Tour de France

References

1. Giffard was the first to suggest a race that lasted several days, new to cycling but established practice in car racing.
2. L'Auto preferred to concentrate on the Coupe Gordon-Bennett car race, even though it wasn't to start for another 48 hour
3. The use of false and often colourful names was not unusual. It reflected not only the daring of the enterprise but the s
4. The formula in 1905 was a combination of both time and points. Riders had points deducted for each five minutes lost.
5. A race for female cyclists similar to the men's Tour de France had been organized in 1955, but it was not official.
6. Jacques Goddet said in his autobiography that teams were using the rule to eliminate rivals. A rider in last position kn
7. Pierre Bost was a journalist and playwright known for the prolific film and stage scripts he wrote in the 1940s. He died
8. Jean-Pierre Lachaud joined the Tour de France caravan in 1983 to distribute publicity for Crédit Lyonnais, the bank that
9. A podium camera is not one focused on the winner's podium but a full-scale camera on a mount, or podium.
10. A school book written by Augustine Fouillée under the name G. Bruno and published in 1877, it sold 6 million by 1900, 7
11. Anquetil took the yellow jersey after the second half-stage (time trial) of the first day, Darrigade having won the firs
12. The Telegraph
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13. "1903 Tour de France"
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14. "2008–2009 UCI Road Calendar"
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15. Cycling Weekly
    http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/530629/uci-worldtour-calendar-2012.html
16. "Tour de France 2011 – Stage by stage"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111223070556/http://www.letour.fr/2011/TDF/LIVE/us/2100/etape_par_etape.html#zone3
17. Bicycling Magazine
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18. "UCI Regulations"
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19. Augendre 1996, p. 17.
20. "Regulations of the race"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060705025939/http://www.letour.fr/2006/TDF/LIVE/docs/reglement_2006_us.pdf
21. the Guardian
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22. Boeuf & Léonard 2003, p. 23.
23. Nicholson 1991.
24. Goddet 1991, p. 16.
25. Woodland 2007.
26. Goddet 1991, p. 20.
27. Spaarnestad Photo image number SFA001006411
28. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 13.
29. Nicholson 1991, p. 44.
30. Cazeneuve & Chany 2011, p. 21.
31. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 131.
32. Cazeneuve & Chany 2011, p. 26.
33. Allchin & Bell 2003, p. 3.
34. Tour de France: The Illustrated History
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35. McGann & McGann 2006, p. 11.
36. Seray 2000, p. 154.
37. McGann & McGann 2006, p. 12.
38. Seray 2000, p. 129.
39. Seray 2000, p. 148.
40. Augendre 1996, p. 9.
41. McGann & McGann 2006.
42. Augendre 1996, p. 7.
43. Seray 2000.
44. Augendre 1996, p. 36.
45. Augendre 1996, p. 23.
46. Augendre 1996, p. 25.
47. Augendre 1996, p. 27.
48. Augendre 1996, p. 37.
49. Masso 2003, p. 50.
50. McGann & McGann 2006, p. 84.
51. Augendre 1996, p. 30.
52. "Tour de France, 100 ans, 1903–2003", L'Équipe, France, 2003, p182
53. Goddet 1991.
54. Tour de France, 100 ans, 1903–2003, L'Équipe, France, 2003, p227
55. Libération, France, 4 July 2003.
56. "Cycling Revealed – Tour de France Timeline"
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57. Dauncey & Hare 2013.
58. Augendre 1996, p. 55.
59. Masso 2003, p. 122.
60. McGann & McGann 2006, pp. 253–259.
61. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 115.
62. sports-reference.com
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63. Augendre 1996, p. 59.
64. Nicholson 1991, p. 50.
65. Augendre 1996, p. 60.
66. Masso 2003, p. 126.
67. Augendre 1996, p. 62.
68. Cycling News
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69. The Guardian
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70. Augendre 1996, p. 69.
71. "Tour de France féminin"
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72. Cycling News
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73. McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 171–178.
74. Cyclismas
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75. McGann & McGann 2008, pp. 178–184.
76. Augendre 1996, p. 87.
77. Sports Reference
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78. "Tour no longer lists Riis as champ after doping admission"
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79. "Guide Historique"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121019082316/http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/COURSE/docs/histo2009_05.pdf
80. Christian Science Monitor
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81. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/aug/07/alberto-contador-retire-cycling-vuelta-a-espana
82. Sydney Morning Herald
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83. "Carlos Sastre Wins Doping Scarred Tour"
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84. "Lemond: Doping Era Denied Evans His Best Years"
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85. ESPN.co.uk
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86. USA Today
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87. Reuters
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88. "Tour de France to go ahead at end of August after coronavirus delay"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cycling/52275648
89. "The Tour de France Goes Virtual"
    https://www.outsideonline.com/2415248/tour-de-france-virtual-online-coronavirus
90. "Tadej Pogačar: Shark in Sheeps Clothing"
    https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/tadej-pogacar-shark-in-sheeps-clothing-tour-de-france-champion/
91. "Mark Cavendish ties Eddy Merckx's record 34 Tour de France stage wins"
    https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/07/09/mark-cavendish-tour-de-france-stage-wins-merckx/
92. the Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jul/31/annemiek-van-vleuten-claims-tour-de-france-femmes-after-final-stage-win
93. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/21/tadej-pogacar-wraps-up-tour-de-france-victory-to-seal-historic-double
94. "Tour de France: Cavendish breaks Merckx's record with 35th stage win"
    https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sports/article/2024/07/03/tour-de-france-cavendish-breaks-merckx-s-record-with-35th-stage-win_6676578_9.html
95. "A tribute to Cavendish"
    https://www.letour.fr/es/video/8749/a-tribute-to-cavendish-etapa-5-tour-de-france-2024
96. Sporting Life
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97. "Tour de France demystified — Evaluating success"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130209134934/http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html
98. Woodland 2007, p. 203.
99. "Tour de France 2019 – Rules"
    https://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cycling_tdf/rules-reglement-tour-de-france-2019.pdf
100. Cycling News
     http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/peter-sagan-toughs-it-out-to-win-his-sixth-green-jersey-in-paris/
101. "Tour Xtra: Green Jersey"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20070921215202/http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/green.htm
102. Cycling Weekly
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103. "Regulations of the race"
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104. "Krys eyes Tour de France's white jersey – SportsPro Media"
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105. Woodland 2007, p. 96.
106. Thompson 2008, p. 40.
107. Augendre 1996, p. 45.
108. Road.cc
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109. Augendre 1996, p. 77.
110. BBC H2G2
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111. Augendre 1996, p. 61.
112. Augendre 1996, p. 83.
113. Woodland 2007, p. 300–304.
114. Augendre 1996, p. 69–83.
115. "Règlement de l'épreuve et Liste des prix"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20100213041745/http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/LIVE/us/reglements.html
116. Rouleur
     https://www.rouleur.it/blogs/the-rouleur-journal/the-coupe-making-the-tour-de-france-trophy
117. Le blog de l'Ardoisier
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118. We Love Cycling magazine
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119. "2024 Tour de France final podium with the Glass Trophies"
     https://d2p6e6u75xmxt8.cloudfront.net/2/2024/07/Tour-de-France-2024-Podium-Girmay-Pogacar-Evenepoel-profimedia-0891300693-CVR.webp
120. brujulabike.com
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121. "2015 Route"
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122. "Race Regulations 2015"
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123. Cycling Weekly
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124. Augendre 1996, p. 34.
125. Augendre 1996, p. 81.
126. The New York Times
     https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/27/sports/tour-de-france-roche-victory-caps-strong-comeback.html
127. The Yellow Jersey Club
     https://books.google.com/books?id=MROCBgAAQBAJ
128. "The Outer Line: Remembering Greg LeMond's thrilling victory 30 years later"
     https://www.velonews.com/2019/07/tour-de-france/the-outer-line-remembering-greg-lemonds-thrilling-victory-30-years-later_497894
129. "Tour de France Letters Special – 23 July 2004"
     http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/tour04.php?id=letters/2004/jul23tourletters#Fan
130. CyclingNews
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131. France Bleu
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132. "Tour de France 2011 – The Galibier 1911–2011"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20110720075914/http://www.letour.fr/2011/TDF/COURSE/us/le_galibier.html
133. "Tour de France Stage 19 stopped due to hailstorm and landslide, could have lasting race implications"
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134. "Provence Blog by ProvenceBeyond: Tour de France starting in Monaco"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20090212200635/http://provenceblog.typepad.com/provence_blog_by_provence/2007/06/tour-de-france-.html
135. The Straits Times
     https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/for-tour-de-france-foreign-starts-are-a-money-spinner
136. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 37.
137. Cazeneuve & Chany 2011, p. 242.
138. Le Petit Bleu de Lot-et-Garonne, France, 20 July 2005
139. "Cette caravane de soixante camions barriolés qui chantent à travers la campagne les vertus d'un apéritif, d'un caleçon
140. Le Tour Guide, France, 2000
141. GAN Spécial Tour de France, 1994
142. France 24
     https://www.france24.com/en/20190703-tour-insists-it-working-greener-sponsors-caravan
143. "Tour de France condemned over 'avalanche' of 15 million bits of plastic thrown to crowd"
     https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/tour-de-france-plastic-waste-crowd-caravan-pollution-environment-a9022226.html
144. Reporterre, le média de l'écologie - Indépendant et en accès libre
     https://reporterre.net/Au-Tour-de-France-la-caravane-publicitaire-est-une-gabegie-ecologique
145. "And the Tour de France winner is… plastic!"
     https://www.zerowastefrance.org/en/project/tour-de-france-winner-plastic/
146. The Bicycle, UK, 8 July 1943, p6
147. "La Corse fait-elle peur au Tour de France ? – le Plus"
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148. L'Équipe Magazine, France, 23 October 2004
149. "Tour de France: Cycling's showcase event remains heavily sponsored by fossil fuels"
     https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sports/article/2025/07/20/tour-de-france-cycling-s-showcase-remains-heavily-sponsored-by-fossil-fuels_6743558_9.html
150. VICE
     https://www.vice.com/en/article/ineos-tour-de-france-sportswashing/
151. Badvertising
     https://www.badverts.org/latest/itv-report-on-totalenergies-sportswashing-at-the-2025-tour-de-france
152. POLITICO
     https://www.politico.eu/article/tour-de-france-political-elite/
153. "Tour de France Urged Not to "Sportswash" Bahrain's Human Rights Abuses – Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy"
     https://birdbh.org/2019/07/tour-de-france-urged-not-to-sportswash-bahrains-human-rights-abuses/
154. "Tour de France Urged Not to "Sportswash" Bahrain's Human Rights Abuses – Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy"
     https://birdbh.org/2019/07/tour-de-france-urged-not-to-sportswash-bahrains-human-rights-abuses/
155. Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain
     https://www.adhrb.org/2020/08/bahrains-sportswashing-of-the-tour-de-france/
156. The Guardian
     https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2022/jan/24/sportswashing-is-associated-with-certain-countries-why-not-israel
157. Haaretz
     https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-08-10/ty-article-magazine/.premium/tour-de-france-helps-israel-sportswash-hitting-the-brakes-on-an-israeli-cycling-team/00000198-9381-d85a-ad9b-b7b129030000
158. BDS Movement
     http://web.archive.org/web/20240520063002/https://bdsmovement.net/road-closed
159. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
     https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/sports/article-862646
160. The Times of Israel
     https://www.timesofisrael.com/anti-israel-activists-protest-israeli-team-at-tour-de-france-call-for-ban/
161. Reuters
     https://www.reuters.com/sports/activists-protest-over-gaza-during-tour-de-france-call-israeli-team-be-barred-2025-07-23/
162. RMC Sport
     https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/cyclisme/tour-de-france/tour-de-france-2025-le-monde-du-sport-n-a-pas-fait-son-travail-le-militant-anti-israel-justifie-son-action-sur-la-ligne-d-arrivee-de-la-11e-etape_AV-202508010279.html
163. "During stage 11 of the Tour de France in Toulouse, an activist stormed the track near the finish line, wearing a shirt that read "Israel out of the Tour""
     https://web.facebook.com/reel/1029919855868204
164. Cyclingnews
     https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/political-protestor-tackled-at-tour-de-france-finish-in-toulouse-as-abrahamsen-schmid-duo-sweep-across-the-line-to-conclude-stage-11/
165. ladepeche.fr
     https://www.ladepeche.fr/2025/08/01/entretien-tour-de-france-je-veux-plaider-la-liberte-dexpression-confie-le-jeune-militant-toulousain-qui-a-fait-irruption-sur-la-11e-etape-12851789.php
166. Le Monde diplomatique
     https://mondediplo.com/outside-in/tour-de-france-forced-labour
167. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 149.
168. www.letour.fr
     https://www.letour.fr/en/news/2023/2024-grand-depart-first-times-a-charm-for-italy/1308973
169. "111th Edition : A set of aces on top of the bill - Tour de France 2024"
     https://www.letour.fr/en/news/2024/111th-edition-a-set-of-aces-on-top-of-the-bill/1316767
170. BBC News
     https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-33513232
171. Guide Historique
     http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2014/histoire/Historique-VERSION_INTEGRALE-fr.pdf
172. Rouleur
     https://www.rouleur.cc/blogs/the-rouleur-journal/behind-the-making-of-the-tours-grand-depart
173. Selling the Yellow Jersey: The Tour de France in the Global Era
174. Velonews
     https://web.archive.org/web/20140721071009/http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/12/tour-de-france/foreign-grand-tour-starts-are-big-business_269064
175. Reuters
     https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cycling-tour-idUSKBN2BI1H9
176. Augendre 1996, p. 21.
177. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 134.
178. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 136.
179. Thompson 2008, p. 283.
180. Thompson 2008, p. 137.
181. Dauncey & Hare 2013, p. 117.
182. "The helicopter team that films the Tour de France is one of a kind"
     https://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/07/how-helicopters-bring-us-amazing-views-of-the-tour-de-france/
183. Hélicoptères de France
     https://web.archive.org/web/20190717024835/http://hdf.fr/en/actualites
184. Thompson 2008, p. 48.
185. UK Parliament Early Day Motions
     https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/19257/channel-4-and-the-tour-de-france
186. The Guardian
     https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/oct/28/joy-of-six-sport-theme-tunes-bbc
187. Cycling Weekly
     https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/no-free-to-air-live-coverage-of-tour-de-france-in-uk-from-2026-broadcaster-confirms
188. Awful Announcing
     https://awfulannouncing.com/nbc/nbc-sports-renews-with-tour-de-france-through-2029-with-all-stages-exclusively-airing-on-peacock-in-2024.html
189. "No word could describe the Tour de France, so OLN made one up"
     http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/05/20040531/Media/No-Word-Could-Describe-The-Tour-De-France-So-OLN-Made-One-Up.aspx?hl=YES%20Network&sc=0
190. The New York Times
     https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/sports/othersports/07sandomir.html
191. The New York Times
     https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/28/sports/hockey/28sandomir.html
192. SVG Europe
     https://www.svgeurope.org/blog/headlines/live-from-tour-de-france-nbc-sports-network-tells-story-of-stage-7-to-nuits-saint-georges/
193. MediaPost
     https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223213/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticle&art_aid=150158
194. "SBJ: Exit Versus, enter the NBC Sports Network"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20120928092911/http://aol.sportingnews.com/nhl/story/2011-08-01/sbj-exit-versus-enter-the-nbc-sports-network
195. "ViewerTrack, The most watched TV sporting events of 2009"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20111017063843/http://initiative.com/sites/default/files/ViewerTrack_2010.pdf
196. "Tour de France Facts, Figures and Trivia"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20080914071106/http://gofrance.about.com/od/tourdefrance/ss/06tourdefrance_2.htm
197. Boeuf & Léonard 2003, p. 67.
198. L'image d'une France unifiée par le sol, Vigarello, Georges, Le Tour de France, p. 3807, cited Boeuf, p. 67.
199. Imaginaire
     https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-276/lecture-9
200. Boeuf & Léonard 2003, p. 70.
201. Boeuf & Léonard 2003, p. 74.
202. Boeuf & Léonard 2003, p. 75–76.
203. Chris Jones, Kraftwerk, Tour De France Soundtracks (), BBC, 4 August 2003.
     https://web.archive.org/web/20030811223203/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/classicpop/reviews/kraftwerk_france.shtml
204. "A splendid thing"
     http://gilhaney.wordpress.com/2009/11/16/a-splendid-thing/
205. Sports Illustrated
206. "Tour de Lead Graffiti: 23 posters in 23 days"
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207. Sydney Morning Herald
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282. Tour de France Singapore criterium
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