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United Kingdom

Updated: Wikipedia source

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, with a population of over 69 million in 2024. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and most of the smaller islands within the British Isles, covering 94,354 square miles (244,376 km2). It shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea, while maintaining sovereignty over the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. The capital and largest city of England and the UK is London; Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Britain has been inhabited since the Neolithic. In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began. The Roman departure between 383 and 410 was followed by Anglo-Saxon settlement beginning around 450. In 1066 the Normans conquered England. After the Wars of the Roses, the Kingdom of England began to flourish, resulting in the 16th-century annexation of Wales and the establishment of the British Empire. Over the 17th century the role of the British monarchy was reduced, particularly as a result of the English Civil War. In 1707 the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united under the Treaty of Union to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. In the Georgian era the office of prime minister became established. The Acts of Union 1800 incorporated the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. Most of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 as the Irish Free State, and the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 created the present United Kingdom. The UK became the first industrialised country and was the world's foremost power for the majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly during the Pax Britannica between 1815 and 1914. The British Empire was the leading economic power for most of the 19th century, a position supported by its agricultural prosperity, its role as a dominant trading nation, a massive industrial capacity, significant technological achievements, and the rise of 19th-century London as the world's principal financial centre. At its height in the 1920s, the empire encompassed around a quarter of the world's landmass and population, and was the largest in history. However, its involvement in the First World War and in the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power, and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies. The UK is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy with three distinct jurisdictions: England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own governments and parliaments which control various devolved matters. A developed country with an advanced economy, the UK ranks amongst the largest economies by nominal GDP and is one of the world's largest exporters and importers. As a nuclear state with one of the highest defence budgets, the UK maintains one of the strongest militaries in Europe. Its soft power influence can be observed in the legal and political systems of many of its former colonies, and British culture remains globally influential, particularly in language, literature, music and sport. A great power, the UK is part of numerous international organisations and forums.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
London 51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.500°N 0.117°W / 51.500; -0.117
National language
English
Regional and minority languages[b]
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li ScotsUlster ScotsWelshCornishScottish GaelicIrishBritish Sign Language
Ethnic groups (2021)[c]
mw- 83.0% White8.6% Asian3.7% Black2.7% Mixed2.0% other
Religion (2021)[c]
46.5% Christianity37.8% no religion6.0% Islam1.6% Hinduism0.8% Sikhism0.4% Buddhism0.4% Judaism0.6% other5.9% not stated
Demonyms
BritishBritonBrit (colloquial)
Government
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[d]
• Monarch
Charles III
• Prime Minister
Keir Starmer
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
House of Lords
• Lower house
House of Commons
• Laws in Wales Acts
1535 and 1542
• Union of the Crowns
24 March 1603
• Treaty of Union
22 July 1706
• Acts of Union of England and Scotland
1 May 1707
• Acts of Union of Great Britain and Ireland
1 January 1801
• Irish Free State Constitution Act
6 December 1922
• Total[f]
244,376 km2 (94,354 sq mi) (78th)
• Land[e]
242,741 km2 (93,723 sq mi)
• 2024 estimate
69,281,437 (20th)
• 2021 census
66,940,559[c]
• Density
285/km2 (738.1/sq mi) (48th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Total
$3.959 trillion (6th)
• Per capita
$56,661 (21st)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2021)
35.4 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.946very high (13th)
Currency
Pound sterling[g] (£) (GBP)
Time zone
UTC 0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC 1 (BST[h])
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy (AD)[i]
Calling code
44[j]
ISO 3166 code
GB
Internet TLD
uk[k]
Ethnic groups (2021/2022)[c]
mw- 83.0% White8.6% Asian3.7% Black2.7% Mixed2.0% other
Religion (2021/2022)[c]
46.5% Christianity37.8% no religion6.0% Islam1.6% Hinduism0.8% Sikhism0.4% Buddhism0.4% Judaism0.6% other5.9% not stated

Tables

Population of the United Kingdom by country (2024)[353] · Demographics
(km2)
(km2)
Country
(km2)
Land area
(%)
Land area
People
Population
(%)
England
England
Country
England
Land area
130,310
Land area
54%
Population
58,620,101
Population
85%
Density(/km2)
450
Scotland
Scotland
Country
Scotland
Land area
77,901
Land area
32%
Population
5,546,900
Population
8%
Density(/km2)
71
Wales
Wales
Country
Wales
Land area
20,737
Land area
9%
Population
3,186,581
Population
5%
Density(/km2)
154
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Country
Northern Ireland
Land area
13,547
Land area
6%
Population
1,927,855
Population
3%
Density(/km2)
142
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Country
United Kingdom
Land area
242,741
Land area
100%
Population
69,281,437
Population
100%
Density(/km2)
285
Country
Land area
Population
Density(/km2)
(km2)
(%)
People
(%)
England
130,310
54%
58,620,101
85%
450
Scotland
77,901
32%
5,546,900
8%
71
Wales
20,737
9%
3,186,581
5%
154
Northern Ireland
13,547
6%
1,927,855
3%
142
United Kingdom
242,741
100%
69,281,437
100%
285
Population of England by region (2024)[13] · Demographics
(km2)
(km2)
Region
(km2)
Land area
(%)
Land area
People
Population
(%)
North East
North East
Region
North East
Land area
8,581
Land area
6%
Population
2,683,040
Population
5%
Density(/km2)
313
North West
North West
Region
North West
Land area
14,108
Land area
11%
Population
7,516,113
Population
13%
Density(/km2)
533
Yorkshire and the Humber
Yorkshire and the Humber
Region
Yorkshire and the Humber
Land area
15,404
Land area
12%
Population
5,541,262
Population
10%
Density(/km2)
360
East Midlands
East Midlands
Region
East Midlands
Land area
15,624
Land area
12%
Population
4,934,939
Population
9%
Density(/km2)
316
West Midlands
West Midlands
Region
West Midlands
Land area
12,998
Land area
10%
Population
6,021,653
Population
11%
Density(/km2)
463
East of England
East of England
Region
East of England
Land area
19,116
Land area
15%
Population
6,398,497
Population
11%
Density(/km2)
335
Greater London
Greater London
Region
Greater London
Land area
1,572
Land area
1%
Population
8,866,180
Population
15%
Density(/km2)
5,640
South East
South East
Region
South East
Land area
19,072
Land area
15%
Population
9,379,833
Population
16%
Density(/km2)
492
South West
South West
Region
South West
Land area
23,836
Land area
18%
Population
5,764,881
Population
10%
Density(/km2)
242
England
England
Region
England
Land area
130,310
Land area
100%
Population
57,106,398
Population
100%
Density(/km2)
438
Region
Land area
Population
Density(/km2)
(km2)
(%)
People
(%)
North East
8,581
6%
2,683,040
5%
313
North West
14,108
11%
7,516,113
13%
533
Yorkshire and the Humber
15,404
12%
5,541,262
10%
360
East Midlands
15,624
12%
4,934,939
9%
316
West Midlands
12,998
10%
6,021,653
11%
463
East of England
19,116
15%
6,398,497
11%
335
Greater London
1,572
1%
8,866,180
15%
5,640
South East
19,072
15%
9,379,833
16%
492
South West
23,836
18%
5,764,881
10%
242
England
130,310
100%
57,106,398
100%
438

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  10. Excludes most overseas territories. See Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom#Telephone numbers in Overseas Territorie
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