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Traffic collision avoidance system

Updated: Wikipedia source

Traffic collision avoidance system

A traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS), pronounced TEE-kas), also known as an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS), is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collision (MAC) between aircraft. It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft equipped with a corresponding active transponder, independent of air traffic control, and warns pilots of the presence of other transponder-equipped aircraft which may present a threat of MAC. It is a type of airborne collision avoidance system mandated by the International Civil Aviation Organization to be fitted to all aircraft with a maximum take-off mass (MTOM) of over 5,700 kg (12,600 lb) or authorized to carry more than 19 passengers. In the United States, CFR 14, Ch I, part 135 requires that TCAS I be installed for aircraft with 10–30 passengers and TCAS II for aircraft with more than 30 passengers. ACAS/TCAS is based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals, but operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potentially conflicting aircraft.

In modern glass cockpit aircraft, the TCAS display may be integrated in the navigation display (ND) or electronic horizontal situation indicator (EHSI).

In older glass cockpit aircraft and those with mechanical instrumentation, an integrated TCAS display including an instantaneous vertical speed indicator (IVSI) may replace the mechanical IVSI, which only indicates the rate at which the aircraft is descending or climbing.

Tables

Symbols used to depict nearby traffic on cockpit displays · Overview › System description
◆
◆
◇
◆
Distant traffic
Traffic within 6 NM horizontally and 1200 feet vertically
●
●
◇
●
Distant traffic
Traffic close enough to trigger TA, within 40 seconds of potential collision
■
■
◇
■
Distant traffic
Traffic close enough to trigger RA, within 25 seconds of potential collision
◇
Distant traffic
◆
Traffic within 6 NM horizontally and 1200 feet vertically
●
Traffic close enough to trigger TA, within 40 seconds of potential collision
■
Traffic close enough to trigger RA, within 25 seconds of potential collision
· Operation › Types of traffic and resolution advisories
TA
TA
Type
TA
Text
Traffic; traffic.
Meaning
Intruder near both horizontally and vertically.
Required action
Attempt visual contact, and be prepared to maneuver if an RA occurs.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Climb; climb.
Meaning
Intruder will pass below.
Required action
Begin climbing at 1,500–2,000 ft/min (460–610 m/min).
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Descend. Descend.
Meaning
Intruder will pass above.
Required action
Begin descending at 1,500–2,000 ft/min (460–610 m/min).
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Increase climb.
Meaning
Intruder will pass just below.
Required action
Climb at 2,500–3,000 ft/min (760–910 m/min).
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Increase descent.
Meaning
Intruder will pass just above.
Required action
Descend at 2,500–3,000 ft/min (760–910 m/min).
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Reduce climb.
Meaning
Intruder is probably well below.
Required action
Climb at a slower rate.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Reduce descent.
Meaning
Intruder is probably well above.
Required action
Descend at a slower rate.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Climb; climb now.
Meaning
Intruder that was passing above, will now pass below.
Required action
Change from a descent to a climb.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Descend; descend now.
Meaning
Intruder that was passing below, will now pass above.
Required action
Change from a climb to a descent.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Maintain vertical speed; maintain.
Meaning
Intruder will be avoided if vertical rate is maintained.
Required action
Maintain current vertical rate.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Level off, level off.
Meaning
Intruder considerably away, or weakening of initial RA.
Required action
Begin to level off.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Monitor vertical speed.
Meaning
Intruder ahead in level flight, above or below.
Required action
Remain in level flight.
RA
RA
Type
RA
Text
Crossing.
Meaning
Passing through the intruder's level. Usually added to any other RA.
Required action
Proceed according to the associated RA.
CC
CC
Type
CC
Text
Clear of conflict.
Meaning
Intruder is no longer a threat.
Required action
Return promptly to previous ATC clearance.
Type
Text
Meaning
Required action
TA
Traffic; traffic.
Intruder near both horizontally and vertically.
Attempt visual contact, and be prepared to maneuver if an RA occurs.
RA
Climb; climb.
Intruder will pass below.
Begin climbing at 1,500–2,000 ft/min (460–610 m/min).
RA
Descend. Descend.
Intruder will pass above.
Begin descending at 1,500–2,000 ft/min (460–610 m/min).
RA
Increase climb.
Intruder will pass just below.
Climb at 2,500–3,000 ft/min (760–910 m/min).
RA
Increase descent.
Intruder will pass just above.
Descend at 2,500–3,000 ft/min (760–910 m/min).
RA
Reduce climb.
Intruder is probably well below.
Climb at a slower rate.
RA
Reduce descent.
Intruder is probably well above.
Descend at a slower rate.
RA
Climb; climb now.
Intruder that was passing above, will now pass below.
Change from a descent to a climb.
RA
Descend; descend now.
Intruder that was passing below, will now pass above.
Change from a climb to a descent.
RA
Maintain vertical speed; maintain.
Intruder will be avoided if vertical rate is maintained.
Maintain current vertical rate.
RA
Level off, level off.
Intruder considerably away, or weakening of initial RA.
Begin to level off.
RA
Monitor vertical speed.
Intruder ahead in level flight, above or below.
Remain in level flight.
RA
Crossing.
Passing through the intruder's level. Usually added to any other RA.
Proceed according to the associated RA.
CC
Clear of conflict.
Intruder is no longer a threat.
Return promptly to previous ATC clearance.
TCAS event interaction[8] · Operation › Pilot/aircrew interaction during a TCAS event
Traffic advisory (TA)
Traffic advisory (TA)
Aircrew
Traffic advisory (TA)
Shall not manoeuvre their aircraft in response to traffic advisories (TAs) only
Shall not manoeuvre their aircraft in response to traffic advisories (TAs) only
Aircrew
Shall not manoeuvre their aircraft in response to traffic advisories (TAs) only
Controller
Remains responsible for ATC separation
Should prepare for appropriate action if an RA occurs; but as far as practicable, pilots should not request traffic information
Should prepare for appropriate action if an RA occurs; but as far as practicable, pilots should not request traffic information
Aircrew
Should prepare for appropriate action if an RA occurs; but as far as practicable, pilots should not request traffic information
Controller
If requested by the aircrew, shall give traffic information
Resolution advisory (RA)
Resolution advisory (RA)
Aircrew
Resolution advisory (RA)
Shall respond immediately and manoeuvre as indicated, unless doing so would jeopardize the safety of the aircraft
Shall respond immediately and manoeuvre as indicated, unless doing so would jeopardize the safety of the aircraft
Aircrew
Shall respond immediately and manoeuvre as indicated, unless doing so would jeopardize the safety of the aircraft
Controller
Shall not attempt to modify the flight path of an aircraft responding to an RA
Shall follow the RA even if there is a conflict between the RA and an air traffic control (ATC) instruction to manoeuvre
Shall follow the RA even if there is a conflict between the RA and an air traffic control (ATC) instruction to manoeuvre
Aircrew
Shall follow the RA even if there is a conflict between the RA and an air traffic control (ATC) instruction to manoeuvre
Controller
Shall not issue any clearance or instruction to the aircraft involved until the pilot reports returning to the terms of the assigned ATC clearance or instruction
Shall never manoeuvre in the opposite sense to an RA, nor maintain a vertical rate in the opposite sense to an RA
Shall never manoeuvre in the opposite sense to an RA, nor maintain a vertical rate in the opposite sense to an RA
Aircrew
Shall never manoeuvre in the opposite sense to an RA, nor maintain a vertical rate in the opposite sense to an RA
Controller
Shall acknowledge the report by using the phrase "ROGER"
When deviating from an air traffic control instruction or clearance in response to any RA, shall: As soon as permitted by flight crew workload, notify the appropriate ATC unit of the deviation. Immediately inform ATC when they are unable to comply with a clearance or instruction that conflicts with an RA.
When deviating from an air traffic control instruction or clearance in response to any RA, shall: As soon as permitted by flight crew workload, notify the appropriate ATC unit of the deviation. Immediately inform ATC when they are unable to comply with a clearance or instruction that conflicts with an RA.
Aircrew
When deviating from an air traffic control instruction or clearance in response to any RA, shall: As soon as permitted by flight crew workload, notify the appropriate ATC unit of the deviation. Immediately inform ATC when they are unable to comply with a clearance or instruction that conflicts with an RA.
Controller
If requested by the aircrew, shall give traffic information
Shall promptly comply with any subsequent RAs issued by TCAS
Shall promptly comply with any subsequent RAs issued by TCAS
Aircrew
Shall promptly comply with any subsequent RAs issued by TCAS
Controller
Ceases to be responsible for providing separation between that aircraft and any other aircraft affected as a direct consequence of the manoeuvre induced by the RA, as long as the pilot reported the TCAS RA.
Shall limit the alterations of the flight path to the minimum extent necessary to comply with the resolution advisories
Shall limit the alterations of the flight path to the minimum extent necessary to comply with the resolution advisories
Aircrew
Shall limit the alterations of the flight path to the minimum extent necessary to comply with the resolution advisories
Clear of conflict (CC)
Clear of conflict (CC)
Aircrew
Clear of conflict (CC)
Shall promptly return to the terms of the ATC instruction or clearance when the conflict is resolved
Shall promptly return to the terms of the ATC instruction or clearance when the conflict is resolved
Aircrew
Shall promptly return to the terms of the ATC instruction or clearance when the conflict is resolved
Controller
Shall resume responsibility for providing separation for all the affected aircraft when he acknowledges: A report from the pilot that the aircraft is resuming the assigned ATC clearance or instruction and issues an alternative clearance or instruction which is acknowledged by the pilot A report from the pilot that the aircraft has resumed the assigned ATC clearance or instruction
Shall notify ATC after initiating a return to or resuming the current clearance
Shall notify ATC after initiating a return to or resuming the current clearance
Aircrew
Shall notify ATC after initiating a return to or resuming the current clearance
Aircrew
Controller
Traffic advisory (TA)
Shall not manoeuvre their aircraft in response to traffic advisories (TAs) only
Remains responsible for ATC separation
Should prepare for appropriate action if an RA occurs; but as far as practicable, pilots should not request traffic information
If requested by the aircrew, shall give traffic information
Resolution advisory (RA)
Shall respond immediately and manoeuvre as indicated, unless doing so would jeopardize the safety of the aircraft
Shall not attempt to modify the flight path of an aircraft responding to an RA
Shall follow the RA even if there is a conflict between the RA and an air traffic control (ATC) instruction to manoeuvre
Shall not issue any clearance or instruction to the aircraft involved until the pilot reports returning to the terms of the assigned ATC clearance or instruction
Shall never manoeuvre in the opposite sense to an RA, nor maintain a vertical rate in the opposite sense to an RA
Shall acknowledge the report by using the phrase "ROGER"
When deviating from an air traffic control instruction or clearance in response to any RA, shall: As soon as permitted by flight crew workload, notify the appropriate ATC unit of the deviation. Immediately inform ATC when they are unable to comply with a clearance or instruction that conflicts with an RA.
If requested by the aircrew, shall give traffic information
Shall promptly comply with any subsequent RAs issued by TCAS
Ceases to be responsible for providing separation between that aircraft and any other aircraft affected as a direct consequence of the manoeuvre induced by the RA, as long as the pilot reported the TCAS RA.
Shall limit the alterations of the flight path to the minimum extent necessary to comply with the resolution advisories
Clear of conflict (CC)
Shall promptly return to the terms of the ATC instruction or clearance when the conflict is resolved
Shall resume responsibility for providing separation for all the affected aircraft when he acknowledges: A report from the pilot that the aircraft is resuming the assigned ATC clearance or instruction and issues an alternative clearance or instruction which is acknowledged by the pilot A report from the pilot that the aircraft has resumed the assigned ATC clearance or instruction
Shall notify ATC after initiating a return to or resuming the current clearance
· Current implementation › Regulatory situation around the world
India (DGCA)
India (DGCA)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
India (DGCA)
Classification of aircraft
Aeroplane having a maximum certified passenger seating configuration of more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 3 tons
TCAS mode
TCAS II
Date of mandate
31 December 1998
USA (FAA)
USA (FAA)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
USA (FAA)
Classification of aircraft
All commercial turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats (or MTOM above 33,000 lb or 15,000 kg)
TCAS mode
TCAS II
Date of mandate
1 January 1994
Europe (EASA)
Europe (EASA)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Europe (EASA)
Classification of aircraft
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats (or MTOM above 15,000 kg)
TCAS mode
TCAS II
Date of mandate
1 January 2000
Europe (EASA)
Europe (EASA)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Europe (EASA)
Classification of aircraft
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
TCAS mode
ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.1)
Date of mandate
1 March 2012
Europe (EASA)
Europe (EASA)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Europe (EASA)
Classification of aircraft
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
TCAS mode
ACAS Xa or ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.1)
Date of mandate
10 March 2025
Australia (CASA)
Australia (CASA)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Australia (CASA)
Classification of aircraft
All commercial turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats (or MTOM above 15,000 kg)
TCAS mode
TCAS II
Date of mandate
1 January 2000
Hong Kong (Civil Aviation Department)
Hong Kong (Civil Aviation Department)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Hong Kong (Civil Aviation Department)
Classification of aircraft
All aircraft in Hong Kong with more than 9 passenger seats (or MTOM greater than 5,700 kg)
TCAS mode
TCAS II Version 7.0
Date of mandate
1 January 2000
Brazil (National Civil Aviation Agency)
Brazil (National Civil Aviation Agency)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Brazil (National Civil Aviation Agency)
Classification of aircraft
All transport category aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats
TCAS mode
TCAS II Version 7.0
Date of mandate
1 January 2008
Peru (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil)
Peru (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Peru (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil)
Classification of aircraft
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
TCAS mode
ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.0)
Date of mandate
1 January 2005
Argentina (ANAC)
Argentina (ANAC)
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Argentina (ANAC)
Classification of aircraft
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
TCAS mode
ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.0)
Date of mandate
1 December 2014
Jurisdiction (Agency)
Classification of aircraft
TCAS mode
Date of mandate
India (DGCA)
Aeroplane having a maximum certified passenger seating configuration of more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 3 tons
TCAS II
31 December 1998
USA (FAA)
All commercial turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats (or MTOM above 33,000 lb or 15,000 kg)
TCAS II
1 January 1994
Europe (EASA)
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats (or MTOM above 15,000 kg)
TCAS II
1 January 2000
Europe (EASA)
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.1)
1 March 2012
Europe (EASA)
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
ACAS Xa or ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.1)
10 March 2025
Australia (CASA)
All commercial turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats (or MTOM above 15,000 kg)
TCAS II
1 January 2000
Hong Kong (Civil Aviation Department)
All aircraft in Hong Kong with more than 9 passenger seats (or MTOM greater than 5,700 kg)
TCAS II Version 7.0
1 January 2000
Brazil (National Civil Aviation Agency)
All transport category aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats
TCAS II Version 7.0
1 January 2008
Peru (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil)
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.0)
1 January 2005
Argentina (ANAC)
All civil turbine-powered transport aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats (or MTOM above 5,700 kg)
ACAS II (Effectively TCAS II Version 7.0)
1 December 2014

References

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