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Unit 731

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Unit 731

Unit 731 (Japanese: 731部隊, Hepburn: Nana-san-ichi Butai), officially known as the Manchu Detachment 731 and also referred to as the Kamo Detachment and the Ishii Unit, was a secret research facility operated by the Imperial Japanese Army between 1936 and 1945. It was located in the Pingfang district of Harbin, in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now part of Northeast China), and maintained multiple branches across mainland China and Southeast Asia. Unit 731 was responsible for large-scale biological and chemical warfare research, as well as lethal human experimentation. The facility was led by General Shirō Ishii and received strong support from the Japanese military. Its activities included infecting prisoners with deadly diseases, conducting vivisection, performing organ harvesting, testing hypobaric chambers, amputating limbs, and exposing victims to chemical agents and explosives. Prisoners—often referred to as "logs" by the staff—were mainly Chinese civilians, but also included Russians, Koreans, and others, including children and pregnant women. No documented survivors are known. An estimated 14,000 people were killed inside the facility itself. In addition, biological weapons developed by Unit 731 caused the deaths of between 200,000 and 500,000 people in Chinese cities and villages, through deliberate contamination of water supplies, food, and agricultural land. After the war, twelve Unit 731 members were tried by the Soviet Union in the 1949 Khabarovsk war crimes trials and sentenced to prison. However, many key figures, including Ishii, were granted immunity by the United States in exchange for their research data. The Truman administration concealed the unit's crimes and paid stipends to former personnel. On 28 August 2002, the Tokyo District Court formally acknowledged that Japan had conducted biological warfare in China and held the state responsible for related deaths.

Infobox

Location
mw- 45°36′31″N 126°37′55″E / 45.60861°N 126.63194°E / 45.60861; 126.63194Pingfang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Manchukuo (now part of China)
Date
1936–1945
Attack type
mw- Human experimentationBiological warfareChemical warfare
Weapons
Biological weaponsChemical weaponsExplosives
Deaths
Estimated 200,000 to 300,000 200,000 from biological warfare Over 3,000 from in-facility experiments (1940–1945, not including branches): 20 At least 10,000 prisoners killed No documented survivors
Perpetrators
Shirō IshiiMasaji KitanoEpidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department

Tables

· Personnel and postwar accountability › Khabarovsk war crimes trials
Kiyoshi Kawashima
Kiyoshi Kawashima
Name
Kiyoshi Kawashima
Military position
Major general of the Medical Service
Unit position
Chief of General Division, 1939–1941, Head of Production Division, 1941–1945
Unit
731
Sentenced years in labor camp
25 (served 7)
Otozō Yamada
Otozō Yamada
Name
Otozō Yamada
Military position
General
Unit position
Direct controller, 1944–1945
Unit
731, 100
Sentenced years in labor camp
25 (served 7)
Ryuji Kajitsuka
Ryuji Kajitsuka
Name
Ryuji Kajitsuka
Military position
Lieutenant general of the Medical Service
Unit position
Chief of the Medical Administration
Unit
731
Sentenced years in labor camp
25 (served 7)
Takaatsu Takahashi
Takaatsu Takahashi
Name
Takaatsu Takahashi
Military position
Lieutenant general of the Veterinary Service
Unit position
Chief of the Veterinary Service
Unit
731
Sentenced years in labor camp
25 (died in prison in 1952)
Tomio Karasawa
Tomio Karasawa
Name
Tomio Karasawa
Military position
Major of the Medical Service
Unit position
Chief of a section
Unit
731
Sentenced years in labor camp
20 (committed suicide in prison in 1956)
Toshihide Nishi
Toshihide Nishi
Name
Toshihide Nishi
Military position
Lieutenant colonel of the Medical Service
Unit position
Chief of a division
Unit
731
Sentenced years in labor camp
18 (served 7)
Masao Onoue
Masao Onoue
Name
Masao Onoue
Military position
Major of the Medical Service
Unit position
Chief of a branch
Unit
731
Sentenced years in labor camp
12 (served 7)
Zensaku Hirazakura
Zensaku Hirazakura
Name
Zensaku Hirazakura
Military position
Lieutenant
Unit position
Officer
Unit
100
Sentenced years in labor camp
10 (served 7)
Kazuo Mitomo
Kazuo Mitomo
Name
Kazuo Mitomo
Military position
Senior sergeant
Unit position
Member
Unit
731
Sentenced years in labor camp
15 (served 7)
Norimitsu Kikuchi
Norimitsu Kikuchi
Name
Norimitsu Kikuchi
Military position
Corporal
Unit position
Probationer medical orderly
Unit
Branch 643
Sentenced years in labor camp
2 (served full term)
Yuji Kurushima
Yuji Kurushima
Name
Yuji Kurushima
Military position
[none]
Unit position
Laboratory orderly
Unit
Branch 162
Sentenced years in labor camp
3 (served full term)
Shunji Sato
Shunji Sato
Name
Shunji Sato
Military position
Major general of the Medical Service
Unit position
Chief of the Medical Service
Unit
731, 1644
Sentenced years in labor camp
20 (served 7)
Name
Military position
Unit position
Unit
Sentenced years in labor camp
Kiyoshi Kawashima
Major general of the Medical Service
Chief of General Division, 1939–1941, Head of Production Division, 1941–1945
731
25 (served 7)
Otozō Yamada
General
Direct controller, 1944–1945
731, 100
25 (served 7)
Ryuji Kajitsuka
Lieutenant general of the Medical Service
Chief of the Medical Administration
731
25 (served 7)
Takaatsu Takahashi
Lieutenant general of the Veterinary Service
Chief of the Veterinary Service
731
25 (died in prison in 1952)
Tomio Karasawa
Major of the Medical Service
Chief of a section
731
20 (committed suicide in prison in 1956)
Toshihide Nishi
Lieutenant colonel of the Medical Service
Chief of a division
731
18 (served 7)
Masao Onoue
Major of the Medical Service
Chief of a branch
731
12 (served 7)
Zensaku Hirazakura
Lieutenant
Officer
100
10 (served 7)
Kazuo Mitomo
Senior sergeant
Member
731
15 (served 7)
Norimitsu Kikuchi
Corporal
Probationer medical orderly
Branch 643
2 (served full term)
Yuji Kurushima
[none]
Laboratory orderly
Branch 162
3 (served full term)
Shunji Sato
Major general of the Medical Service
Chief of the Medical Service
731, 1644
20 (served 7)

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  145. "Unit 731 – Did the Emperor Know?"
    http://collections-search.bfi.org.uk/web/Details/ChoiceFilmWorks/150299115
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