| | Years from now | Event |
| | 1,000 | Due to the lunar tides decelerating the Earth's rotation, the average length of a solar day will be .mw- .mw- 1⁄30 of an SI second longer than it is today. To compensate, either a leap second will have to be added to the end of a day multiple times during each month, or one or more consecutive leap seconds will have to be added at the end of some or all months. |
| | 2,000 | As Earth's poles precess, Gamma Cephei replaces Polaris as the northern pole star. |
| | 1,000 – 10,000 | As one of the long-term effects of global warming, the Greenland ice sheet will have completely melted. The melt rate will depend on the amount of carbon emissions in the air. |
| | 10,000 | If a failure of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin "ice plug" in the next few centuries were to endanger the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, it would take up to this long to melt completely. Sea levels would rise 3 to 4 metres. One of the potential long-term effects of global warming, this is separate from the shorter-term threat to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. |
| | 10,000 | If humans were extinct, Earth would be midway through a stable warm period with the next glacial period of the Quaternary glaciation due in 10,000 years, but if humans survived and did impact their planet, the greenhouse gas emissions would disrupt this natural cycle. According to research, the carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels could cause the planet to skip glacial periods repeatedly for at least the next 500,000 years. |
| | 10,000 – 1 million | The red supergiant stars Betelgeuse and Antares will likely have exploded as supernovae. For a few months, the explosions should be easily visible on Earth in daylight. |
| | 11,700 | As Earth's poles precess, Vega, the fifth-brightest star in the sky, becomes the northern pole star. Although Earth cycles through many different naked-eye northern pole stars, Vega is the brightest. |
| | 11,000–15,000 | By this point, halfway through Earth's precessional cycle, Earth's axial tilt will be mirrored, causing summer and winter to occur on opposite sides of Earth's orbit. This means that the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere will be less extreme than they are today, as it will face away from the Sun at Earth's perihelion and towards the Sun at aphelion; the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere will be more extreme, as it experiences more pronounced seasonal variation because of a higher percentage of land. |
| | 15,000 | The oscillating tilt of Earth's poles will have moved the North African Monsoon far enough north to change the climate of the Sahara back into a tropical one such as it had 5,000–10,000 years ago. |
| | 17,000 | The best-guess recurrence rate for a "civilization-threatening" supervolcanic eruption large enough to eject one teratonne (one trillion tonnes) of pyroclastic material. |
| | 25,000 | The northern polar ice cap of Mars could recede as the planet reaches a warming peak of its northern hemisphere during the c. 50,000-year perihelion precession aspect of its Milankovitch cycle. |
| | 36,000 | The small red dwarf Ross 248 will pass within 3.024 light-years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun. It will recede after about 8,000 years, making first Alpha Centauri (again) and then Gliese 445 the nearest stars (see timeline). |
| | 50,000 | According to Berger and Loutre, the current interglacial period will end, sending the Earth back into a glacial period of the Quaternary glaciation, regardless of the effects of anthropogenic global warming. However, according to more recent studies in 2016, anthropogenic climate change, if left unchecked, may delay this otherwise expected glacial period by as much as an additional 50,000 years, potentially skipping it entirely. Niagara Falls will have eroded the remaining 32 km to Lake Erie and will therefore cease to exist. The many glacial lakes of the Canadian Shield will have been erased by post-glacial rebound and erosion. |
| | 50,000 | Due to lunar tides decelerating the Earth's rotation, a day on Earth is expected to be one SI second longer than it is today. To compensate, either a leap second will have to be added to the end of every day, or the length of the day will have to be officially lengthened by one SI second. |
| | 60,000 | It is possible that the current cooling trend might be interrupted by an interstadial phase (a warmer period), with the next glacial maximum of the Quaternary glaciation reached only in about 100 kyr AP. |
| | 100,000 | The proper motion of stars across the celestial sphere, which results from their movement through the Milky Way, renders many of the constellations unrecognizable. |
| | 100,000 | The red hypergiant star VY Canis Majoris will likely have exploded in a supernova. |
| | 100,000 | Native North American earthworms, such as Megascolecidae, will have naturally spread north through the United States Upper Midwest to the Canada–US border, recovering from the Laurentide ice sheet glaciation (38°N to 49°N), assuming a migration rate of 10 metres per year, and that a possible renewed glaciation by this time has not prevented this. (However, humans have already introduced non-native invasive earthworms of North America on a much shorter timescale, causing a shock to the regional ecosystem.) |
| | 100,000 – 10 million | Cupid and Belinda, moons of Uranus, will likely have collided. |
| | 100,000 | Earth will likely have undergone a supervolcanic eruption large enough to erupt 400 km3 (96 cubic miles) of magma. |
| | 100,000 | According to Berger and Loutre, the next glacial maximum of the Quaternary glaciation is expected to be the most intense, regardless of the effects of anthropogenic global warming. |
| | > 100,000 | As one of the long-term effects of global warming, ten percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide will still remain in a stabilized atmosphere. |
| | 250,000 | Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi), the youngest volcano in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, will rise above the surface of the ocean and become a new volcanic island. |
| | c. 300,000 | At some point in the next few hundred thousand years, the Wolf–Rayet star WR 104 may explode in a supernova. There is a small chance that WR 104 is spinning fast enough to produce a gamma-ray burst (GRB), and an even smaller chance that such a GRB could pose a threat to life on Earth. |
| | 500,000 | Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid of roughly 1 km in diameter, assuming that it is not averted. |
| | 500,000 | The rugged terrain of Badlands National Park in South Dakota will have eroded completely. |
| | 600,000 | The estimated time for the third super-eruption of the Toba supervolcano by this date. The first super-eruption occurred around 840,000 years ago, after 1.4 million years of magma input, whereas magma fed the second super-eruption at 75,000 years. |
| | 1 million | Meteor Crater, a large impact crater in Arizona considered the "freshest" of its kind, will have worn away. |
| | 1 million | Desdemona and Cressida, moons of Uranus, will likely have collided. The stellar system Eta Carinae will likely have exploded in a supernova. |
| | 1 million | Earth will likely have undergone a supervolcanic eruption large enough to erupt 3,200 km3 (770 cubic miles) of magma, an event comparable to the Toba supereruption 75,000 years ago. |
| | million | The star Gliese 710 will pass as close as 0.051 parsecs (0.1663 light-years; 10,520 astronomical units) to the Sun before moving away. This will gravitationally perturb members of the Oort cloud, a halo of icy bodies orbiting at the edge of the Solar System, thereafter raising the likelihood of a cometary impact in the inner Solar System. |
| | 2 million | The estimated time for the full recovery of coral reef ecosystems from human-caused ocean acidification if such acidification goes unchecked; the recovery of marine ecosystems after the acidification event that occurred about 65 million years ago took a similar length of time. |
| | 2 million+ | The Grand Canyon will erode further, deepening slightly, but principally widening into a broad valley surrounding the Colorado River. |
| | million | The average orbital half-life of current centaurs, which are unstable because of gravitational interactions with the several outer planets. See predictions for notable centaurs. |
| | 3 million | Due to tidal deceleration gradually slowing Earth's rotation, a day on Earth is expected to be one minute longer than it is today. To compensate, either a "leap minute" will have to be added to the end of every day, or the length of the day will have to be officially lengthened by one SI minute. |
| | 6 million | Estimated time for comet C/1999 F1 (Catalina), one of the longest-period comets known to return to the inner Solar System, after having travelled in its orbit out to its aphelion 66,600 AU (1.053 light-years) from the Sun and back. |
| | 10 million | The Red Sea will flood the widening East African Rift valley, causing a new ocean basin to divide the continent of Africa and the African plate into the newly formed Nubian plate and the Somali plate. The Indian plate will advance into Tibet by 180 km (110 mi). Nepali territory, whose boundaries are defined by the Himalayan peaks and the plains of India, will cease to exist. |
| | 10 million | The estimated time for the full recovery of biodiversity after a potential Holocene extinction, if it were on the scale of the five previous major extinction events. Even without a mass extinction, by this time most current species will have disappeared through the background extinction rate, with many clades gradually evolving into new forms. |
| | 15 million | An estimated 694 stars will have approached the Solar System to less than 5 parsecs. Of these, 26 have a good probability to come within 1.0 parsec (3.3 light-years) and 7 within 0.5 parsecs (1.6 light-years). |
| | 20 million | The Strait of Gibraltar will have closed due to subduction and a Ring of Fire will form in the Atlantic, similar to that in the Pacific. |
| | 30 million | Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid of roughly 5 km in diameter, assuming that it is not averted. |
| | 50 million | The maximum estimated time before the moon Phobos collides with Mars. |
| | 50 million | According to Christopher Scotese, the movement of the San Andreas Fault will cause the Gulf of California to flood into the California Central Valley. This will form a new inland sea on the West Coast of North America, causing the current locations of Los Angeles and San Francisco in California to merge.[failed verification] The Californian coast will begin to be subducted into the Aleutian Trench. Africa's collision with Eurasia will close the Mediterranean basin and create a mountain range similar to the Himalayas. The Appalachian Mountains peaks will have largely worn away, weathering at 5.7 Bubnoff units, although topography will actually rise as regional valleys deepen at twice this rate. |
| | 50–60 million | The Canadian Rockies will have worn away to a plain, assuming a rate of 60 Bubnoff units. The Southern Rockies in the United States are eroding at a somewhat slower rate. |
| | 50–400 million | The estimated time for Earth to naturally replenish its fossil fuel reserves. |
| | 80 million | The Big Island will have become the last of the current Hawaiian Islands to sink beneath the surface of the ocean, while a more recently formed chain of "new Hawaiian Islands" will then have emerged in their place. |
| | 100 million | Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid comparable in size to the one that triggered the K–Pg extinction 66 million years ago, assuming this is not averted. |
| | 100 million | According to the Pangaea Proxima model created by Christopher R. Scotese, a new subduction zone will open in the Atlantic Ocean, and the Americas will begin to converge back toward Africa.[failed verification] Upper estimate for the lifespan of Saturn's rings in their current state. |
| | 110 million | The Sun's luminosity will have increased by one percent. |
