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USS Constitution

Updated: Wikipedia source

USS Constitution

USS Constitution, also known as Old Ironsides, is a three-masted wooden-hulled heavy frigate of the United States Navy. She is the world's oldest commissioned warship still afloat. She was launched in 1797, one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. The name "Constitution" was among ten names submitted to President George Washington by Secretary of War Timothy Pickering in March or May for the frigates that were to be constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so Constitution and her sister ships were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. She was built at Edmund Hartt's shipyard in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts. Her first duties were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War. Constitution is most noted for her actions during the War of 1812 with the United Kingdom, when she captured numerous British merchantmen and five warships: HMS Guerriere, Java, Pictou, Cyane, and Levant. The capture of Guerriere earned her the nickname "Old Ironsides", adding on the public adoration that had repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to serve as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons, and she circled the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War, she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy. She carried American artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878. Constitution was retired from active service in 1881 and served as a receiving ship until being designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1934, she completed a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation. She sailed under her own power for her 200th birthday in 1997, and again in August 2012 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of her victory over Guerriere. Constitution's stated mission today is to promote understanding of the Navy's role in war and peace through educational outreach, historical demonstration, and active participation in public events as part of the Naval History and Heritage Command. As she is a fully commissioned Navy ship, her crew of 75 officers and sailors participate in ceremonies, educational programs, and special events while keeping her open to visitors year round and providing free tours. The officers and crew are all active-duty Navy personnel, and the assignment is considered to be special duty. She is usually berthed at Pier 1 of the former Charlestown Navy Yard at one end of Boston's Freedom Trail.

Infobox

Name
USS Constitution
Namesake
Constitution of the United States
Operator
US Navy
Ordered
1 March 1794
Builder
Edmund Hartt's shipyard
Cost
$302,718
Laid down
1 November 1794
Launched
21 October 1797
Maiden voyage
22 July 1798
Renamed
Old Constitution 1917 Constitution 1925
Reclassified
IX-21, 1941 No classification, 1 September 1975
Homeport
Charlestown Navy Yard
Identification
Code letters: NAPJ
Nickname(s)
Old Ironsides
Status
in active service
Notes
First commander: Captain Samuel Nicholson
Type
44-gun United States-class frigate
Tonnage
1,576
Displacement
2,200 tons or 1,576
Length
304 ft (93 m) bowsprit to spanker or 175 ft (53 m) between perpendiculars, 145 ft (44 m) at the keel 207 ft (63 m) billet head to taffrail 175 ft (53 m) at waterline
Beam
43 ft 6 in (13.26 m)
Height
foremast: 198 ft (60 m) mainmast: 220 ft (67 m) mizzenmast: 172.5 ft (52.6 m)
Draft
21 ft (6.4 m) forward 23 ft (7.0 m) aft
Depth of hold
14 ft 3 in (4.34 m)
Decks
Orlop, Berth, Gun, Spar
Propulsion
Sail (three masts, ship rig)
Sail plan
42,710 sq ft (3,968 m2) on three masts
Speed
13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph)
Boats & landingcraft carried
1 × 36 ft (11 m) longboat 2 × 30 ft (9.1 m) cutters 2 × 28 ft (8.5 m) whaleboats 1 × 28 ft (8.5 m) gig 1 × 22 ft (6.7 m) jolly boat 1 × 14 ft (4.3 m) punt
Complement
450, including 55 Marines and 30 boys (1797)
Crew
75 officers and crew
Armament
30 × 24-pounder (11 kg) long gun 20 × 32-pounder (15 kg) carronade 2 × 24-pounder (11 kg) bow chasers
Location
Charlestown Navy Yard, Charlestown, Massachusetts
Coordinates
mw- 42°22′20.9″N 71°3′23.6″W / 42.372472°N 71.056556°W / 42.372472; -71.056556
Built
1797
Architect
Joshua Humphreys
Website
https://www.nps.gov/bost/learn/historyculture/ussconst.htm
NRHP reference No.
66000789
Added to NRHP
15 October 1966

Tables

· Commanders
Samuel Nicholson
Samuel Nicholson
Name
Samuel Nicholson
Rank
Captain
Start date
22 Jul 1798
End date
5 Jun 1799
Silas Talbot
Silas Talbot
Name
Silas Talbot
Rank
Captain
Start date
5 Jun 1799
End date
8 Sep 1801
Nathaniel Haraden
Nathaniel Haraden
Name
Nathaniel Haraden
Rank
Sailing Master
Start date
30 Jun 1802
End date
14 May 1803
Edward Preble
Edward Preble
Name
Edward Preble
Rank
Captain
Start date
14 May 1803
End date
28 Oct 1804
Stephen Decatur
Stephen Decatur
Name
Stephen Decatur
Rank
Captain
Start date
28 Oct 1804
End date
9 Nov 1804
John Rodgers
John Rodgers
Name
John Rodgers
Rank
Captain
Start date
9 Nov 1804
End date
30 May 1806
Hugh George Campbell
Hugh George Campbell
Name
Hugh George Campbell
Rank
Captain
Start date
30 May 1806
End date
8 Dec 1807
John Rodgers
John Rodgers
Name
John Rodgers
Rank
Captain
Start date
20 Feb 1809
End date
17 Jun 1810
Isaac Hull
Isaac Hull
Name
Isaac Hull
Rank
Captain
Start date
17 Jun 1810
End date
15 Sep 1812
William Bainbridge
William Bainbridge
Name
William Bainbridge
Rank
Captain
Start date
15 Sep 1812
End date
18 Jul 1813
Charles Stewart
Charles Stewart
Name
Charles Stewart
Rank
Captain
Start date
18 Jul 1813
End date
16 Jul 1815
Jacob Jones
Jacob Jones
Name
Jacob Jones
Rank
Captain
Start date
1 Apr 1821
End date
31 May 1824
Thomas Macdonough
Thomas Macdonough
Name
Thomas Macdonough
Rank
Captain
Start date
31 May 1824
End date
14 Oct 1825
Daniel Todd Patterson
Daniel Todd Patterson
Name
Daniel Todd Patterson
Rank
Captain
Start date
14 Oct 1825
End date
5 Dec 1825
George Campbell Read
George Campbell Read
Name
George Campbell Read
Rank
Captain
Start date
23 Jan 1826
End date
21 Feb 1826
Daniel Todd Patterson
Daniel Todd Patterson
Name
Daniel Todd Patterson
Rank
Captain
Start date
21 Feb 1826
End date
19 Jul 1828
Jesse Duncan Elliott
Jesse Duncan Elliott
Name
Jesse Duncan Elliott
Rank
Captain
Start date
3 Mar 1835
End date
18 Aug 1838
Daniel Turner
Daniel Turner
Name
Daniel Turner
Rank
Captain
Start date
1 Mar 1839
End date
8 Nov 1841
Foxhall Alexander Parker Sr.
Foxhall Alexander Parker Sr.
Name
Foxhall Alexander Parker Sr.
Rank
Captain
Start date
15 Jul 1842
End date
16 Feb 1843
John Percival
John Percival
Name
John Percival
Rank
Captain
Start date
13 Dec 1843
End date
5 Oct 1846
John Gwinn
John Gwinn
Name
John Gwinn
Rank
Captain
Start date
9 Oct 1848
End date
4 Sep 1849
James H. Rowan
James H. Rowan
Name
James H. Rowan
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
4 Sep 1849
End date
18 Sep 1849
Thomas Anderson Conover
Thomas Anderson Conover
Name
Thomas Anderson Conover
Rank
Captain
Start date
18 Sep 1849
End date
16 Jan 1851
John Singleton Rudd
John Singleton Rudd
Name
John Singleton Rudd
Rank
Commander
Start date
22 Dec 1852
End date
15 Jun 1855
David Dixon Porter
David Dixon Porter
Name
David Dixon Porter
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
1 Aug 1860
End date
22 Aug 1860
George Washington Rodgers II
George Washington Rodgers II
Name
George Washington Rodgers II
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
20 Sep 1860
End date
23 Sep 1861
Edward Phelps Lull
Edward Phelps Lull
Name
Edward Phelps Lull
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
23 Sep 1861
End date
15 Dec 1863
Henry Martin Blue
Henry Martin Blue
Name
Henry Martin Blue
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
15 Dec 1863
End date
16 Apr 1864
Philip Carrigan Johnson Jr.
Philip Carrigan Johnson Jr.
Name
Philip Carrigan Johnson Jr.
Rank
Lieutenant Commander
Start date
16 Apr 1864
End date
16 Feb 1866
Edmund Matthews
Edmund Matthews
Name
Edmund Matthews
Rank
Lieutenant Commander
Start date
16 Feb 1866
End date
26 Feb 1866
Thomas Henderson Eastman
Thomas Henderson Eastman
Name
Thomas Henderson Eastman
Rank
Lieutenant Commander
Start date
26 Feb 1866
End date
6 Nov 1867
George Dewey
George Dewey
Name
George Dewey
Rank
Lieutenant Commander
Start date
6 Nov 1867
End date
1 Aug 1870
Henry Lycurgus Howison
Henry Lycurgus Howison
Name
Henry Lycurgus Howison
Rank
Lieutenant Commander
Start date
1 Aug 1870
End date
19 Sep 1871
Henry A. Adams Jr.
Henry A. Adams Jr.
Name
Henry A. Adams Jr.
Rank
Captain
Start date
13 Jan 1877
End date
15 Aug 1877
James Augustin Greer
James Augustin Greer
Name
James Augustin Greer
Rank
Captain
Start date
15 Aug 1877
End date
23 Aug 1877
Reigart Boliver Lowry
Reigart Boliver Lowry
Name
Reigart Boliver Lowry
Rank
Captain
Start date
23 Aug 1877
End date
5 Sep 1877
Augustus Paul Cooke
Augustus Paul Cooke
Name
Augustus Paul Cooke
Rank
Commander
Start date
5 Sep 1877
End date
9 Jan 1878
Oscar C. Badger
Oscar C. Badger
Name
Oscar C. Badger
Rank
Captain
Start date
9 Jan 1878
End date
2 Aug 1879
Francis H. Baker
Francis H. Baker
Name
Francis H. Baker
Rank
Captain
Start date
2 Aug 1879
End date
25 Sep 1879
Oscar Fitzalon Stanton
Oscar Fitzalon Stanton
Name
Oscar Fitzalon Stanton
Rank
Captain
Start date
1 Oct 1879
End date
14 Jun 1881
Edwin Malcolm Shepard
Edwin Malcolm Shepard
Name
Edwin Malcolm Shepard
Rank
Commander
Start date
14 Jun 1881
End date
14 Dec 1881
John William Powers
John William Powers
Name
John William Powers
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
20 May 1905
End date
22 May 1905
Louis Joseph Gulliver
Louis Joseph Gulliver
Name
Louis Joseph Gulliver
Rank
Commander
Start date
1 Jul 1931
End date
8 Jun 1934
Hermann Pierce Knickerbocker
Hermann Pierce Knickerbocker
Name
Hermann Pierce Knickerbocker
Rank
Lieutenant Commander
Start date
24 Aug 1940
End date
1 Dec 1941
Clarence Earl McBride
Clarence Earl McBride
Name
Clarence Earl McBride
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
1 Dec 1941
End date
27 Mar 1945
Owen William Huff
Owen William Huff
Name
Owen William Huff
Rank
Lieutenant Commander
Start date
27 Mar 1945
End date
8 Jul 1947
Harry Corrolli
Harry Corrolli
Name
Harry Corrolli
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
8 Jul 1947
End date
1 Dec 1947
Louis Everette Wood
Louis Everette Wood
Name
Louis Everette Wood
Rank
Chief Warrant Officer
Start date
1 Dec 1947
End date
11 Mar 1950
Knud Haabendal Christensen
Knud Haabendal Christensen
Name
Knud Haabendal Christensen
Rank
Chief Warrant Officer
Start date
11 Mar 1950
End date
30 Apr 1952
Albert C. Messier
Albert C. Messier
Name
Albert C. Messier
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
30 Apr 1952
End date
22 Jun 1954
Charles William Morris
Charles William Morris
Name
Charles William Morris
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
22 Jun 1954
End date
25 Apr 1957
David G. O'Brien
David G. O'Brien
Name
David G. O'Brien
Rank
Lieutenant Junior Grade
Start date
25 Apr 1957
End date
31 Mar 1959
Edward Joseph Melanson Jr.
Edward Joseph Melanson Jr.
Name
Edward Joseph Melanson Jr.
Rank
Lieutenant Junior Grade
Start date
31 Mar 1959
End date
1 Jul 1960
Victor Bernard Stevens Jr.
Victor Bernard Stevens Jr.
Name
Victor Bernard Stevens Jr.
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
1 Jul 1960
End date
29 Aug 1963
John Christopher Kelleher
John Christopher Kelleher
Name
John Christopher Kelleher
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
29 Aug 1963
End date
28 Jun 1965
Joseph Clark Grew II
Joseph Clark Grew II
Name
Joseph Clark Grew II
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
28 Jun 1965
End date
28 Apr 1967
John William Powers
John William Powers
Name
John William Powers
Rank
Lieutenant
Start date
28 Apr 1967
End date
27 Mar 1969
Hugh Albert Moore
Hugh Albert Moore
Name
Hugh Albert Moore
Rank
Commander
Start date
27 Mar 1969
End date
30 Oct 1970
Jack Loren Reifschneider
Jack Loren Reifschneider
Name
Jack Loren Reifschneider
Rank
Commander
Start date
30 Oct 1970
End date
20 Aug 1971
John David McKinnon
John David McKinnon
Name
John David McKinnon
Rank
Commander
Start date
20 Aug 1971
End date
11 Dec 1972
Thomas Coyne
Thomas Coyne
Name
Thomas Coyne
Rank
Commander
Start date
11 Dec 1972
End date
6 Aug 1974
Tyrone Gabriel Martin
Tyrone Gabriel Martin
Name
Tyrone Gabriel Martin
Rank
Commander
Start date
6 Aug 1974
End date
30 Jun 1978
Robert Leo Gillen
Robert Leo Gillen
Name
Robert Leo Gillen
Rank
Commander
Start date
30 Jun 1978
End date
26 Sep 1980
Herman Otto Sudholz
Herman Otto Sudholz
Name
Herman Otto Sudholz
Rank
Commander
Start date
26 Sep 1980
End date
22 Jun 1985
Joseph Zachariah Brown
Joseph Zachariah Brown
Name
Joseph Zachariah Brown
Rank
Commander
Start date
22 Jun 1985
End date
8 Jul 1987
David Matthew Cashman
David Matthew Cashman
Name
David Matthew Cashman
Rank
Commander
Start date
1 Aug 1987
End date
21 Sep 1991
Richard Bradford Amirault
Richard Bradford Amirault
Name
Richard Bradford Amirault
Rank
Commander
Start date
21 Sep 1991
End date
29 Jul 1995
Michael Charles Beck
Michael Charles Beck
Name
Michael Charles Beck
Rank
Commander
Start date
29 Jul 1995
End date
26 Jul 1997
Christopher Allan Melhuish
Christopher Allan Melhuish
Name
Christopher Allan Melhuish
Rank
Commander
Start date
26 Jul 1997
End date
30 Jul 1999
William Feeny Foster Jr.
William Feeny Foster Jr.
Name
William Feeny Foster Jr.
Rank
Commander
Start date
30 Jul 1999
End date
11 Aug 2001
Randall Allan Neal
Randall Allan Neal
Name
Randall Allan Neal
Rank
Commander
Start date
11 Aug 2001
End date
19 Jul 2003
Lewin C. Wright
Lewin C. Wright
Name
Lewin C. Wright
Rank
Commander
Start date
19 Jul 2003
End date
30 Jul 2005
Thomas C. Graves (Relieved of Command)
Thomas C. Graves (Relieved of Command)
Name
Thomas C. Graves (Relieved of Command)
Rank
Commander
Start date
30 Jul 2005
End date
10 May 2007
William A. Bullard III
William A. Bullard III
Name
William A. Bullard III
Rank
Commander
Start date
10 May 2007
End date
24 Jul 2009
Timothy M. Cooper
Timothy M. Cooper
Name
Timothy M. Cooper
Rank
Commander
Start date
24 Jul 2009
End date
22 Jul 2011
Matthew Bonner
Matthew Bonner
Name
Matthew Bonner
Rank
Commander
Start date
22 Jul 2011
End date
26 Jul 2013
Sean D. Kearns
Sean D. Kearns
Name
Sean D. Kearns
Rank
Commander
Start date
26 Jul 2013
End date
14 Aug 2015
Robert S. Gerosa Jr.
Robert S. Gerosa Jr.
Name
Robert S. Gerosa Jr.
Rank
Commander
Start date
14 Aug 2015
End date
3 Nov 2017
Nathaniel R. Shick
Nathaniel R. Shick
Name
Nathaniel R. Shick
Rank
Commander
Start date
3 Nov 2017
End date
29 Feb 2020
John A. Benda
John A. Benda
Name
John A. Benda
Rank
Commander
Start date
29 Feb 2020
End date
21 Jan 2022
Billie J. Farrell
Billie J. Farrell
Name
Billie J. Farrell
Rank
Commander
Start date
21 Jan 2022
End date
21 Jun 2024
Crystal L. Schaefer
Crystal L. Schaefer
Name
Crystal L. Schaefer
Rank
Commander
Start date
21 Jun 2024
End date
present
Name
Rank
Start date
End date
Samuel Nicholson
Captain
22 Jul 1798
5 Jun 1799
Silas Talbot
Captain
5 Jun 1799
8 Sep 1801
Nathaniel Haraden
Sailing Master
30 Jun 1802
14 May 1803
Edward Preble
Captain
14 May 1803
28 Oct 1804
Stephen Decatur
Captain
28 Oct 1804
9 Nov 1804
John Rodgers
Captain
9 Nov 1804
30 May 1806
Hugh George Campbell
Captain
30 May 1806
8 Dec 1807
John Rodgers
Captain
20 Feb 1809
17 Jun 1810
Isaac Hull
Captain
17 Jun 1810
15 Sep 1812
William Bainbridge
Captain
15 Sep 1812
18 Jul 1813
Charles Stewart
Captain
18 Jul 1813
16 Jul 1815
Jacob Jones
Captain
1 Apr 1821
31 May 1824
Thomas Macdonough
Captain
31 May 1824
14 Oct 1825
Daniel Todd Patterson
Captain
14 Oct 1825
5 Dec 1825
George Campbell Read
Captain
23 Jan 1826
21 Feb 1826
Daniel Todd Patterson
Captain
21 Feb 1826
19 Jul 1828
Jesse Duncan Elliott
Captain
3 Mar 1835
18 Aug 1838
Daniel Turner
Captain
1 Mar 1839
8 Nov 1841
Foxhall Alexander Parker Sr.
Captain
15 Jul 1842
16 Feb 1843
John Percival
Captain
13 Dec 1843
5 Oct 1846
John Gwinn
Captain
9 Oct 1848
4 Sep 1849
James H. Rowan
Lieutenant
4 Sep 1849
18 Sep 1849
Thomas Anderson Conover
Captain
18 Sep 1849
16 Jan 1851
John Singleton Rudd
Commander
22 Dec 1852
15 Jun 1855
David Dixon Porter
Lieutenant
1 Aug 1860
22 Aug 1860
George Washington Rodgers II
Lieutenant
20 Sep 1860
23 Sep 1861
Edward Phelps Lull
Lieutenant
23 Sep 1861
15 Dec 1863
Henry Martin Blue
Lieutenant
15 Dec 1863
16 Apr 1864
Philip Carrigan Johnson Jr.
Lieutenant Commander
16 Apr 1864
16 Feb 1866
Edmund Matthews
Lieutenant Commander
16 Feb 1866
26 Feb 1866
Thomas Henderson Eastman
Lieutenant Commander
26 Feb 1866
6 Nov 1867
George Dewey
Lieutenant Commander
6 Nov 1867
1 Aug 1870
Henry Lycurgus Howison
Lieutenant Commander
1 Aug 1870
19 Sep 1871
Henry A. Adams Jr.
Captain
13 Jan 1877
15 Aug 1877
James Augustin Greer
Captain
15 Aug 1877
23 Aug 1877
Reigart Boliver Lowry
Captain
23 Aug 1877
5 Sep 1877
Augustus Paul Cooke
Commander
5 Sep 1877
9 Jan 1878
Oscar C. Badger
Captain
9 Jan 1878
2 Aug 1879
Francis H. Baker
Captain
2 Aug 1879
25 Sep 1879
Oscar Fitzalon Stanton
Captain
1 Oct 1879
14 Jun 1881
Edwin Malcolm Shepard
Commander
14 Jun 1881
14 Dec 1881
John William Powers
Lieutenant
20 May 1905
22 May 1905
Louis Joseph Gulliver
Commander
1 Jul 1931
8 Jun 1934
Hermann Pierce Knickerbocker
Lieutenant Commander
24 Aug 1940
1 Dec 1941
Clarence Earl McBride
Lieutenant
1 Dec 1941
27 Mar 1945
Owen William Huff
Lieutenant Commander
27 Mar 1945
8 Jul 1947
Harry Corrolli
Lieutenant
8 Jul 1947
1 Dec 1947
Louis Everette Wood
Chief Warrant Officer
1 Dec 1947
11 Mar 1950
Knud Haabendal Christensen
Chief Warrant Officer
11 Mar 1950
30 Apr 1952
· External links
Preceded byCopp's Hill
Locations along Boston's Freedom Trail USS Constitution
Succeeded byBunker Hill Monument

References

  1. HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades, but she has been in dry dock since 1922.
  2. This was the instruction for the gun crews to blow on their slow matches to make them white hot for igniting a cannon. T
  3. The words painted on the sail were in reference to the Little Belt affair, when USS President had fired on HMS Little Be
  4. The Advertiser reported that the Secretary of the Navy had ordered her to be sold or broken up. Martin presents a valid
  5. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
    https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/constitution.html
  6. "US Navy Fact File – Constitution"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170701203833/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=100&ct=4
  7. Jennings (1966), p. 36.
  8. Navsource
    http://www.navsource.net/archives/09/46/46021.htm
  9. Hollis (1900), p. 39.
  10. Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France
    https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v07.pdf
  11. Constitution
    http://www.ussconstitutionmuseum.org/collections-history/faq/
  12. Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France
    https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v07.pdf
  13. Research and Collections at the USS Constitution Museum
    http://usscm.blogspot.com/2012_07_01_archive.html
  14. National Register of Historic Places
    https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP
  15. USS Constitution Museum
    https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/locations/uss-constitution/
  16. National Museum of the Royal Navy
    https://www.nmrn.org.uk/hms-victory/history
  17. Pickering, Timothy (14 March 1795). Letter to George Washington. Founders Online, National Archives. Retrieved 25 Septem
    https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-17-02-0439
  18. Ironsides! the Ship, the Men and the Wars of the USS Constitution
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YcwsOf5Tw9IC&q=USS%20Constitution&pg=PA8
  19. Allen (1909), pp. 41–42.
  20. Beach (1986), pp. 26–27.
  21. Beach (1986), p. 29.
  22. Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43456786
  23. Toll (2006), pp. 49–53.
  24. Beach (1986), pp. 29–30, 33.
  25. Allen (1909), pp. 42–45.
  26. Hollis (1900), p. 48.
  27. Naval Vessel Register
    https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=1315
  28. Jennings (1966), pp. 10–11.
  29. "The history of enslavement at Boston's Freedom Trail sites is beginning to be told"
    https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/2023/07/19/the-history-of-enslavement-at-bostons-freedom-trail-sites-is-beginning-to-be-told
  30. "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"
    http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=474
  31. "Launching the New U.S. Navy"
    https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/new-us-navy/navy-bill.html
  32. Allen (1909), p. 47.
  33. Hollis (1900), pp. 55–58.
  34. "Christening, Launching, and Commissioning of U.S. Navy Ships"
    https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/christening-launching-and-commissioning-of-u-s-navy-ships.html
  35. Jennings (1966), p. 7.
  36. Jennings (1966), pp. 17–19.
  37. Naval Documents related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers Volume V Part 1 of 3 September 7 1804 through April 1805
    https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_barbarywars_v05p01.pdf
  38. "The Constitution Gun Deck"
    https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/c/the-constitution-gun-deck.html
  39. Constitution
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120728120754/http://www.ussconstitutionmuseum.org/collections-history/faq/
  40. Chicago Tribune
  41. Jennings (1966), p. 44.
  42. Martin (1997), pp. 24–26.
  43. Allen (1909), pp. 69–71.
  44. Martin (1997), p. 33.
  45. Allen (1909), p. 105.
  46. Colledge and Warlow (2006), p. 306.
  47. Winfield (2007), p. 213.
  48. Hollis (1900), pp. 64–65.
  49. "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume 3 Part 1 of 4 Naval Operations April 1799 to July 1799 Pg. 16"
    https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v03p01.pdf
  50. Martin (1997), pp. 38, 40.
  51. Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume
    https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v05p03.pdf
  52. Jennings (1966), p. 60.
  53. "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, February, 1800-March, 1800 Pg. 180"
    https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v05p02.pdf
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