United States Army Air Forces

References

1. Night fighter squadrons were not organized into groups
2. For reconnaissance units, the organization of squadrons rather than groups is shown because groups did not have a standa
3. Three examples of the negative effects of this long-ingrained policy, even after creation of the AAF, occurred in Hawaii
4. Rep. James G. Scrugham (D-Nev). (Craven and Cate Vol. 6, p. 24)
5. These staff positions were designated A-1 through A-5 and corresponded to the WDGS positions of G-1 through G-5. The AAF
6. This issue was not completely resolved until November 1943 when the units of those services (Quartermaster, Signal, Ordn
7. AAF senior leadership actually decided in the fall of 1941 to oppose for the duration any bill to create an independent
8. Two changes were possibly in conflict with the National Defense Act: the creation of an air staff as an "unnecessary dup
9. The Air Corps itself was a statutory entity and could not be legally discontinued except by act of Congress, but executi
10. FM 100-20 Command and Employment of Air Power (Field Service Regulations), issued by the War Department on 21 July 1943,
11. Management Control coordinated all the other directorates through the activities of organizational and legislative plann
12. MM&D became "Materiel and Services" (M&S) on 17 July 1944 in conjunction with the planned consolidation of the Air Mater
13. "Commitments" would be consolidated as part of AC/AS, Plans.
14. The term "air force" had appeared officially as early as 1923, when Training Regulation TR 440-15 and Army Regulation 95
15. By 1945 the term had also found its way into feature cinema, such as "They Were Expendable", in which a naval officer (J
16. Roosevelt's address to Congress took place on 16 May 1940. Less than two weeks later Congress passed a supplemental appr
17. The assistant secretary position had been vacant for eight years, since Roosevelt's inauguration in March 1933. Lovett h
18. In all, the United States produced nearly 300,000 aircraft in the years 1941–1945 inclusive. (Nalty, p. 235)
19. First line combat aircraft in July 1944 totaled 492 very heavy bombers; 10,431 heavy bombers; 4,458 medium bombers; 1,73
20. Includes liaison and rotary wing aircraft
21. The exact reported figures were 193,440 pilots; 43,051 bombardiers and bombardier-navigators; 48,870 navigators in all t
22. 39,323 WACs were assigned to the AAF in January 1945. Approximately 1,100 were African-American women assigned to ten se
23. The 15 new slots consisted of a lieutenant general, four major generals, and ten brigadier generals. (Official Register
24. The Twentieth Air Force was numbered beyond sequence to be symbolic of a global strategic air force not subordinate to a
    https://www.minot.af.mil/News/story/id/123307822/
25. The Continental Air Forces coordinated the First through Fourth Air Forces and the I Troop Carrier Command, and its prim
26. V Air Support Command was one of five organizations created in September 1941. Its responsibility was to direct and coor
27. The U.S. Strategic Air Forces was created in February 1944 from the headquarters of the previous Eighth Air Force, the d
28. VIII Air Force Composite Command was a combined training and special operations organization,
29. "Composite" organizations continued to be fielded at the wing and group level. The 24th Composite Wing was in essence a
30. Created 10 June 1942 from an expanded Air Corps Ferrying Command established 19 May 1941. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp.
31. Created 7 July 1943 from the merger of the AAF Flying Training Command and the AAF Technical Training Command. (Craven a
32. Established 31 August 1944 as the AAF Technical Service Command to replace both Air Materiel and Air Service Commands, a
33. Created 1 June 1945 from a merger of the AAF Tactical Center (AAFTAC), Proving Ground Command, and the AAF Board. (Crave
34. Created 1 June 1944 from AAF Redistribution Center. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 64)
35. Established 23 January 1941 and merged into AAF Training Command on 7 July 1943. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 63–64)
36. Established 26 March 1941 and merged into AAF Training Command on 7 July 1943. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 64–64)
37. Established 17 October 1941 under the Office of the Chief of Air Corps (OCAC) from the Air Corps Maintenance Command est
38. Established 9 March 1942 from the Materiel Division of the OCAC, with responsibilities for aircraft procurement and R&D,
39. Created 1 April 1942 from the Air Corps Proving Ground established 15 May 1941 and merged into AAF Center on 1 June 1945
40. Created 30 April 1942 as a specialized training organization called Air Transport Command, renamed I TCC on 20 June 1942
41. Created 1 July 1942 as the Foreign Service Concentration Command, it oversaw the preparation for overseas movement (POM)
42. Created 15 October 1942 from I Bomber Command and discontinued 31 August 1943 as the result of doctrinal disputes with t
43. Established 29 March 1943 to supervise the weather and communications services of the discontinued Directorate of Techni
44. Generally, very heavy bombardment (B-29) and fighter groups had three flying squadrons assigned while all other types ha
45. Spaatz calculated combat-ready groups, both overseas and in the strategic reserve, at 43.5 at the end of January 1942.
46. In May 1942 "transport" became the designation for non-combat groups that were part of Air Transport Command.
47. Subordinate to the Directorate of Military Requirements, they were the Directorate of Bombardment (heavy and medium bomb
48. An example of early difficulties with the "parent and satellite" plan was the 33rd Fighter Group at Mitchel Field, which
49. Begun in May 1942 with the designation of one 4AF fighter group to be overstrength as a pool for fighter pilot replaceme
50. The 497th, 498th, and 500th BGs of the 73rd Bomb Wing. They were trained by the last active B-29 OTU, the 472nd BG.
51. On 23 February 1944 the AAF directed adoption of the base unit structure for all of its CONUS installations (and general
52. 10 of the fighter groups in 1945 were classified as "twin-engine". (Rickard)
53. The 419th TCG was not a flying unit but managed transportation terminals in the Pacific. The four combat cargo groups, n
54. The totals include 12 designated reconnaissance groups plus the 25h Bomb Group (Recon).
55. The five composite groups were the 509th CG (B-29/C-54), 28th BG (B-24/B-25), and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Commando Grou
56. The 1226 figure is for TO&E squadrons only. Not included in the total of flying squadrons are more than 100 Air Transpor
57. The types were: A — Attack; AT — Advanced Trainer; B — Bomber; BT — Basic Trainer; C — Cargo/Transport; CG — Cargo Glide
58. Spitfire Mk.Vs equipped the 4th Fighter Group until early 1943; Mk.Vs and Mk.IXs were the primary fighter of the 31st an
59. Approximately 100 Beaufighters partially equipped four night fighter squadrons of the 12th AF between 1943 and 1945. (Ma
60. However, the 115,000 battle casualties suffered by the AAF represented 19% of the 603,000 aircrew trained during the war
61. Approximately $671 billion in 2016 dollars, calculated from 1945. US Inflation Calculator
    http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/
62. Installations closed because of demobilization included main bases, sub (satellite) bases, and auxiliary airfields.
63. The remainder of the AAF was reorganized into the Air Materiel, Air Training, Air Transport, Air Proving Ground, and Air
64. The commanders L-R are Brig. Gen. Jesse D. Auton (65th FW), Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower (SHAEF), Lt. Gen. Carl A. Spaatz (
65. By extension "brown shoe" refers to any practice or idea that harks back to the Army Air Forces era. (Daly-Benarek, p. 2
66. The Air Corps became a subordinate component of the Army Air Forces on 20 June 1941, and was abolished as an administrat
67. The Army Air Forces were abolished by Transfer Order 1, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 26 September 1947, implement
68. Air Force Historical Support Division
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240930050155/https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/459018/army-air-forces-world-war-ii-shoulder-sleeve-insignia/
69. National Archives
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70. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 28–29
71. Nalty (1997), pp. 176 and 378. Also, see growth tables above.
72. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 215 – Airfields in CONUS 1941–1945; Table 217 – Airfields outside CONUS 1941–1945.
73. Nalty (1997), pp. 112–113.
74. Nalty (1997), p. 130.
75. Nalty (1997), pp. 131–133.
76. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 17–18.
77. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 20
78. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 293
79. Nalty (1997), p. 181.
80. Mooney (1956), p. 7
81. Mooney (1946), p. 43
82. Greer (1985), p. 114
83. Nalty (1997), pp. 179–181.
84. Wolk (1996), p. 4
85. Wolk (1996), p. 6
86. Mooney and Williamson (1956), p. 8
87. Mooney (1946), p. 47
88. McClendon (1996), pp. 132–141. The three documents referenced, AR 95-5, EO 9082, and WD Circular 59, are reproduced in t
89. Correll, "GHQ Air Force", p. 68.
90. Mooney (1946), p. 49
91. Cline (1990), p. 92.
92. Mooney (1946), pp. 49–50
93. Mooney and Williamson (1956), p. 10
94. McClendon (1996), p. 98
95. Mooney (1946), pp. 57–58
96. McClendon (1996), pp. 99–100
97. Layman (1946), pp. 22–23
98. Mooney and Williamson (1956), pp. 29, 33, 40, 41, 43, and 68.
99. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 42
100. Mooney and Williamson (1956), chart p. 30
101. Mooney and Williamson (1956), pp. 61–62.
102. Correll, "But What About the Air Corps?", pp. 64–65.
103. Futrell, Historical Study 69, pp. 2–7.
104. Report on England, November 1940
     https://archive.org/stream/ReportOnEngland#page/n157/mode/2up
105. Tate (1998), p. 172.
106. Craven and Cate, Vol. 1, pp. 105–106.
107. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 3 – Strength of the AAF 1912–1945
108. "The Evolution of the Department of the Air Force"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183532/http://www.afhso.af.mil/topics/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=15236
109. Nalty (1997), p. 173.
110. Nalty (1997), p. 231.
111. Tate (1998), p. 189.
112. Nalty (1997), p. 235.
113. Nalty (1997), pp. 233–235.
114. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 84 – Airplanes on Hand in the AAF, by Type and Principal Model
115. Nalty (1997), pp. 246–248.
116. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 206 – AAF Ferrying Operations Jan 42 to Aug 45
117. Nalty (1997), pp. 248–249.
118. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 19 – Civilian Personnel in Continental US, by Air Force or Command: Dec 1941 to Aug 1945
119. Nalty (1997), p. 250.
120. Nalty (1997), p. 259.
121. Nalty (1997), p. 325.
122. Nalty (1997), p. 255.
123. Air & Space Forces Magazine
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124. Nalty (1997), pp. 260–263.
125. Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at War", p. 36.
126. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 10 – Colored Military Personnel in Continental US and Overseas, By Type of Personnel: Aug
127. Bowman (1997), p. 161.
128. Nalty (1997), pp. 251–252.
129. Craven and Cate, Vol. 7, p. xxxvi
130. Craven and Cate, Vol. 7, p. 514.
131. Nalty (1997), pp. 253–254.
132. Bowman (1997), p. 158.
133. Official Register of the United States 1941, Volume I, U.S. Civil Service Commission publication, p. 48.
134. Finney (1955), p. 25.
135. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 4 – Military Personnel in Continental U.S. and Overseas, By Type of Personnel.
136. Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 134–136.
137. Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 141–142.
138. Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 145 and 150.
139. Futrell, Historical Study 69, p. 112.
140. Futrell, Historical Study 69, p. 167.
141. Futrell, Historical Study 69, p. 156.
142. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 120–121
143. Futrell, Historical Study 69, Chart I, p. 169.
144. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 217 – Airfields outside CONUS 1941–1945.
145. Bowman (1997), p. 16.
146. Craven and Cate, Vol. 1, p. 75.
147. Maurer, Combat Units, p. 8.
148. Bowman (1997), pp. 17–18.
149. Reither (1944), p. 10 (organizational chart)
150. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, Chapter 2, p.70.
151. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 58.
152. Maurer, Combat Units, p. 7
153. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 485
154. Spaatz, "Strategic Airpower in the European War".
155. White (1949), p. 8.
156. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 600–602.
157. White (1949), p. 15.
158. Layman (1946), p. 14
159. Layman (1946), p. 23
160. Layman (1946), pp. 38–40
161. White (1949), p. 20
162. White (1949), pp. 17–18.
163. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 1 – Combat Groups Overseas by Location and in Continental US by State of Training, By Type
164. Maurer Combat Squadrons, v.
165. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 59. The source reproduces the original table in Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World Wa
166. Bowman (1997), p. 113.
167. Griffith (1999), p. 67.
168. Griffith (1999), pp. 96–97.
169. Kreis (1996), p. 241
170. Irving (1989), p. 666
171. Bowman (1997), p. 19.
172. Griffith (1999), p. 66.
173. Griffith (1999), p. 78.
174. Griffith (1999), p. 77.
175. Nalty (1997), p. 188.
176. Nalty (1997), p. 190.
177. Bowman (1997), pp. 19–20.
178. Little (1968), p. 24
179. Little (1968), p. 25
180. Little (1968), pp. 8–9
181. Little (1968), pp. 11–12
182. Little (1968), p. 13
183. Little (1968), pp. 14–16
184. "Battle casualties" Army Battle Casualties Final Report, pp. 76–77
185. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 34 – Battle Casualties in All Overseas Theaters, By Type of Casualty and Type of Personnel
186. Nalty (1997), p. 268.
187. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 99 – Airplane Losses in Continental US and Overseas, By Type of Airplane
188. Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at War", p. 34.
189. Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at war", p. 33.
190. AAF Statistical Digest, Table 203 – Expenditures by Direct Appropriations, By Major Project
191. Correll, "The US Army Air Forces at War", p. 32.
192. Nalty (1997), p. 378.
193. Nalty (1997), p. 374.
194. Nalty (1997), p. 375.
195. Nalty (1997), p. 377.
196. McClendon (1996), p. 108
197. McClendon (1996), pp. 104–108
198. "The Air Force Fact Sheet" (AF.mil) Retrieved 25 April 2016.
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199. "Records of the Army Air Forces (AAF)"
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200. Nalty (1997), pp. 418–424.
201. Table of Equipment No. 21 1 September 1945 Part II (theater clothing zones).
202. AR 600-35 31 March 1944 (Section I, para. 2; Section II, para. 18).
203. AR 600-35 10 November 1941
204. Risch and Pitkin, p. 47.
205. AR 600-35 (Section I, para. 2a3).
206. AR 600-40 (Section 3, para. 39).
207. AR 600-35 31 March 1944 (Section I, para. 2; Section II, para. 9, 19).
208. Army Officers Guide 1942, p. 132.
209. AR 600-35 (Section I, para. 2a2).
210. War Department Cir. No. 391 30 September 1944 Sec. VII.
211. AR 600-35 (para. 12).
212. Bowman (1997), p. 171.
213. Risch and Pitkin, pp. 80, 81.
214. Daly-Benarek (1995), p. 27.
215. Smith (2001), p. 241.
216. AR 600-37 16 April 1945
217. Bowman (1997), p. 172.
218. Smith (2001), pp. 244–246.
219. AR 600-40 (Section IId, para. 9)
220. Risch and Pitkin, p. .
221. Bowman (1997), p. 156. Reproduction of relevant page from The Officer's Guide, July 1943.
222. Distinguished Bomber and Aerial Gunner Badges Archived 27 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, U. S. Army Insignia, William
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223. U.S. Army Air Corps – Between The Wars, Aviation Wings and Badges of World War II, retrieved 25 January 2013
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224. National Archives, Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army, General Order 18, 29 March 1943
225. Air & Space Forces Magazine
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226. Rottman (1998), p. 54.
227. "How did Air Force shoulder sleeve insignia develop?"
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228. United States Army, Second World War, Air Force Command Arcs, angelfire.com, by Howard G. Lanham, retrieved 3 April 2020
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