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Umar

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 584 – 644), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and is regarded as a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Initially, Umar opposed Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite kinsman. However, after converting to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. He participated in nearly all of Muhammad’s battles and expeditions, and Muhammad conferred upon him the title al-Fārūq ("the Distinguisher") for his sound judgement. After Muhammad’s death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the first caliph and served as his chief adviser. In 634, shortly before his death, Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor. During Umar’s reign, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His campaigns against the Sasanians resulted in the conquest of Persia within two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar lifted the Christian ban on Jews entering Jerusalem and permitted them to worship there. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644. Umar is widely credited with expanding the Islamic world beyond Arabia and introducing the Hijri Calendar. Historians generally regard him as one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered as a just ruler and a paragon of Islamic virtues, with some hadiths identifying him as the second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr. In Twelver Shia tradition, however, he is viewed negatively.

Infobox

Reign
23 August 634 – c. 6 November 644(10 years, 73 days)
Predecessor
Abu Bakr
Successor
Uthman
Born
c. 584Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died
c. 6 November 644 (c. 26 Dhu al-Hijjah 23 AH) (aged 60–61)Medina, Rashidun Caliphate
Burial
Prophet's Mosque, Medina
Spouse
mw- Zaynab bint Maz'un Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal Qurayba bint Abi Umayya Jamila bint Thabit Atiqa bint Zayd Umm Hakim bint Harith Umm Kulthum bint Ali
Issue(among others)
Hafsa Abdullah Ubaydullah Asim Zayd
Tribe
Quraysh (Banu Adi)
Father
Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl
Mother
Hantamah bint Hisham
Religion
Islam
Personal(Ism)
ʿUmar عُمَرٌ‎
Patronymic(Nasab)
Ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ibn Nufayl ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Rāz ibn ʿAdiyy ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr ibn Mālikٱبْنُ ٱلْخَطَّابِ ٱبْنُ نُفَيْلٍ ٱبْنِ عَبْدِ ٱلْعُزَّىٰ ٱبْنِ رَازٍ ٱبْنِ عَدِيٍّ ٱبْنِ كَعْبٍ ٱبْنِ لُؤَيٍّ ٱبْنِ غَالِبٍ ٱبْنِ فِهْرٍ ٱبْنِ مَالِكٍ‎
Teknonymic(Kunya)
Abū Ḥafṣأَبُو حَفْصٍ‎
Epithet(Laqab)
Al-Fārūq ("The Distinguisher between right and wrong")ٱلْفَارُوقٌ‎

Tables

· External links
Sunni Islam titles
Sunni Islam titles
Umar Banu AdiCadet branch of the QurayshBorn: c. 584  Died: c. 6 November 644
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded byAbu Bakr
Preceded byAbu Bakr
Umar Banu AdiCadet branch of the QurayshBorn: c. 584  Died: c. 6 November 644
Preceded byAbu Bakr
Umar Banu AdiCadet branch of the QurayshBorn: c. 584  Died: c. 6 November 644
Caliph of IslamRashidun Caliph 634 – 644
Umar Banu AdiCadet branch of the QurayshBorn: c. 584  Died: c. 6 November 644
Succeeded byUthman ibn Affan
Umar Banu AdiCadet branch of the QurayshBorn: c. 584 Died: c. 6 November 644
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded byAbu Bakr
Caliph of IslamRashidun Caliph 634 – 644
Succeeded byUthman ibn Affan

References

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  93. Pellat 2011. Modern authors also take different views: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 merely state that he was a Christia
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  95. This is the view of Madelung 1997, p. 75 note 67.
  96. See the sources cited by El-Hibri 2010, pp. 108–109 (cf. also p. 112).
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  98. Other sources speak of three dirhams a month; see Pellat 2011.
  99. Pellat 2011; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000. As pointed out by Pellat 2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu
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  101. This is the hypothesis of Madelung 1997, p. 75.
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