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Turkmenistan

Updated: Wikipedia source

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. It is one of six independent Turkic states. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. With over 7 million people, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations located on the Asian continent. Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once among the biggest cities in the world. It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Turkmenistan has one of the worst human rights records in the world, including for its treatment of minorities, and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy or "Head of the Turkmens") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (who had been the minister of health, vice-president, and then acting president previously); and his son Serdar, who won a subsequent 2022 presidential election described by international observers as neither free nor fair, and now shares power with his father. Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth-largest reserves of natural gas. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. From 1993 to 2019, citizens received government-provided electricity, water and natural gas free of charge. Turkmenistan is an observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States, a founding member of TÜRKSOY (the International Organization of Turkic Culture) and a member of the United Nations.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Ashgabat 37°58′N 58°20′E / 37.967°N 58.333°E / 37.967; 58.333
Official languages
Turkmen
Ethnic groups (2022)
mw- 86.7% Turkmens9.1% Uzbeks1.6% Russians1.2% Baloch1.3% others
Religion (2020)
95.8% Islam3.0% no religion1.1% Christianity0.1% other
Demonyms
TurkmenistaniTurkmen
Government
Unitary presidential republic under a totalitarian hereditary dictatorship
• President
Serdar Berdimuhamedow
• Vice President
Raşit Meredow
• Chairman of the People's Council
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
• Chairperson of the Assembly
Dünýägözel Gulmanowa
• Chairman of the Supreme Court
Begenç Hojamgulyýew
Legislature
Assembly
• Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
13 May 1925
• Declared independence from the Soviet Union
22 August 1990
• Recognized
26 December 1991
• Current constitution
18 May 1992
• Total
$89.05 billion (78th)
• Water
24,069 km2 (9,293 sq mi)
• Water (%)
4.9
• 2022 census
7,057,841 (105th)
• Density
14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi) (221st)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$13,334 (72nd)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (1998)
40.8 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.764high (95th)
Currency
Manat (TMT)
Time zone
UTC 05:00 (TMT)
Calling code
993
ISO 3166 code
TM
Internet TLD
tm

Tables

· Geography › Administrative divisions
Ashgabat City
Ashgabat City
Division
Ashgabat City
ISO 3166-2
TM-S
Capital city
Ashgabat
Area
470 km2 (180 sq mi)
Pop (2022 Census)
1,030,063
Ahal Region
Ahal Region
Division
Ahal Region
ISO 3166-2
TM-A
Capital city
Arkadag
Area
97,160 km2 (37,510 sq mi)
Pop (2022 Census)
886,845
Key
1
Balkan Region
Balkan Region
Division
Balkan Region
ISO 3166-2
TM-B
Capital city
Balkanabat
Area
139,270 km2 (53,770 sq mi)
Pop (2022 Census)
529,895
Key
2
Daşoguz Region
Daşoguz Region
Division
Daşoguz Region
ISO 3166-2
TM-D
Capital city
Daşoguz
Area
73,430 km2 (28,350 sq mi)
Pop (2022 Census)
1,550,354
Key
3
Lebap Region
Lebap Region
Division
Lebap Region
ISO 3166-2
TM-L
Capital city
Türkmenabat
Area
93,730 km2 (36,190 sq mi)
Pop (2022 Census)
1,447,298
Key
4
Mary Region
Mary Region
Division
Mary Region
ISO 3166-2
TM-M
Capital city
Mary
Area
87,150 km2 (33,650 sq mi)
Pop (2022 Census)
1,613,386
Key
5
Division
ISO 3166-2
Capital city
Area
Pop (2022 Census)
Key
Ashgabat City
TM-S
Ashgabat
470 km2 (180 sq mi)
1,030,063
Ahal Region
TM-A
Arkadag
97,160 km2 (37,510 sq mi)
886,845
1
Balkan Region
TM-B
Balkanabat
139,270 km2 (53,770 sq mi)
529,895
2
Daşoguz Region
TM-D
Daşoguz
73,430 km2 (28,350 sq mi)
1,550,354
3
Lebap Region
TM-L
Türkmenabat
93,730 km2 (36,190 sq mi)
1,447,298
4
Mary Region
TM-M
Mary
87,150 km2 (33,650 sq mi)
1,613,386
5

References

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