. constituentsper member
34,436
1803
1803
StartingyearY
1803
Source
1800 census
Avg. constituentsper member
34,609
1813
1813
StartingyearY
1813
Source
1810 census
Avg. constituentsper member
36,377
1823
1823
StartingyearY
1823
Source
1820 census
Avg. constituentsper member
42,124
1833
1833
StartingyearY
1833
Source
1830 census
Avg. constituentsper member
49,712
1843
1843
StartingyearY
1843
Source
1840 census
Avg. constituentsper member
71,338
1853
1853
StartingyearY
1853
Source
1850 census
Avg. constituentsper member
93,020
1863
1863
StartingyearY
1863
Source
1860 census
Avg. constituentsper member
122,614
1873
1873
StartingyearY
1873
Source
1870 census
Avg. constituentsper member
130,533
1883
1883
StartingyearY
1883
Source
1880 census
Avg. constituentsper member
151,912
1893
1893
StartingyearY
1893
Source
1890 census
Avg. constituentsper member
173,901
1903
1903
StartingyearY
1903
Source
1900 census
Avg. constituentsper member
193,167
1913
1913
StartingyearY
1913
Source
1910 census
Avg. constituentsper member
210,583
1923
1923
StartingyearY
1923
Source
1920 census
Avg. constituentsper member
243,728
1933
1933
StartingyearY
1933
Source
1930 census
Avg. constituentsper member
280,675
1943
1943
StartingyearY
1943
Source
1940 census
Avg. constituentsper member
301,164
1953
1953
StartingyearY
1953
Source
1950 census
Avg. constituentsper member
334,587
1963
1963
StartingyearY
1963
Source
1960 census
Avg. constituentsper member
410,481
1973
1973
StartingyearY
1973
Source
1970 census
Avg. constituentsper member
469,088
1983
1983
StartingyearY
1983
Source
1980 census
Avg. constituentsper member
510,818
1993
1993
StartingyearY
1993
Source
1990 census
Avg. constituentsper member
571,477
2003
2003
StartingyearY
2003
Source
2000 census
Avg. constituentsper member
646,946
2013
2013
StartingyearY
2013
Source
2010 census
Avg. constituentsper member
709,760
2023
2023
StartingyearY
2023
Source
2020 census
Avg. constituentsper member
761,169
mw- .mw- YElections are held the preceding year
mw- .mw- YElections are held the preceding year
StartingyearY
mw- .mw- YElections are held the preceding year
StartingyearY
Source
Avg. constituentsper member
1793
1790 census
34,436
1803
1800 census
34,609
1813
1810 census
36,377
1823
1820 census
42,124
1833
1830 census
49,712
1843
1840 census
71,338
1853
1850 census
93,020
1863
1860 census
122,614
1873
1870 census
130,533
1883
1880 census
151,912
1893
1890 census
173,901
1903
1900 census
193,167
1913
1910 census
210,583
1923
1920 census
243,728
1933
1930 census
280,675
1943
1940 census
301,164
1953
1950 census
334,587
1963
1960 census
410,481
1973
1970 census
469,088
1983
1980 census
510,818
1993
1990 census
571,477
2003
2000 census
646,946
2013
2010 census
709,760
2023
2020 census
761,169
mw- YElections are held the preceding year
Apportionment in the House of the US population, 2010–2019 · Apportionment methods
2019
2019
State
2019
Population percent
2010
Population percent
2019
House percent
2010
California
California
State
California
Population percent
12.06%
Population percent
12.09%
House percent
11.95%
House percent
12.18%
Texas
Texas
State
Texas
Population percent
8.85%
Population percent
8.16%
House percent
8.74%
House percent
8.28%
Florida
Florida
State
Florida
Population percent
6.56%
Population percent
6.10%
House percent
6.44%
House percent
6.21%
New York
New York
State
New York
Population percent
5.94%
Population percent
6.29%
House percent
5.98%
House percent
6.21%
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
State
Pennsylvania
Population percent
3.91%
Population percent
4.12%
House percent
3.91%
House percent
4.14%
Illinois
Illinois
State
Illinois
Population percent
3.87%
Population percent
4.16%
House percent
3.91%
House percent
4.14%
Ohio
Ohio
State
Ohio
Population percent
3.57%
Population percent
3.74%
House percent
3.68%
House percent
3.68%
Georgia
Georgia
State
Georgia
Population percent
3.24%
Population percent
3.14%
House percent
3.22%
House percent
3.22%
North Carolina
North Carolina
State
North Carolina
Population percent
3.20%
Population percent
3.09%
House percent
3.22%
House percent
2.99%
Michigan
Michigan
State
Michigan
Population percent
3.05%
Population percent
3.21%
House percent
2.99%
House percent
3.22%
New Jersey
New Jersey
State
New Jersey
Population percent
2.71%
Population percent
2.85%
House percent
2.76%
House percent
2.76%
Virginia
Virginia
State
Virginia
Population percent
2.61%
Population percent
2.60%
House percent
2.53%
House percent
2.53%
Washington
Washington
State
Washington
Population percent
2.32%
Population percent
2.18%
House percent
2.30%
House percent
2.30%
Arizona
Arizona
State
Arizona
Population percent
2.22%
Population percent
2.07%
House percent
2.30%
House percent
2.07%
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
State
Massachusetts
Population percent
2.10%
Population percent
2.12%
House percent
2.07%
House percent
2.07%
Tennessee
Tennessee
State
Tennessee
Population percent
2.09%
Population percent
2.06%
House percent
2.07%
House percent
2.07%
Indiana
Indiana
State
Indiana
Population percent
2.06%
Population percent
2.10%
House percent
2.07%
House percent
2.07%
Missouri
Missouri
State
Missouri
Population percent
1.87%
Population percent
1.94%
House percent
1.84%
House percent
1.84%
Maryland
Maryland
State
Maryland
Population percent
1.85%
Population percent
1.87%
House percent
1.84%
House percent
1.84%
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
State
Wisconsin
Population percent
1.78%
Population percent
1.85%
House percent
1.84%
House percent
1.84%
Colorado
Colorado
State
Colorado
Population percent
1.76%
Population percent
1.63%
House percent
1.84%
House percent
1.61%
Minnesota
Minnesota
State
Minnesota
Population percent
1.72%
Population percent
1.72%
House percent
1.61%
House percent
1.84%
South Carolina
South Carolina
State
South Carolina
Population percent
1.57%
Population percent
1.50%
House percent
1.61%
House percent
1.61%
Alabama
Alabama
State
Alabama
Population percent
1.50%
Population percent
1.55%
House percent
1.61%
House percent
1.61%
Louisiana
Louisiana
State
Louisiana
Population percent
1.42%
Population percent
1.47%
House percent
1.38%
House percent
1.38%
Kentucky
Kentucky
State
Kentucky
Population percent
1.36%
Population percent
1.41%
House percent
1.38%
House percent
1.38%
Oregon
Oregon
State
Oregon
Population percent
1.29%
Population percent
1.24%
House percent
1.38%
House percent
1.15%
Oklahoma
Oklahoma
State
Oklahoma
Population percent
1.21%
Population percent
1.22%
House percent
1.15%
House percent
1.15%
Connecticut
Connecticut
State
Connecticut
Population percent
1.09%
Population percent
1.16%
House percent
1.15%
House percent
1.15%
Utah
Utah
State
Utah
Population percent
0.98%
Population percent
0.90%
House percent
0.92%
House percent
0.92%
Iowa
Iowa
State
Iowa
Population percent
0.96%
Population percent
0.99%
House percent
0.92%
House percent
0.92%
Nevada
Nevada
State
Nevada
Population percent
0.94%
Population percent
0.88%
House percent
0.92%
House percent
0.92%
Arkansas
Arkansas
State
Arkansas
Population percent
0.92%
Population percent
0.95%
House percent
0.92%
House percent
0.92%
Mississippi
Mississippi
State
Mississippi
Population percent
0.91%
Population percent
0.96%
House percent
0.92%
House percent
0.92%
Kansas
Kansas
State
Kansas
Population percent
0.89%
Population percent
0.93%
House percent
0.92%
House percent
0.92%
New Mexico
New Mexico
State
New Mexico
Population percent
0.64%
Population percent
0.67%
House percent
0.69%
House percent
0.69%
Nebraska
Nebraska
State
Nebraska
Population percent
0.59%
Population percent
0.59%
House percent
0.69%
House percent
0.69%
West Virginia
West Virginia
State
West Virginia
Population percent
0.55%
Population percent
0.60%
House percent
0.46%
House percent
0.69%
Idaho
Idaho
State
Idaho
Population percent
0.55%
Population percent
0.51%
House percent
0.46%
House percent
0.46%
Hawaii
Hawaii
State
Hawaii
Population percent
0.43%
Population percent
0.44%
House percent
0.46%
House percent
0.46%
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
State
New Hampshire
Population percent
0.42%
Population percent
0.43%
House percent
0.46%
House percent
0.46%
Maine
Maine
State
Maine
Population percent
0.41%
Population percent
0.43%
House percent
0.46%
House percent
0.46%
Montana
Montana
State
Montana
Population percent
0.33%
Population percent
0.32%
House percent
0.46%
House percent
0.23%
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
State
Rhode Island
Population percent
0.32%
Population percent
0.34%
House percent
0.23%
House percent
0.46%
Delaware
Delaware
State
Delaware
Population percent
0.30%
Population percent
0.29%
House percent
0.23%
House percent
0.23%
South Dakota
South Dakota
State
South Dakota
Population percent
0.27%
Population percent
0.26%
House percent
0.23%
House percent
0.23%
North Dakota
North Dakota
State
North Dakota
Population percent
0.23%
Population percent
0.22%
House percent
0.23%
House percent
0.23%
Alaska
Alaska
State
Alaska
Population percent
0.22%
Population percent
0.23%
House percent
0.23%
House percent
0.23%
Vermont
Vermont
State
Vermont
Population percent
0.19%
Population percent
0.20%
House percent
0.23%
House percent
0.23%
Wyoming
Wyoming
State
Wyoming
Population percent
0.18%
Population percent
0.18%
House percent
0.23%
House percent
0.23%
2019 numbers are calculations from estimated population data
2019 numbers are calculations from estimated population data
State
2019 numbers are calculations from estimated population data
State
Population percent
House percent
2019
2010
2019
2010
California
12.06%
12.09%
11.95%
12.18%
Texas
8.85%
8.16%
8.74%
8.28%
Florida
6.56%
6.10%
6.44%
6.21%
New York
5.94%
6.29%
5.98%
6.21%
Pennsylvania
3.91%
4.12%
3.91%
4.14%
Illinois
3.87%
4.16%
3.91%
4.14%
Ohio
3.57%
3.74%
3.68%
3.68%
Georgia
3.24%
3.14%
3.22%
3.22%
North Carolina
3.20%
3.09%
3.22%
2.99%
Michigan
3.05%
3.21%
2.99%
3.22%
New Jersey
2.71%
2.85%
2.76%
2.76%
Virginia
2.61%
2.60%
2.53%
2.53%
Washington
2.32%
2.18%
2.30%
2.30%
Arizona
2.22%
2.07%
2.30%
2.07%
Massachusetts
2.10%
2.12%
2.07%
2.07%
Tennessee
2.09%
2.06%
2.07%
2.07%
Indiana
2.06%
2.10%
2.07%
2.07%
Missouri
1.87%
1.94%
1.84%
1.84%
Maryland
1.85%
1.87%
1.84%
1.84%
Wisconsin
1.78%
1.85%
1.84%
1.84%
Colorado
1.76%
1.63%
1.84%
1.61%
Minnesota
1.72%
1.72%
1.61%
1.84%
South Carolina
1.57%
1.50%
1.61%
1.61%
Alabama
1.50%
1.55%
1.61%
1.61%
Louisiana
1.42%
1.47%
1.38%
1.38%
Kentucky
1.36%
1.41%
1.38%
1.38%
Oregon
1.29%
1.24%
1.38%
1.15%
Oklahoma
1.21%
1.22%
1.15%
1.15%
Connecticut
1.09%
1.16%
1.15%
1.15%
Utah
0.98%
0.90%
0.92%
0.92%
Iowa
0.96%
0.99%
0.92%
0.92%
Nevada
0.94%
0.88%
0.92%
0.92%
Arkansas
0.92%
0.95%
0.92%
0.92%
Mississippi
0.91%
0.96%
0.92%
0.92%
Kansas
0.89%
0.93%
0.92%
0.92%
New Mexico
0.64%
0.67%
0.69%
0.69%
Nebraska
0.59%
0.59%
0.69%
0.69%
West Virginia
0.55%
0.60%
0.46%
0.69%
Idaho
0.55%
0.51%
0.46%
0.46%
Hawaii
0.43%
0.44%
0.46%
0.46%
New Hampshire
0.42%
0.43%
0.46%
0.46%
Maine
0.41%
0.43%
0.46%
0.46%
Montana
0.33%
0.32%
0.46%
0.23%
Rhode Island
0.32%
0.34%
0.23%
0.46%
Delaware
0.30%
0.29%
0.23%
0.23%
South Dakota
0.27%
0.26%
0.23%
0.23%
North Dakota
0.23%
0.22%
0.23%
0.23%
Alaska
0.22%
0.23%
0.23%
0.23%
· Past apportionments
Year
Year
State­hoodorder
Year
Census
1789
Const.
1790
1st
1800
2nd
1810
3rd
1820
4th
1830
5th
1840
6th
1850
7th
1860
8th
1870
9th
1880
10th
1890
11th
1900
12th
1910
13th
1930
15th
1940
16th
1950
17th
1960
18th
1970
19th
1980
20th
1990
21st
2000
22nd
2010
23rd
2020
Effected
Effected
State­hoodorder
Effected
Census
1789
Const.
1793
1st
1803
2nd
1813
3rd
1823
4th
1833
5th
1843
6th
1853
7th
1863
8th
1873
9th
1883
10th
1893
11th
1903
12th
1913
13th
1933
15th
1943
16th
1953
17th
1963
18th
1973
19th
1983
20th
1993
21st
2003
22nd
2013
23rd
2023
Size
Size
State­hoodorder
Size
Census
65
Const.
105
1st
142
2nd
182
3rd
213
4th
240
5th
223
6th
234
7th
241
8th
292
9th
325
10th
356
11th
386
12th
435
State
State
State­hoodorder
State
22
22
State­hoodorder
22
Census
AL
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
3
5th
5
6th
7
7th
7
8th
6
9th
8
10th
8
11th
9
12th
9
13th
10
15th
9
16th
9
17th
9
18th
8
19th
7
20th
7
21st
7
22nd
7
23rd
7
24th
7
49
49
State­hoodorder
49
Census
AK
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
–
12th
–
13th
–
15th
–
16th
–
17th
–
18th
1
19th
1
20th
1
21st
1
22nd
1
23rd
1
24th
1
48
48
State­hoodorder
48
Census
AZ
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
–
12th
–
13th
1
15th
1
16th
2
17th
2
18th
3
19th
4
20th
5
21st
6
22nd
8
23rd
9
24th
9
25
25
State­hoodorder
25
Census
AR
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
1
7th
2
8th
3
9th
4
10th
5
11th
6
12th
7
13th
7
15th
7
16th
7
17th
6
18th
4
19th
4
20th
4
21st
4
22nd
4
23rd
4
24th
4
31
31
State­hoodorder
31
Census
CA
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
2
8th
3
9th
4
10th
6
11th
7
12th
8
13th
11
15th
20
16th
23
17th
30
18th
38
19th
43
20th
45
21st
52
22nd
53
23rd
53
24th
52
38
38
State­hoodorder
38
Census
CO
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
1
11th
2
12th
3
13th
4
15th
4
16th
4
17th
4
18th
4
19th
5
20th
6
21st
6
22nd
7
23rd
7
24th
8
5
5
State­hoodorder
5
Census
CT
Const.
5
1st
7
2nd
7
3rd
7
4th
6
5th
6
6th
4
7th
4
8th
4
9th
4
10th
4
11th
4
12th
5
13th
5
15th
6
16th
6
17th
6
18th
6
19th
6
20th
6
21st
6
22nd
5
23rd
5
24th
5
1
1
State­hoodorder
1
Census
DE
Const.
1
1st
1
2nd
1
3rd
2
4th
1
5th
1
6th
1
7th
1
8th
1
9th
1
10th
1
11th
1
12th
1
13th
1
15th
1
16th
1
17th
1
18th
1
19th
1
20th
1
21st
1
22nd
1
23rd
1
24th
1
27
27
State­hoodorder
27
Census
FL
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
1
8th
1
9th
2
10th
2
11th
2
12th
3
13th
4
15th
5
16th
6
17th
8
18th
12
19th
15
20th
19
21st
23
22nd
25
23rd
27
24th
28
4
4
State­hoodorder
4
Census
GA
Const.
3
1st
2
2nd
4
3rd
6
4th
7
5th
9
6th
8
7th
8
8th
7
9th
9
10th
10
11th
11
12th
11
13th
12
15th
10
16th
10
17th
10
18th
10
19th
10
20th
10
21st
11
22nd
13
23rd
14
24th
14
50
50
State­hoodorder
50
Census
HI
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
–
12th
–
13th
–
15th
–
16th
–
17th
–
18th
2
19th
2
20th
2
21st
2
22nd
2
23rd
2
24th
2
43
43
State­hoodorder
43
Census
ID
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
1
12th
1
13th
2
15th
2
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
2
20th
2
21st
2
22nd
2
23rd
2
24th
2
21
21
State­hoodorder
21
Census
IL
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
1
5th
3
6th
7
7th
9
8th
14
9th
19
10th
20
11th
22
12th
25
13th
27
15th
27
16th
26
17th
25
18th
24
19th
24
20th
22
21st
20
22nd
19
23rd
18
24th
17
19
19
State­hoodorder
19
Census
IN
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
3
5th
7
6th
10
7th
11
8th
11
9th
13
10th
13
11th
13
12th
13
13th
13
15th
12
16th
11
17th
11
18th
11
19th
11
20th
10
21st
10
22nd
9
23rd
9
24th
9
29
29
State­hoodorder
29
Census
IA
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
2
8th
6
9th
9
10th
11
11th
11
12th
11
13th
11
15th
9
16th
8
17th
8
18th
7
19th
6
20th
6
21st
5
22nd
5
23rd
4
24th
4
34
34
State­hoodorder
34
Census
KS
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
1
9th
3
10th
7
11th
8
12th
8
13th
8
15th
7
16th
6
17th
6
18th
5
19th
5
20th
5
21st
4
22nd
4
23rd
4
24th
4
15
15
State­hoodorder
15
Census
KY
Const.
–
1st
2
2nd
6
3rd
10
4th
12
5th
13
6th
10
7th
10
8th
9
9th
10
10th
11
11th
11
12th
11
13th
11
15th
9
16th
9
17th
8
18th
7
19th
7
20th
7
21st
6
22nd
6
23rd
6
24th
6
18
18
State­hoodorder
18
Census
LA
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
1
4th
3
5th
3
6th
4
7th
4
8th
5
9th
6
10th
6
11th
6
12th
7
13th
8
15th
8
16th
8
17th
8
18th
8
19th
8
20th
8
21st
7
22nd
7
23rd
6
24th
6
23
23
State­hoodorder
23
Census
ME
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
7
5th
8
6th
7
7th
6
8th
5
9th
5
10th
4
11th
4
12th
4
13th
4
15th
3
16th
3
17th
3
18th
2
19th
2
20th
2
21st
2
22nd
2
23rd
2
24th
2
7
7
State­hoodorder
7
Census
MD
Const.
6
1st
8
2nd
9
3rd
9
4th
9
5th
8
6th
6
7th
6
8th
5
9th
6
10th
6
11th
6
12th
6
13th
6
15th
6
16th
6
17th
7
18th
8
19th
8
20th
8
21st
8
22nd
8
23rd
8
24th
8
6
6
State­hoodorder
6
Census
MA
Const.
8
1st
14
2nd
17
3rd
20
4th
13
5th
12
6th
10
7th
11
8th
10
9th
11
10th
12
11th
13
12th
14
13th
16
15th
15
16th
14
17th
14
18th
12
19th
12
20th
11
21st
10
22nd
10
23rd
9
24th
9
26
26
State­hoodorder
26
Census
MI
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
3
7th
4
8th
6
9th
9
10th
11
11th
12
12th
12
13th
13
15th
17
16th
17
17th
18
18th
19
19th
19
20th
18
21st
16
22nd
15
23rd
14
24th
13
32
32
State­hoodorder
32
Census
MN
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
2
9th
3
10th
5
11th
7
12th
9
13th
10
15th
9
16th
9
17th
9
18th
8
19th
8
20th
8
21st
8
22nd
8
23rd
8
24th
8
20
20
State­hoodorder
20
Census
MS
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
1
5th
2
6th
4
7th
5
8th
5
9th
6
10th
7
11th
7
12th
8
13th
8
15th
7
16th
7
17th
6
18th
5
19th
5
20th
5
21st
5
22nd
4
23rd
4
24th
4
24
24
State­hoodorder
24
Census
MO
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
1
5th
2
6th
5
7th
7
8th
9
9th
13
10th
14
11th
15
12th
16
13th
16
15th
13
16th
13
17th
11
18th
10
19th
10
20th
9
21st
9
22nd
9
23rd
8
24th
8
41
41
State­hoodorder
41
Census
MT
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
1
12th
1
13th
2
15th
2
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
2
20th
2
21st
1
22nd
1
23rd
1
24th
2
37
37
State­hoodorder
37
Census
NE
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
1
10th
3
11th
6
12th
6
13th
6
15th
5
16th
4
17th
4
18th
3
19th
3
20th
3
21st
3
22nd
3
23rd
3
24th
3
36
36
State­hoodorder
36
Census
NV
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
1
10th
1
11th
1
12th
1
13th
1
15th
1
16th
1
17th
1
18th
1
19th
1
20th
2
21st
2
22nd
3
23rd
4
24th
4
9
9
State­hoodorder
9
Census
NH
Const.
3
1st
4
2nd
5
3rd
6
4th
6
5th
5
6th
4
7th
3
8th
3
9th
3
10th
2
11th
2
12th
2
13th
2
15th
2
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
2
20th
2
21st
2
22nd
2
23rd
2
24th
2
3
3
State­hoodorder
3
Census
NJ
Const.
4
1st
5
2nd
6
3rd
6
4th
6
5th
6
6th
5
7th
5
8th
5
9th
7
10th
7
11th
8
12th
10
13th
12
15th
14
16th
14
17th
14
18th
15
19th
15
20th
14
21st
13
22nd
13
23rd
12
24th
12
47
47
State­hoodorder
47
Census
NM
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
–
12th
–
13th
1
15th
1
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
2
20th
3
21st
3
22nd
3
23rd
3
24th
3
11
11
State­hoodorder
11
Census
NY
Const.
6
1st
10
2nd
17
3rd
27
4th
34
5th
40
6th
34
7th
33
8th
31
9th
33
10th
34
11th
34
12th
37
13th
43
15th
45
16th
45
17th
43
18th
41
19th
39
20th
34
21st
31
22nd
29
23rd
27
24th
26
12
12
State­hoodorder
12
Census
NC
Const.
5
1st
10
2nd
12
3rd
13
4th
13
5th
13
6th
9
7th
8
8th
7
9th
8
10th
9
11th
9
12th
10
13th
10
15th
11
16th
12
17th
12
18th
11
19th
11
20th
11
21st
12
22nd
13
23rd
13
24th
14
39
39
State­hoodorder
39
Census
ND
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
1
12th
2
13th
3
15th
2
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
1
20th
1
21st
1
22nd
1
23rd
1
24th
1
17
17
State­hoodorder
17
Census
OH
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
1
3rd
6
4th
14
5th
19
6th
21
7th
21
8th
19
9th
20
10th
21
11th
21
12th
21
13th
22
15th
24
16th
23
17th
23
18th
24
19th
23
20th
21
21st
19
22nd
18
23rd
16
24th
15
46
46
State­hoodorder
46
Census
OK
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
–
12th
–
13th
8
15th
9
16th
8
17th
6
18th
6
19th
6
20th
6
21st
6
22nd
5
23rd
5
24th
5
33
33
State­hoodorder
33
Census
OR
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
1
9th
1
10th
1
11th
2
12th
2
13th
3
15th
3
16th
4
17th
4
18th
4
19th
4
20th
5
21st
5
22nd
5
23rd
5
24th
6
2
2
State­hoodorder
2
Census
PA
Const.
8
1st
13
2nd
18
3rd
23
4th
26
5th
28
6th
24
7th
25
8th
24
9th
27
10th
28
11th
30
12th
32
13th
36
15th
34
16th
33
17th
30
18th
27
19th
25
20th
23
21st
21
22nd
19
23rd
18
24th
17
13
13
State­hoodorder
13
Census
RI
Const.
1
1st
2
2nd
2
3rd
2
4th
2
5th
2
6th
2
7th
2
8th
2
9th
2
10th
2
11th
2
12th
2
13th
3
15th
2
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
2
20th
2
21st
2
22nd
2
23rd
2
24th
2
8
8
State­hoodorder
8
Census
SC
Const.
5
1st
6
2nd
8
3rd
9
4th
9
5th
9
6th
7
7th
6
8th
4
9th
5
10th
7
11th
7
12th
7
13th
7
15th
6
16th
6
17th
6
18th
6
19th
6
20th
6
21st
6
22nd
6
23rd
7
24th
7
40
40
State­hoodorder
40
Census
SD
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
2
12th
2
13th
3
15th
2
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
2
20th
1
21st
1
22nd
1
23rd
1
24th
1
16
16
State­hoodorder
16
Census
TN
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
3
3rd
6
4th
9
5th
13
6th
11
7th
10
8th
8
9th
10
10th
10
11th
10
12th
10
13th
10
15th
9
16th
10
17th
9
18th
9
19th
8
20th
9
21st
9
22nd
9
23rd
9
24th
9
28
28
State­hoodorder
28
Census
TX
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
2
8th
4
9th
6
10th
11
11th
13
12th
16
13th
18
15th
21
16th
21
17th
22
18th
23
19th
24
20th
27
21st
30
22nd
32
23rd
36
24th
38
45
45
State­hoodorder
45
Census
UT
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
–
12th
1
13th
2
15th
2
16th
2
17th
2
18th
2
19th
2
20th
3
21st
3
22nd
3
23rd
4
24th
4
14
14
State­hoodorder
14
Census
VT
Const.
–
1st
2
2nd
4
3rd
6
4th
5
5th
5
6th
4
7th
3
8th
3
9th
3
10th
2
11th
2
12th
2
13th
2
15th
1
16th
1
17th
1
18th
1
19th
1
20th
1
21st
1
22nd
1
23rd
1
24th
1
10
10
State­hoodorder
10
Census
VA
Const.
10
1st
19
2nd
22
3rd
23
4th
22
5th
21
6th
15
7th
13
8th
11
9th
9
10th
10
11th
10
12th
10
13th
10
15th
9
16th
9
17th
10
18th
10
19th
10
20th
10
21st
11
22nd
11
23rd
11
24th
11
42
42
State­hoodorder
42
Census
WA
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
2
12th
3
13th
5
15th
6
16th
6
17th
7
18th
7
19th
7
20th
8
21st
9
22nd
9
23rd
10
24th
10
35
35
State­hoodorder
35
Census
WV
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
3
10th
4
11th
4
12th
5
13th
6
15th
6
16th
6
17th
6
18th
5
19th
4
20th
4
21st
3
22nd
3
23rd
3
24th
2
30
30
State­hoodorder
30
Census
WI
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
3
8th
6
9th
8
10th
9
11th
10
12th
11
13th
11
15th
10
16th
10
17th
10
18th
10
19th
9
20th
9
21st
9
22nd
8
23rd
8
24th
8
44
44
State­hoodorder
44
Census
WY
Const.
–
1st
–
2nd
–
3rd
–
4th
–
5th
–
6th
–
7th
–
8th
–
9th
–
10th
–
11th
1
12th
1
13th
1
15th
1
16th
1
17th
1
18th
1
19th
1
20th
1
21st
1
22nd
1
23rd
1
24th
1
State­hoodorder
Census
Const.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
Year
1789
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Effected
1789
1793
1803
1813
1823
1833
1843
1853
1863
1873
1883
1893
1903
1913
1933
1943
1953
1963
1973
1983
1993
2003
2013
2023
Size
65
105
142
182
213
240
223
234
241
292
325
356
386
435
State
22
AL
–
–
–
–
3
5
7
7
6
8
8
9
9
10
9
9
9
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
49
AK
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
48
AZ
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
9
25
AR
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
7
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
31
CA
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
4
6
7
8
11
20
23
30
38
43
45
52
53
53
52
38
CO
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
5
CT
5
7
7
7
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
1
DE
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
27
FL
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
6
8
12
15
19
23
25
27
28
4
GA
3
2
4
6
7
9
8
8
7
9
10
11
11
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
13
14
14
50
HI
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
43
ID
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
21
IL
–
–
–
–
1
3
7
9
14
19
20
22
25
27
27
26
25
24
24
22
20
19
18
17
19
IN
–
–
–
–
3
7
10
11
11
13
13
13
13
13
12
11
11
11
11
10
10
9
9
9
29
IA
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
6
9
11
11
11
11
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
34
KS
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
3
7
8
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
15
KY
–
2
6
10
12
13
10
10
9
10
11
11
11
11
9
9
8
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
18
LA
–
–
–
1
3
3
4
4
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
6
6
23
ME
–
–
–
–
7
8
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
MD
6
8
9
9
9
8
6
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
MA
8
14
17
20
13
12
10
11
10
11
12
13
14
16
15
14
14
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
26
MI
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
4
6
9
11
12
12
13
17
17
18
19
19
18
16
15
14
13
32
MN
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
5
7
9
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
20
MS
–
–
–
–
1
2
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
24
MO
–
–
–
–
1
2
5
7
9
13
14
15
16
16
13
13
11
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
41
MT
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
37
NE
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
3
6
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
36
NV
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
9
NH
3
4
5
6
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
NJ
4
5
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
8
10
12
14
14
14
15
15
14
13
13
12
12
47
NM
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
11
NY
6
10
17
27
34
40
34
33
31
33
34
34
37
43
45
45
43
41
39
34
31
29
27
26
12
NC
5
10
12
13
13
13
9
8
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
11
11
11
12
13
13
14
39
ND
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
17
OH
–
–
1
6
14
19
21
21
19
20
21
21
21
22
24
23
23
24
23
21
19
18
16
15
46
OK
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8
9
8
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
33
OR
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
2
PA
8
13
18
23
26
28
24
25
24
27
28
30
32
36
34
33
30
27
25
23
21
19
18
17
13
RI
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
SC
5
6
8
9
9
9
7
6
4
5
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
40
SD
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
16
TN
–
–
3
6
9
13
11
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
28
TX
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
4
6
11
13
16
18
21
21
22
23
24
27
30
32
36
38
45
UT
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
14
VT
–
2
4
6
5
5
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
· Changes per census › 2010
1. Texas
1. Texas
Gain four
1. Texas
Gain two
1. Florida
Gain one
1. Arizona2. Georgia3. Nevada4. South Carolina5. Utah6. Washington
No change
(32 states)
Lose one
1. Illinois2. Iowa3. Louisiana4. Massachusetts5. Michigan6. Missouri7. New Jersey8. Pennsylvania
Lose two
1. New York2. Ohio
+4
+4
Gain four
+4
Gain two
+2
Gain one
+6
Lose one
−8
Lose two
−4
+12 seats gained total
+12 seats gained total
Gain four
+12 seats gained total
Gain one
−12 seats lost total
Allocation of congressional districts after the 2010 U.S. census
Allocation of congressional districts after the 2010 U.S. census
Gain four
Allocation of congressional districts after the 2010 U.S. census
Gain four
Gain two
Gain one
No change
Lose one
Lose two
1. Texas
1. Florida
1. Arizona2. Georgia3. Nevada4. South Carolina5. Utah6. Washington
(32 states)
1. Illinois2. Iowa3. Louisiana4. Massachusetts5. Michigan6. Missouri7. New Jersey8. Pennsylvania
1. New York2. Ohio
+4
+2
+6
−8
−4
+12 seats gained total
−12 seats lost total
Allocation of congressional districts after the 2010 U.S. census
· Changes per census › 2020
1. Texas
1. Texas
Gain two
1. Texas
Gain one
1. Colorado2. Florida3. Montana4. North Carolina5. Oregon
No change
(37 states)
Lose one
1. California2. Illinois3. Michigan4. New York5. Ohio6. Pennsylvania7. West Virginia
+2
+2
Gain two
+2
Gain one
+5
Lose one
−7
+7 seats gained total
+7 seats gained total
Gain two
+7 seats gained total
No change
−7 seats lost total
Gain two
Gain one
No change
Lose one
1. Texas
1. Colorado2. Florida3. Montana4. North Carolina5. Oregon
(37 states)
1. California2. Illinois3. Michigan4. New York5. Ohio6. Pennsylvania7. West Virginia
+2
+5
−7
+7 seats gained total
−7 seats lost total
Allocation of congressional districts in the House of Representatives after the 2020 U.S. census
· List of apportionments
March 4, 1789
March 4, 1789
Effective date
March 4, 1789
Size
59
Change
n/a
Legal provision
Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 3
Reason and/or comments
Seats apportioned by the Constitution based on population estimates made by the Philadelphia Convention. Only 11 of the original 13 states had ratified the Constitution by this time.
November 21, 1789
November 21, 1789
Effective date
November 21, 1789
Size
64
Change
5
Legal provision
North Carolina ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution.
May 29, 1790
May 29, 1790
Effective date
May 29, 1790
Size
65
Change
1
Legal provision
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution with the seat apportioned by the Constitution.
March 4, 1791
March 4, 1791
Effective date
March 4, 1791
Size
67
Change
2
Legal provision
1 Stat. 191
Reason and/or comments
Vermont admitted.
June 1, 1792
June 1, 1792
Effective date
June 1, 1792
Size
69
Change
2
Legal provision
Kentucky admitted.
March 4, 1793
March 4, 1793
Effective date
March 4, 1793
Size
105
Change
36
Legal provision
1 Stat. 253 (Apportionment Act of 1792)
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the first census (1790). First to use the Jefferson method.
June 1, 1796
June 1, 1796
Effective date
June 1, 1796
Size
106
Change
1
Legal provision
1 Stat. 491
Reason and/or comments
Tennessee admitted.
March 1, 1803
March 1, 1803
Effective date
March 1, 1803
Size
107
Change
1
Legal provision
2 Stat. 175
Reason and/or comments
Ohio admitted.
March 4, 1803
March 4, 1803
Effective date
March 4, 1803
Size
142
Change
35
Legal provision
2 Stat. 128
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the second census (1800).
April 30, 1812
April 30, 1812
Effective date
April 30, 1812
Size
143
Change
1
Legal provision
2 Stat. 703
Reason and/or comments
Louisiana admitted.
March 4, 1813
March 4, 1813
Effective date
March 4, 1813
Size
182
Change
39
Legal provision
2 Stat. 669
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the third census (1810).
December 11, 1816
December 11, 1816
Effective date
December 11, 1816
Size
183
Change
1
Legal provision
3 Stat. 290
Reason and/or comments
Indiana admitted.
December 10, 1817
December 10, 1817
Effective date
December 10, 1817
Size
184
Change
1
Legal provision
3 Stat. 349
Reason and/or comments
Mississippi admitted.
December 3, 1818
December 3, 1818
Effective date
December 3, 1818
Size
185
Change
1
Legal provision
3 Stat. 430
Reason and/or comments
Illinois admitted.
December 14, 1819
December 14, 1819
Effective date
December 14, 1819
Size
186
Change
1
Legal provision
3 Stat. 492
Reason and/or comments
Alabama admitted.
March 15, 1820
March 15, 1820
Effective date
March 15, 1820
Size
Change
3 Stat. 555
Legal provision
Maine admitted, 7 seats transferred from Massachusetts.
August 10, 1821
August 10, 1821
Effective date
August 10, 1821
Size
187
Change
1
Legal provision
3 Stat. 547
Reason and/or comments
Missouri admitted.
March 4, 1823
March 4, 1823
Effective date
March 4, 1823
Size
213
Change
26
Legal provision
3 Stat. 651
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the fourth census (1820).
March 4, 1833
March 4, 1833
Effective date
March 4, 1833
Size
240
Change
27
Legal provision
4 Stat. 516
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the fifth census (1830).
June 15, 1836
June 15, 1836
Effective date
June 15, 1836
Size
241
Change
1
Legal provision
5 Stat. 51
Reason and/or comments
Arkansas admitted.
January 26, 1837
January 26, 1837
Effective date
January 26, 1837
Size
242
Change
1
Legal provision
5 Stat. 50
Reason and/or comments
Michigan admitted.
March 4, 1843
March 4, 1843
Effective date
March 4, 1843
Size
223
Change
19
Legal provision
5 Stat. 491
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the sixth census (1840). First to use the Webster method. Became the only time the size of the House was reduced, except for the minor readjustments in 1863 and 1963.
March 3, 1845
March 3, 1845
Effective date
March 3, 1845
Size
224
Change
1
Legal provision
5 Stat. 743
Reason and/or comments
Florida admitted.
December 29, 1845
December 29, 1845
Effective date
December 29, 1845
Size
226
Change
2
Legal provision
5 Stat. 798
Reason and/or comments
Texas annexed and admitted.
December 28, 1846
December 28, 1846
Effective date
December 28, 1846
Size
228
Change
2
Legal provision
5 Stat. 7439 Stat. 52
Reason and/or comments
Iowa admitted.
May 29, 1848
May 29, 1848
Effective date
May 29, 1848
Size
230
Change
2
Legal provision
9 Stat. 589 Stat. 235
Reason and/or comments
Wisconsin admitted.
March 4, 1849
March 4, 1849
Effective date
March 4, 1849
Size
231
Change
1
Legal provision
9 Stat. 235
Reason and/or comments
Additional seat apportioned to Wisconsin.
September 9, 1850
September 9, 1850
Effective date
September 9, 1850
Size
233
Change
2
Legal provision
9 Stat. 452
Reason and/or comments
California admitted.
March 4, 1853
March 4, 1853
Effective date
March 4, 1853
Size
Change
9 Stat. 432
Legal provision
Apportionment following the seventh census (1850). First to use the Hamilton/Vinton (largest remainder) method.
234
234
Effective date
234
Size
1
Change
10 Stat. 25
Legal provision
Additional seat apportioned to California
May 11, 1858
May 11, 1858
Effective date
May 11, 1858
Size
236
Change
2
Legal provision
11 Stat. 166
Reason and/or comments
Minnesota admitted.
February 14, 1859
February 14, 1859
Effective date
February 14, 1859
Size
237
Change
1
Legal provision
11 Stat. 383
Reason and/or comments
Oregon admitted.
January 29, 1861
January 29, 1861
Effective date
January 29, 1861
Size
238
Change
1
Legal provision
12 Stat. 126
Reason and/or comments
Kansas admitted
June 2, 1862
June 2, 1862
Effective date
June 2, 1862
Size
239
Change
1
Legal provision
12 Stat. 411
Reason and/or comments
California apportioned an extra seat.
March 4, 1863
March 4, 1863
Effective date
March 4, 1863
Size
233
Change
6
Legal provision
9 Stat. 432
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the eighth census (1860), in accordance with the 1850 act, which provided for an apportionment of 233 seats.
241
241
Effective date
241
Size
8
Change
12 Stat. 353
Legal provision
Supplemental apportionment of 8 seats (1 each for Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Vermont, and Rhode Island), for an overall increase of 2 seats in the 38th Congress.
June 20, 1863
June 20, 1863
Effective date
June 20, 1863
Size
Change
12 Stat. 633
Legal provision
West Virginia admitted, three seats transferred from Virginia.
October 31, 1864
October 31, 1864
Effective date
October 31, 1864
Size
242
Change
1
Legal provision
13 Stat. 32
Reason and/or comments
Nevada admitted
March 1, 1867
March 1, 1867
Effective date
March 1, 1867
Size
243
Change
1
Legal provision
14 Stat. 391
Reason and/or comments
Nebraska admitted
March 4, 1873
March 4, 1873
Effective date
March 4, 1873
Size
283
Change
40
Legal provision
17 Stat. 28
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the ninth census (1870), replacing the 1850 act
292
292
Effective date
292
Size
9
Change
17 Stat. 192
Legal provision
Supplemental apportionment added one seat each for nine states
August 1, 1876
August 1, 1876
Effective date
August 1, 1876
Size
293
Change
1
Legal provision
13 Stat. 34
Reason and/or comments
Colorado admitted
March 4, 1883
March 4, 1883
Effective date
March 4, 1883
Size
325
Change
32
Legal provision
22 Stat. 5
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the tenth census (1880).
November 2, 1889
November 2, 1889
Effective date
November 2, 1889
Size
328
Change
3
Legal provision
25 Stat. 679
Reason and/or comments
North and South Dakota admitted, with one and two seats respectively.
November 8, 1889
November 8, 1889
Effective date
November 8, 1889
Size
329
Change
1
Legal provision
25 Stat. 679
Reason and/or comments
Montana admitted.
November 11, 1889
November 11, 1889
Effective date
November 11, 1889
Size
330
Change
1
Legal provision
25 Stat. 679
Reason and/or comments
Washington admitted.
July 3, 1890
July 3, 1890
Effective date
July 3, 1890
Size
331
Change
1
Legal provision
26 Stat. 215
Reason and/or comments
Idaho admitted.
July 10, 1890
July 10, 1890
Effective date
July 10, 1890
Size
332
Change
1
Legal provision
26 Stat. 222
Reason and/or comments
Wyoming admitted.
March 4, 1893
March 4, 1893
Effective date
March 4, 1893
Size
356
Change
24
Legal provision
26 Stat. 735
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the eleventh census (1890).
January 4, 1896
January 4, 1896
Effective date
January 4, 1896
Size
357
Change
1
Legal provision
28 Stat. 109
Reason and/or comments
Utah admitted.
March 4, 1903
March 4, 1903
Effective date
March 4, 1903
Size
386
Change
29
Legal provision
31 Stat. 733
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the twelfth census (1900)
November 16, 1907
November 16, 1907
Effective date
November 16, 1907
Size
391
Change
5
Legal provision
34 Stat. 271
Reason and/or comments
Oklahoma admitted
January 6, 1912
January 6, 1912
Effective date
January 6, 1912
Size
393
Change
2
Legal provision
37 Stat. 39, incorporating 36 Stat. 557
Reason and/or comments
New Mexico admitted
February 14, 1912
February 14, 1912
Effective date
February 14, 1912
Size
394
Change
1
Legal provision
Arizona admitted
March 4, 1913
March 4, 1913
Effective date
March 4, 1913
Size
435
Change
41
Legal provision
37 Stat. 13 (Apportionment Act of 1911, §§1–2)
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the thirteenth census (1910). Process returned to the Webster method.
March 4, 1933
March 4, 1933
Effective date
March 4, 1933
Size
Change
46 Stat. 26 (Reapportionment Act of 1929)
Legal provision
Apportionment following the fifteenth census (1930). The size of the House became permanently capped at 435 seats under the Reapportionment Act of 1929.
January 3, 1943
January 3, 1943
Effective date
January 3, 1943
Size
46 Stat. 26 (Reapportionment Act of 1929)54 Stat. 162
Change
Apportionment following the sixteenth census (1940). First to use the Huntington–Hill method.
January 3, 1953
January 3, 1953
Effective date
January 3, 1953
Size
55 Stat. 761
Change
Apportionment following the seventeenth census (1950)
January 3, 1959
January 3, 1959
Effective date
January 3, 1959
Size
436
Change
1
Legal provision
72 Stat. 345
Reason and/or comments
Alaska admitted.
August 21, 1959
August 21, 1959
Effective date
August 21, 1959
Size
437
Change
1
Legal provision
73 Stat. 8, §8
Reason and/or comments
Hawaii admitted.
January 3, 1963
January 3, 1963
Effective date
January 3, 1963
Size
435
Change
2
Legal provision
72 Stat. 34573 Stat. 82 U.S.C. § 2a
Reason and/or comments
Apportionment following the eighteenth census (1960)
January 3, 1973
January 3, 1973
Effective date
January 3, 1973
Size
Change
2 U.S.C. § 2a
Legal provision
Apportionment following the nineteenth census (1970).
January 3, 1983
January 3, 1983
Effective date
January 3, 1983
Size
Apportionment following the twentieth census (1980).
January 3, 1993
January 3, 1993
Effective date
January 3, 1993
Size
Apportionment following the twenty-first census (1990).
January 3, 2003
January 3, 2003
Effective date
January 3, 2003
Size
Apportionment following the twenty-second census (2000).
January 3, 2013
January 3, 2013
Effective date
January 3, 2013
Size
Apportionment following the twenty-third census (2010).
January 3, 2023
January 3, 2023
Effective date
January 3, 2023
Size
Apportionment following the twenty-fourth census (2020).
Effective date
Size
Change
Legal provision
Reason and/or comments
March 4, 1789
59
n/a
Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 3
Seats apportioned by the Constitution based on population estimates made by the Philadelphia Convention. Only 11 of the original 13 states had ratified the Constitution by this time.
November 21, 1789
64
5
North Carolina ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution.
May 29, 1790
65
1
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution with the seat apportioned by the Constitution.
March 4, 1791
67
2
1 Stat. 191
Vermont admitted.
June 1, 1792
69
2
Kentucky admitted.
March 4, 1793
105
36
1 Stat. 253 (Apportionment Act of 1792)
Apportionment following the first census (1790). First to use the Jefferson method.
June 1, 1796
106
1
1 Stat. 491
Tennessee admitted.
March 1, 1803
107
1
2 Stat. 175
Ohio admitted.
March 4, 1803
142
35
2 Stat. 128
Apportionment following the second census (1800).
April 30, 1812
143
1
2 Stat. 703
Louisiana admitted.
March 4, 1813
182
39
2 Stat. 669
Apportionment following the third census (1810).
December 11, 1816
183
1
3 Stat. 290
Indiana admitted.
December 10, 1817
184
1
3 Stat. 349
Mississippi admitted.
December 3, 1818
185
1
3 Stat. 430
Illinois admitted.
December 14, 1819
186
1
3 Stat. 492
Alabama admitted.
March 15, 1820
3 Stat. 555
Maine admitted, 7 seats transferred from Massachusetts.
August 10, 1821
187
1
3 Stat. 547
Missouri admitted.
March 4, 1823
213
26
3 Stat. 651
Apportionment following the fourth census (1820).
March 4, 1833
240
27
4 Stat. 516
Apportionment following the fifth census (1830).
June 15, 1836
241
1
5 Stat. 51
Arkansas admitted.
January 26, 1837
242
1
5 Stat. 50
Michigan admitted.
March 4, 1843
223
19
5 Stat. 491
Apportionment following the sixth census (1840). First to use the Webster method. Became the only time the size of the House was reduced, except for the minor readjustments in 1863 and 1963.
March 3, 1845
224
1
5 Stat. 743
Florida admitted.
December 29, 1845
226
2
5 Stat. 798
Texas annexed and admitted.
December 28, 1846
228
2
5 Stat. 7439 Stat. 52
Iowa admitted.
May 29, 1848
230
2
9 Stat. 589 Stat. 235
Wisconsin admitted.
March 4, 1849
231
1
9 Stat. 235
Additional seat apportioned to Wisconsin.
September 9, 1850
233
2
9 Stat. 452
California admitted.
March 4, 1853
9 Stat. 432
Apportionment following the seventh census (1850). First to use the Hamilton/Vinton (largest remainder) method.
234
1
10 Stat. 25
Additional seat apportioned to California
May 11, 1858
236
2
11 Stat. 166
Minnesota admitted.
February 14, 1859
237
1
11 Stat. 383
Oregon admitted.
January 29, 1861
238
1
12 Stat. 126
Kansas admitted
June 2, 1862
239
1
12 Stat. 411
California apportioned an extra seat.
March 4, 1863
233
6
9 Stat. 432
Apportionment following the eighth census (1860), in accordance with the 1850 act, which provided for an apportionment of 233 seats.
241
8
12 Stat. 353
Supplemental apportionment of 8 seats (1 each for Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Vermont, and Rhode Island), for an overall increase of 2 seats in the 38th Congress.
June 20, 1863
12 Stat. 633
West Virginia admitted, three seats transferred from Virginia.
October 31, 1864
242
1
13 Stat. 32
Nevada admitted
March 1, 1867
243
1
14 Stat. 391
Nebraska admitted
March 4, 1873
283
40
17 Stat. 28
Apportionment following the ninth census (1870), replacing the 1850 act
292
9
17 Stat. 192
Supplemental apportionment added one seat each for nine states
August 1, 1876
293
1
13 Stat. 34
Colorado admitted
March 4, 1883
325
32
22 Stat. 5
Apportionment following the tenth census (1880).
November 2, 1889
328
3
25 Stat. 679
North and South Dakota admitted, with one and two seats respectively.
November 8, 1889
329
1
25 Stat. 679
Montana admitted.
November 11, 1889
330
1
25 Stat. 679
Washington admitted.
July 3, 1890
331
1
26 Stat. 215
Idaho admitted.
July 10, 1890
332
1
26 Stat. 222
Wyoming admitted.
March 4, 1893
356
24
26 Stat. 735
Apportionment following the eleventh census (1890).

References

  1. 2019 numbers are calculations from estimated population data
  2. Congress failed to pass any reapportionment to implement the 1920 United States census so despite population shift, dist
  3. The 1850 Apportionment bill provided a method to be used in future reapportionments, as well as establishing the then-cu
  4. Congress failed to reapportion in 1923, following the fourteenth census (1920).
  5. Pub. L. 77–291 amended section 22 of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 by wholly replacing its text.
    https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/77/291
  6. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 stated that the "then existing number of Representatives" would be apportioned after eac
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-37-13
  7. "Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)"
    https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-08.pdf
  8. The populations of Washington, D.C. and federal territories are not included in this figure.
  9. Public Law 62-5 of 1911.
  10. "The History of Apportionment in America"
    http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/apportion2.html
  11. Rendered moot by the Revenue Act of 1924 and Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.
  12. Congressional Research Service
    https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41636
  13. 2 U.S.C. § 2c
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/2c
  14. Bush signs federalization bill Archived February 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Agnes E. Donato, Saipan Tribune, May
    http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=79834
  15. National Review
    https://www.nationalreview.com/2001/01/george-will-called-me-idiot-jonah-goldberg/
  16. Madison's notes on the Constitutional Convention - Tuesday September 17, 1787
    http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_917.asp
  17. constitution.org
    http://constitution.org/fed/federa55.htm
  18. founders.archives.gov
    https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-04-02-0204
  19. Law and Contemporary Problems
    https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2528&context=lcp
  20. Pew Research Center
    https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/31/u-s-population-keeps-growing-but-house-of-representatives-is-same-size-as-in-taft-era/
  21. Fair Representation, Meeting The Ideal of One Man One vote"
  22. NationalAtlas.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090228091000/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#seven
  23. CQ Researcher by CQ Press
    http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1927120600
  24. "Proportional Representation"
    http://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/Proportional-Representation/
  25. "Constitutional Amendments Not Ratified"
    http://www.house.gov/house/Amendnotrat.shtml
  26. "Pack the House: How to Fix the Legislative Branch"
    https://mereorthodoxy.com/congressional-apportionment-amendment/
  27. Matthews, Dylan
    https://www.vox.com/2018/6/4/17417452/congress-representation-ratio-district-size-chart-graph
  28. "Packing the House?"
    https://www.conservativenewsandviews.com/2015/04/16/constitution/packing-the-house/
  29. Explicit and Authentic Acts
  30. genuineideas.com
    https://genuineideas.com/ArticlesIndex/districtsize.html
  31. Outside the Beltway
    https://www.outsidethebeltway.com/representation-in-the-house-the-wyoming-rule/
  32. Why the House of Representatives Must Be Expanded and How Today's Congress Can Make it Happen
    https://www.fordham.edu/download/downloads/id/14402/Why_the_House_Must_Be_Expanded___Democracy_Clinic.pdf
  33. IVN
    https://ivn.us/2017/10/16/cube-root-rule-push-make-congress-representative/
  34. "FairVote - Hastings Letter"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060602021508/http://www.fairvote.org/?page=866
  35. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/20/AR2010042004796.html
  36. H.R. 51
    https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/51
  37. S. 51
    https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/51
  38. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/2020/6/22/21293168/dc-statehood-vote-filibuster-supreme-court-joe-biden
  39. 3 Annals of Cong. 539 (1792)
  40. Act of Jan. 14, 1802, 2 Stat. 128
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-128
  41. Act of Dec. 21, 1811, 2 Stat. 669
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-669
  42. Act of Mar. 7, 1822, 3 Stat. 651
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-651
  43. Act of May 22, 1832, 4 Stat. 516
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-4-516
  44. Act of 25 June 1842, ch 46, 5 Stat. 491
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-491
  45. Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote
    https://books.google.com/books?id=eBFNzSeAv_sC
  46. "Congressional Apportionment-Historical Perspective"
    https://www.census.gov/population/apportionment/about/history.html
  47. "2 USC §2a"
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/02/2a-
  48. "Computing Apportionment"
    https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/apportionment/computing.html
  49. NationalAtlas.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081030080614/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#six
  50. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084767
  51. "Priority Values for 2010 Census"
    https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2010/data/apportionment/PriorityValues2010.pdf
  52. "Census 2000 Ranking of Priority Values"
    https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/apportionment/00pvalues.txt
  53. "Priority Values for 2020 Census"
    https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/2020PriorityValues.pdf
  54. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/26/nyregion/new-york-census-congress.html
  55. "How 26 People In The Census Count Helped Minnesota Beat New York For A House Seat"
    https://www.npr.org/2021/05/01/991671730/how-26-people-in-the-census-count-helped-minnesota-beat-new-york-for-a-house-sea
  56. US Census
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150918231059/https://www.census.gov/2010census/news/pdf/apport2010_table1.pdf
  57. The Size of the U. S. House of Representatives and its Constituent State Delegations, thirty-thousand.org.
    http://www.thirty-thousand.org/pages/QHA-02.htm
  58. See, e.g., section 8 of the Hawaii Admission Act, 73 Stat. 8.
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-73-8
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