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The Troubles

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The Troubles

The Troubles (Irish: Na Trioblóidí) were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted for about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England, and mainland Europe. Sometimes described as an asymmetric or irregular war or a low-intensity conflict, the Troubles were a political and nationalistic struggle fueled by historical events, with a strong ethnic and sectarian dimension, fought over the status of Northern Ireland. Unionists and loyalists, who for historical reasons were mostly Ulster Protestants, wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists and republicans, who were mostly Irish Catholics, wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a united Ireland. Despite the division between Protestants and Catholics, it was not primarily a religious war. The conflict began during a campaign by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association to end discrimination against the Catholic-nationalist minority by the Protestant-unionist government and local authorities. The government attempted to suppress the protests. The police, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), were overwhelmingly Protestant and known for sectarianism and police brutality. The campaign was also violently opposed by Ulster loyalists, who believed it was a front for republican political activity. Increasing tensions led to the August 1969 riots and the deployment of British troops, in what became the British Army's longest operation. "Peace walls" were built in some areas to keep the two communities apart. Some Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a more neutral force than the RUC, but soon came to see it as hostile and biased, particularly after Bloody Sunday in 1972. The main participants in the Troubles were republican paramilitaries such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA); loyalist paramilitaries such as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA); British state security forces such as the British Army and RUC; and political activists. The security forces of the Republic of Ireland played a smaller role. Republicans carried out a guerrilla campaign against British forces as well as a bombing campaign against infrastructural, commercial, and political targets. Loyalists attacked republicans/nationalists and the wider Catholic community in what they described as retaliation. At times, there were bouts of sectarian tit-for-tat violence, as well as feuds within and between paramilitary groups. The British security forces undertook policing and counterinsurgency campaigns, primarily against republicans. There were incidents of collusion between British state forces and loyalist paramilitaries (see Stevens Inquiries). The Troubles also involved numerous riots, mass protests, and acts of civil disobedience, and led to increased segregation and the creation of temporary no-go areas. More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict, of whom 52% were civilians, 32% were members of the British security forces, and 16% were members of paramilitary groups. Republican paramilitaries were responsible for 60% of total deaths, followed by loyalist paramilitaries at 30% and security forces at 10%. Loyalists were responsible for 48% of all civilian deaths, however, followed by republicans at 39% and security forces at 10%. The Northern Ireland peace process led to paramilitary ceasefires and talks between the main political parties, which resulted in the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. This Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of "power-sharing" and it included acceptance of the principle of consent, commitment to civil and political rights, parity of esteem between the two communities, police reform, paramilitary disarmament, and early release of paramilitary prisoners. There has been sporadic violence since the Agreement, including punishment attacks, loyalist gangs' control of major organised crime rackets (e.g., drugs supply, community coercion and violence, intimidation), and violent crime linked to dissident republican groups.

Infobox

Date
Late 1960s–1998[a]
Location
Northern Ireland[b]
Result
Military stalemate Good Friday Agreement (1998) St Andrews Agreement (2006) Withdrawal of British forces taking part in Operation Banner Disarmament of paramilitary groups Continuing sporadic violence

Tables

Responsibility for killing[39] · Casualties › Responsibility
Republican paramilitary groups
Republican paramilitary groups
Responsible party
Republican paramilitary groups
No.
2,058
%
60%
Loyalist paramilitary groups
Loyalist paramilitary groups
Responsible party
Loyalist paramilitary groups
No.
1,027
%
30%
British security forces
British security forces
Responsible party
British security forces
No.
365
%
10%
Persons unknown
Persons unknown
Responsible party
Persons unknown
No.
77
Irish security forces
Irish security forces
Responsible party
Irish security forces
No.
5
Total
Total
Responsible party
Total
No.
3,532
Responsible party
No.
%
Republican paramilitary groups
2,058
60%
Loyalist paramilitary groups
1,027
30%
British security forces
365
10%
Persons unknown
77
Irish security forces
5
Total
3,532
Deaths by status of victim[9] · Casualties › Status
Civilians (inc. Civilian political activists)
Civilians (inc. Civilian political activists)
Status
Civilians (inc. Civilian political activists)
No.
1840
British security force personnel (serving and former members)
British security force personnel (serving and former members)
Status
British security force personnel (serving and former members)
No.
1114
British Army (inc. UDR, RIR and TA)
British Army (inc. UDR, RIR and TA)
Status
British Army (inc. UDR, RIR and TA)
No.
757
Royal Ulster Constabulary
Royal Ulster Constabulary
Status
Royal Ulster Constabulary
No.
319
Northern Ireland Prison Service
Northern Ireland Prison Service
Status
Northern Ireland Prison Service
No.
26
English police forces
English police forces
Status
English police forces
No.
6
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Status
Royal Air Force
No.
4
Royal Navy
Royal Navy
Status
Royal Navy
No.
2
Irish security force personnel
Irish security force personnel
Status
Irish security force personnel
No.
11
Garda Síochána
Garda Síochána
Status
Garda Síochána
No.
9
Irish Army
Irish Army
Status
Irish Army
No.
1
Irish Prison Service
Irish Prison Service
Status
Irish Prison Service
No.
1
Republican paramilitaries
Republican paramilitaries
Status
Republican paramilitaries
No.
397
Loyalist paramilitaries
Loyalist paramilitaries
Status
Loyalist paramilitaries
No.
170
Status
No.
Civilians (inc. Civilian political activists)
1840
British security force personnel (serving and former members)
1114
British Army (inc. UDR, RIR and TA)
757
Royal Ulster Constabulary
319
Northern Ireland Prison Service
26
English police forces
6
Royal Air Force
4
Royal Navy
2
Irish security force personnel
11
Garda Síochána
9
Irish Army
1
Irish Prison Service
1
Republican paramilitaries
397
Loyalist paramilitaries
170
Conflict-related deaths by location[313] · Casualties › Location
Belfast
Belfast
Location
Belfast
No.
1,541
West Belfast
West Belfast
Location
West Belfast
No.
623
North Belfast
North Belfast
Location
North Belfast
No.
577
South Belfast
South Belfast
Location
South Belfast
No.
213
East Belfast
East Belfast
Location
East Belfast
No.
128
County Armagh
County Armagh
Location
County Armagh
No.
477
County Tyrone
County Tyrone
Location
County Tyrone
No.
340
County Down
County Down
Location
County Down
No.
243
Derry City
Derry City
Location
Derry City
No.
227
County Antrim
County Antrim
Location
County Antrim
No.
209
County Londonderry
County Londonderry
Location
County Londonderry
No.
123
County Fermanagh
County Fermanagh
Location
County Fermanagh
No.
112
Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Location
Republic of Ireland
No.
116
England
England
Location
England
No.
125
Continental Europe
Continental Europe
Location
Continental Europe
No.
18
Location
No.
Belfast
1,541
West Belfast
623
North Belfast
577
South Belfast
213
East Belfast
128
County Armagh
477
County Tyrone
340
County Down
243
Derry City
227
County Antrim
209
County Londonderry
123
County Fermanagh
112
Republic of Ireland
116
England
125
Continental Europe
18
Conflict-related deaths by year[296] · Casualties › Chronological listing
2001
2001
Year
2001
No.
16
2000
2000
Year
2000
No.
19
1999
1999
Year
1999
No.
8
1998
1998
Year
1998
No.
55
1997
1997
Year
1997
No.
22
1996
1996
Year
1996
No.
18
1995
1995
Year
1995
No.
9
1994
1994
Year
1994
No.
64
1993
1993
Year
1993
No.
88
1992
1992
Year
1992
No.
88
1991
1991
Year
1991
No.
97
1990
1990
Year
1990
No.
81
1989
1989
Year
1989
No.
76
1988
1988
Year
1988
No.
104
1987
1987
Year
1987
No.
98
1986
1986
Year
1986
No.
61
1985
1985
Year
1985
No.
57
1984
1984
Year
1984
No.
69
1983
1983
Year
1983
No.
84
1982
1982
Year
1982
No.
111
1981
1981
Year
1981
No.
114
1980
1980
Year
1980
No.
80
1979
1979
Year
1979
No.
121
1978
1978
Year
1978
No.
82
1977
1977
Year
1977
No.
110
1976
1976
Year
1976
No.
297
1975
1975
Year
1975
No.
260
1974
1974
Year
1974
No.
294
1973
1973
Year
1973
No.
255
1972
1972
Year
1972
No.
480
1971
1971
Year
1971
No.
171
1970
1970
Year
1970
No.
26
1969
1969
Year
1969
No.
16
Year
No.
2001
16
2000
19
1999
8
1998
55
1997
22
1996
18
1995
9
1994
64
1993
88
1992
88
1991
97
1990
81
1989
76
1988
104
1987
98
1986
61
1985
57
1984
69
1983
84
1982
111
1981
114
1980
80
1979
121
1978
82
1977
110
1976
297
1975
260
1974
294
1973
255
1972
480
1971
171
1970
26
1969
16
Additional estimated statistics on the conflict[12] · Casualties › Additional statistics
Injury
Injury
Incident
Injury
No.
47,541
Shooting incident
Shooting incident
Incident
Shooting incident
No.
36,923
Armed robbery
Armed robbery
Incident
Armed robbery
No.
22,539
People charged with paramilitary offences
People charged with paramilitary offences
Incident
People charged with paramilitary offences
No.
19,605
Bombing and attempted bombing
Bombing and attempted bombing
Incident
Bombing and attempted bombing
No.
16,209
Arson
Arson
Incident
Arson
No.
2,225
Incident
No.
Injury
47,541
Shooting incident
36,923
Armed robbery
22,539
People charged with paramilitary offences
19,605
Bombing and attempted bombing
16,209
Arson
2,225

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  3. Loyalist violence would persist in the Republic until 1976; thereafter, it occurred sporadically.
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    https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/29/archives/ira-sets-off-bomb-at-belgian-concert-15-persons-are-hurt-in.html
  316. Conflict Archive on the Internet
    http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Location.html
  317. legislation.gov.uk
    https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/41/
  318. Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission
    https://nihrc.org/news/detail/northern-ireland-human-rights-commission-responds-to-legacy-judgment
  319. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/may/11/island-ireland-troubles-legacy-act-keir-starmer
  320. BBC
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx827v8rxzyo
  321. GOV.UK
    https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-irish-governments-announce-legacy-framework-to-enable-truth-for-families-of-the-troubles
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