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The Pirates of Penzance

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The Pirates of Penzance

The Pirates of Penzance; or, The Slave of Duty is a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W. S. Gilbert. Its official premiere was at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City on 31 December 1879, where it was well received by both audiences and critics. Its London debut was on 3 April 1880, at the Opera Comique, where it ran for 363 performances. The story concerns Frederic, who, having completed his 21st year, is released from his apprenticeship to a band of tender-hearted pirates. He meets the daughters of the incompetent Major-General Stanley, including Mabel, and the two young people fall instantly in love. Frederic learns, however, that he was born on 29 February, and so, technically, he has a birthday only once each leap year. His indenture specifies that he remain apprenticed to the pirates until his "twenty-first birthday", meaning that he must serve for another 63 years. Bound by his own sense of duty to honour his bond with the pirates, Frederic's only solace is that Mabel agrees to wait for him faithfully. The pirates' maid-of-all-work, Ruth, eventually reveals a fact that saves the day. Pirates was the fifth Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration and introduced the much-parodied "Major-General's Song". The opera was performed for over a century by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Britain until the copyrights expired and by many other opera companies and repertory companies worldwide. Modernized productions include Joseph Papp's 1981 Broadway production, which ran for 787 performances, won the Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical, and spawned many imitations and a 1983 film adaptation; another is Rupert Holmes's 2025 Broadway adaptation Pirates! The Penzance Musical. The Pirates of Penzance has been one of the most frequently played Gilbert and Sullivan operas, along with The Mikado and H.M.S. Pinafore.

Tables

· Subsequent production history
Bijou Theatre, Paignton
Bijou Theatre, Paignton
Theatre
Bijou Theatre, Paignton
Opening date
30 December 1879
Closing date
30 December 1879
Perfs.
1
Details
English copyright performance.
Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York
Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York
Theatre
Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York
Opening date
31 December 1879
Closing date
6 March 1880
Perfs.
100
Details
Original run in New York. The company toured the Eastern seaboard between 8 March and 15 May. Three other touring companies were launched in January and February 1880.
17 May 1880
17 May 1880
Theatre
17 May 1880
Opening date
5 June 1880
Opera Comique
Opera Comique
Theatre
Opera Comique
Opening date
3 April 1880
Closing date
2 April 1881
Perfs.
363
Details
Original London run.
Savoy Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Opening date
23 December 1884
Closing date
14 February 1885
Perfs.
37
Details
Children's Pirates – series of matinées with a juvenile cast.
Savoy Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Opening date
17 March 1888
Closing date
6 June 1888
Perfs.
80
Details
First professional revival.
Savoy Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Opening date
30 June 1900
Closing date
5 November 1900
Perfs.
127
Details
Second professional revival.
Savoy Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Theatre
Savoy Theatre
Opening date
1 December 1908
Closing date
27 March 1909
Perfs.
43
Details
Second Savoy repertory season; played with five other operas. (Closing date shown is of the entire season.)
Theatre
Opening date
Closing date
Perfs.
Details
Bijou Theatre, Paignton
30 December 1879
30 December 1879
1
English copyright performance.
Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York
31 December 1879
6 March 1880
100
Original run in New York. The company toured the Eastern seaboard between 8 March and 15 May. Three other touring companies were launched in January and February 1880.
17 May 1880
5 June 1880
Opera Comique
3 April 1880
2 April 1881
363
Original London run.
Savoy Theatre
23 December 1884
14 February 1885
37
Children's Pirates – series of matinées with a juvenile cast.
Savoy Theatre
17 March 1888
6 June 1888
80
First professional revival.
Savoy Theatre
30 June 1900
5 November 1900
127
Second professional revival.
Savoy Theatre
1 December 1908
27 March 1909
43
Second Savoy repertory season; played with five other operas. (Closing date shown is of the entire season.)
· Historical casting
Major-General
Major-General
Role
Major-General
Paignton1879
Richard Mansfield
New York1879
J. H. Ryley
Opera Comique1880
George Grossmith
Savoy Theatre1888
George Grossmith
Savoy Theatre1900
Henry Lytton
Savoy Theatre1908
Charles H. Workman
Pirate King
Pirate King
Role
Pirate King
Paignton1879
Frederick Federici
New York1879
Sgr. Brocolini
Opera Comique1880
Richard Temple
Savoy Theatre1888
Richard Temple
Savoy Theatre1900
Jones Hewson
Savoy Theatre1908
Henry Lytton
Samuel
Samuel
Role
Samuel
Paignton1879
G. J. Lackner
New York1879
Furneaux Cook
Opera Comique1880
George Temple
Savoy Theatre1888
Richard Cummings
Savoy Theatre1900
W. H. Leon
Savoy Theatre1908
Leo Sheffield
James
James
Role
James
Paignton1879
John Le Hay
New York1879
role eliminated
Frederic
Frederic
Role
Frederic
Paignton1879
Llewellyn Cadwaladr
New York1879
Hugh Talbot
Opera Comique1880
George Power
Savoy Theatre1888
J. G. Robertson
Savoy Theatre1900
Robert Evett
Savoy Theatre1908
Henry Herbert
Sergeant
Sergeant
Role
Sergeant
Paignton1879
Fred Billington
New York1879
Fred Clifton
Opera Comique1880
Rutland Barrington
Savoy Theatre1888
Rutland Barrington
Savoy Theatre1900
Walter Passmore
Savoy Theatre1908
Rutland Barrington
Mabel
Mabel
Role
Mabel
Paignton1879
Emilie Petrelli
New York1879
Blanche Roosevelt
Opera Comique1880
Marion Hood
Savoy Theatre1888
Geraldine Ulmar
Savoy Theatre1900
Isabel Jay
Savoy Theatre1908
Dorothy Court
Edith
Edith
Role
Edith
Paignton1879
Marian May
New York1879
Jessie Bond
Opera Comique1880
Julia Gwynne
Savoy Theatre1888
Jessie Bond
Savoy Theatre1900
Lulu Evans
Savoy Theatre1908
Jessie Rose
Kate
Kate
Role
Kate
Paignton1879
Lena Monmouth
New York1879
Rosina Brandram
Opera Comique1880
Lilian La Rue
Savoy Theatre1888
Nellie Kavanagh
Savoy Theatre1900
Alice Coleman
Savoy Theatre1908
Beatrice Boarer
Isabel
Isabel
Role
Isabel
Paignton1879
Kate Neville
New York1879
Billie Barlow
Opera Comique1880
Neva Bond
Savoy Theatre1888
Nellie Lawrence
Savoy Theatre1900
Agnes Fraser
Savoy Theatre1908
Ethel Lewis
Ruth
Ruth
Role
Ruth
Paignton1879
Fanny Harrison
New York1879
Alice Barnett
Opera Comique1880
Emily Cross
Savoy Theatre1888
Rosina Brandram
Savoy Theatre1900
Rosina Brandram
Savoy Theatre1908
Louie René
Role
Paignton1879
New York1879
Opera Comique1880
Savoy Theatre1888
Savoy Theatre1900
Savoy Theatre1908
Major-General
Richard Mansfield
J. H. Ryley
George Grossmith
George Grossmith
Henry Lytton
Charles H. Workman
Pirate King
Frederick Federici
Sgr. Brocolini
Richard Temple
Richard Temple
Jones Hewson
Henry Lytton
Samuel
G. J. Lackner
Furneaux Cook
George Temple
Richard Cummings
W. H. Leon
Leo Sheffield
James
John Le Hay
role eliminated
Frederic
Llewellyn Cadwaladr
Hugh Talbot
George Power
J. G. Robertson
Robert Evett
Henry Herbert
Sergeant
Fred Billington
Fred Clifton
Rutland Barrington
Rutland Barrington
Walter Passmore
Rutland Barrington
Mabel
Emilie Petrelli
Blanche Roosevelt
Marion Hood
Geraldine Ulmar
Isabel Jay
Dorothy Court
Edith
Marian May
Jessie Bond
Julia Gwynne
Jessie Bond
Lulu Evans
Jessie Rose
Kate
Lena Monmouth
Rosina Brandram
Lilian La Rue
Nellie Kavanagh
Alice Coleman
Beatrice Boarer
Isabel
Kate Neville
Billie Barlow
Neva Bond
Nellie Lawrence
Agnes Fraser
Ethel Lewis
Ruth
Fanny Harrison
Alice Barnett
Emily Cross
Rosina Brandram
Rosina Brandram
Louie René
· Historical casting
Major-General
Major-General
Role
Major-General
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Henry Lytton
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Henry Lytton
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Martyn Green
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Grahame Clifford
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Martyn Green
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Peter Pratt
Pirate King
Pirate King
Role
Pirate King
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Leicester Tunks
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Darrell Fancourt
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Darrell Fancourt
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Darrell Fancourt
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Darrell Fancourt
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Donald Adams
Samuel
Samuel
Role
Samuel
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Frederick Hobbs
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Joseph Griffin
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Richard Walker
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Hilton Layland
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Donald Harris
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
George Cook
Frederic
Frederic
Role
Frederic
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Dewey Gibson
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Charles Goulding
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
John Dean
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
John Dean
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Leonard Osborn
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Thomas Round
Sergeant
Sergeant
Role
Sergeant
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Fred Billington
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Leo Sheffield
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Sydney Granville
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Richard Walker
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Richard Watson
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Kenneth Sandford
Mabel
Mabel
Role
Mabel
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Elsie McDermid
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Elsie Griffin
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Kathleen Frances
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Helen Roberts
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Muriel Harding
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Jean Hindmarsh
Edith
Edith
Role
Edith
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Nellie Briercliffe
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Eileen Sharp
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Marjorie Eyre
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Marjorie Eyre
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Joan Gillingham
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Joyce Wright
Kate
Kate
Role
Kate
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Betty Grylls
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Aileen Davies
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Maisie Baxter
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Ivy Sanders
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Joyce Wright
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Marian Martin
Isabel
Isabel
Role
Isabel
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Kitty Twinn
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Hilary Davies
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Elizabeth Nickell-Lean
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Rosalie Dyer
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Enid Walsh
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Jane Fyffe
Ruth
Ruth
Role
Ruth
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
Bertha Lewis
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
Bertha Lewis
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
Dorothy Gill
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
Ella Halman
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
Ella Halman
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Ann Drummond-Grant
Role
D'Oyly Carte1915 Tour
D'Oyly Carte1925 Tour
D'Oyly Carte1935 Tour
D'Oyly Carte1945 Tour
D'Oyly Carte1950 Tour
D'Oyly Carte1958 Tour
Major-General
Henry Lytton
Henry Lytton
Martyn Green
Grahame Clifford
Martyn Green
Peter Pratt
Pirate King
Leicester Tunks
Darrell Fancourt
Darrell Fancourt
Darrell Fancourt
Darrell Fancourt
Donald Adams
Samuel
Frederick Hobbs
Joseph Griffin
Richard Walker
Hilton Layland
Donald Harris
George Cook
Frederic
Dewey Gibson
Charles Goulding
John Dean
John Dean
Leonard Osborn
Thomas Round
Sergeant
Fred Billington
Leo Sheffield
Sydney Granville
Richard Walker
Richard Watson
Kenneth Sandford
Mabel
Elsie McDermid
Elsie Griffin
Kathleen Frances
Helen Roberts
Muriel Harding
Jean Hindmarsh
Edith
Nellie Briercliffe
Eileen Sharp
Marjorie Eyre
Marjorie Eyre
Joan Gillingham
Joyce Wright
Kate
Betty Grylls
Aileen Davies
Maisie Baxter
Ivy Sanders
Joyce Wright
Marian Martin
Isabel
Kitty Twinn
Hilary Davies
Elizabeth Nickell-Lean
Rosalie Dyer
Enid Walsh
Jane Fyffe
Ruth
Bertha Lewis
Bertha Lewis
Dorothy Gill
Ella Halman
Ella Halman
Ann Drummond-Grant
· Historical casting
Major-General
Major-General
Role
Major-General
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
John Reed
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
James Conroy-Ward
Broadway1981
George Rose
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Alistair Donkin
West End1982
George Cole
Broadway2025
David Hyde Pierce
Pirate King
Pirate King
Role
Pirate King
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Donald Adams
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
John Ayldon
Broadway1981
Kevin Kline
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
John Ayldon
West End1982
Tim Curry
Broadway2025
Ramin Karimloo
Samuel
Samuel
Role
Samuel
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Alan Styler
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Jon Ellison
Broadway1981
Stephan Hanan
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Michael Buchan
West End1982
Sylvester McCoy
Broadway2025
role eliminated
Frederic
Frederic
Role
Frederic
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Philip Potter
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Colin Wright
Broadway1981
Rex Smith
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Meston Reid
West End1982
Michael Praed
Broadway2025
Nicholas Barasch
Sergeant
Sergeant
Role
Sergeant
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
George Cook
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Michael Rayner
Broadway1981
Tony Azito
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Clive Harre
West End1982
Chris Langham
Broadway2025
Preston Truman Boyd
Mabel
Mabel
Role
Mabel
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Valerie Masterson
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Julia Goss
Broadway1981
Linda Ronstadt
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Vivian Tierney
West End1982
Pamela Stephenson
Broadway2025
Samantha Williams
Edith
Edith
Role
Edith
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Peggy Ann Jones
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Patricia Leonard
Broadway1981
Alexandra Korey
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Jill Pert
West End1982
Janet Shaw
Broadway2025
role eliminated
Kate
Kate
Role
Kate
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Pauline Wales
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Caroline Baker
Broadway1981
Marcie Shaw
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Helene Witcombe
West End1982
Bonnie Langford
Broadway2025
role eliminated
Isabel
Isabel
Role
Isabel
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Susan Maisey
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Rosalind Griffiths
Broadway1981
Wendy Wolfe
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Alexandra Hann
West End1982
Louise Gold
Broadway2025
role eliminated
Ruth
Ruth
Role
Ruth
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
Christene Palmer
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Lyndsie Holland
Broadway1981
Estelle Parsons
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
Patricia Leonard
West End1982
Annie Ross
Broadway2025
Jinkx Monsoon
Role
D'Oyly Carte1968 Tour
D'Oyly Carte1975 Tour
Broadway1981
D'Oyly Carte1981 Tour
West End1982
Broadway2025
Major-General
John Reed
James Conroy-Ward
George Rose
Alistair Donkin
George Cole
David Hyde Pierce
Pirate King
Donald Adams
John Ayldon
Kevin Kline
John Ayldon
Tim Curry
Ramin Karimloo
Samuel
Alan Styler
Jon Ellison
Stephan Hanan
Michael Buchan
Sylvester McCoy
role eliminated
Frederic
Philip Potter
Colin Wright
Rex Smith
Meston Reid
Michael Praed
Nicholas Barasch
Sergeant
George Cook
Michael Rayner
Tony Azito
Clive Harre
Chris Langham
Preston Truman Boyd
Mabel
Valerie Masterson
Julia Goss
Linda Ronstadt
Vivian Tierney
Pamela Stephenson
Samantha Williams
Edith
Peggy Ann Jones
Patricia Leonard
Alexandra Korey
Jill Pert
Janet Shaw
role eliminated
Kate
Pauline Wales
Caroline Baker
Marcie Shaw
Helene Witcombe
Bonnie Langford
role eliminated
Isabel
Susan Maisey
Rosalind Griffiths
Wendy Wolfe
Alexandra Hann
Louise Gold
role eliminated
Ruth
Christene Palmer
Lyndsie Holland
Estelle Parsons
Patricia Leonard
Annie Ross
Jinkx Monsoon

References

  1. This figure assumes that Gilbert was ignoring the fact that there was no leap year in 1900. Otherwise, the action of the
  2. Ford had been one of the few managers who had paid Gilbert and Sullivan any kind of fee for performing Pinafore in Ameri
  3. Sullivan gave notice to the directors of the Comedy Opera Company in early July 1879 that he, Gilbert and Carte would no
  4. From medieval times and in later centuries, however, Penzance was subject to frequent raiding by Turkish pirates
  5. Performances had to be given in Britain before publication in order to secure copyright.
  6. Perry, Helga. Information from the Savoyoperas.org website Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Savoy Operas
    http://www.savoyoperas.org.uk/pirates/pp2.html
  7. Prestige, Colin. "D'Oyly Carte and the Pirates: The Original New York Productions of Gilbert and Sullivan", pp. 113–148
    https://archive.today/20120715191328/http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/handle/1808/5875
  8. Allen (1979), p. 2
  9. Goodman, Andrew. Gilbert and Sullivan at Law, .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva)
  10. International copyright pirating Archived 28 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Edward Samuels, accessed 25 July 2009
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  16. Faning, Eaton and Shapcott Wensley. Extra Supplement: Our Island Home in Musical Times, Vol. 55, No. 859 (1 September 19
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    https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222829/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/08/01/80694429.pdf
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    http://operetta-research-center.org/pirates-penzance-slave-duty-comic-opera-2-acts-w-s-gilbert-music-arthur-sullivan
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  22. Stedman, p. 169
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  24. Stedman, pp. 170–172; Ainger, pp. 165–167 and 194–195; and Jacobs, p. 126
  25. Rees, p. 89.
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  27. Stedman, pp. 170–171; and Gillan, Don. "The Fracas at the Opera Comique" Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, T
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  45. Dexter, Gary. "Title Deed: How the Book Got its Name". The Telegraph, 7 July 2010
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  47. Stephens, John Russell. The Profession of the Playwright: British Theatre 1800–1900, Cambridge University Press (1992),
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  52. Jacobs, Arthur. "Sullivan, Sir Arthur." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, accessed 30 June 2010 (subscription req
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  58. Bradley (1982), p. 118
  59. In the first night version of the libretto, the Sergeant of Police was named Edward, and the Pirate King was named Richa
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  64. "Music", The Graphic, 10 April 1880, p. 371
  65. "From Our London Correspondent", The Manchester Guardian, 5 April 1880, p. 4
  66. The Sporting Times, 10 April 1880, p. 1
  67. The Times, 5 April 1880, p. 4
  68. Hughes, p. 134
  69. Hulme, David Russell. "The Pirates of Penzance". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Onl
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  71. Temperley, Nicholas. "Mozart's Influence on English Music". Music & Letters, vol. 42, issue 4, October 1961, pp. 307–318
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  75. "Putting the Jolly in Roger", The Times, 26 April 2001
  76. Holden, p. 402
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  79. Hughes, p. 88
  80. Rees, pp. 62–63 suggested that in the original Thespis version, for male as well as female voices, the men would have su
  81. Hughes, pp. 92–93
  82. Hughes, pp. 50–51
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