Topzle Topzle

The Holocaust

Updated: Wikipedia source

The Holocaust

The Holocaust ( HOL-ə-kawst), known in Hebrew as the Shoah ( SHOH-ə; Hebrew: שּׁוֹאָה, romanized: Shoah, IPA: [ʃoˈʔa], lit. 'Catastrophe'), was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were committed primarily through mass shootings across Eastern Europe and poison gas chambers in extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, and Chełmno in occupied Poland. Separate Nazi persecutions killed millions of other non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term Holocaust is sometimes used to include the murder and persecution of non-Jewish groups. The Nazis developed their ideology based on racism and pursuit of "living space", and seized power in early 1933. Meant to force all German Jews to emigrate, regardless of means, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged harassment, and orchestrated a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht in November 1938. After Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939, occupation authorities began to establish ghettos to segregate Jews. Following the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, 1.5 to 2 million Jews were shot by German forces and local collaborators. By early 1942, the Nazis' Final Solution was to murder all Jews in Europe. Victims were deported to extermination camps where those who had survived the trip were killed with poisonous gas, while others were sent to forced labor camps where many died from starvation, abuse, exhaustion, or being used as test subjects in experiments. Property belonging to murdered Jews was redistributed to the German occupiers and other non-Jews. Although the majority of Holocaust victims died in 1942, the killing continued until the end of the war in 1945. Many Jewish survivors emigrated from Europe after the war. A few Holocaust perpetrators faced criminal trials. Billions of dollars in reparations have been paid, although falling short of the Jews' losses. The Holocaust has also been commemorated in museums, memorials, and culture. It has become central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil.

Infobox

Location
Europe, primarily German-occupied Poland and the Soviet Union
Date
1941–1945
Attack type
Genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, mass shooting, death marches, poison gas, hate crime
Deaths
Around 6 million Jews
Perpetrators
Nazi Germany along with its collaborators and allies

Tables

Major extermination camps[256] · Mass murder › Extermination camps
Chełmno
Chełmno
Camp
Chełmno
Location
Wartheland
Number of Jews killed
150,000
Killing technology
Gas vans
Planning began
July 1941
Mass gassing duration
8 December 1941 – April 1943 and April–July 1944
Belzec
Belzec
Camp
Belzec
Location
Lublin District
Number of Jews killed
440,823–596,200
Killing technology
Stationary gas chamber, engine exhaust
Planning began
October 1941
Mass gassing duration
17 March 1942 – December 1942
Sobibor
Sobibor
Camp
Sobibor
Location
Lublin District
Number of Jews killed
170,618–238,900
Killing technology
Stationary gas chamber, engine exhaust
Planning began
Late 1941 or March 1942
Mass gassing duration
May 1942 – October 1942
Treblinka
Treblinka
Camp
Treblinka
Location
Warsaw District
Number of Jews killed
780,863–951,800
Killing technology
Stationary gas chamber, engine exhaust
Planning began
April 1942
Mass gassing duration
23 July 1942 – October 1943
Auschwitz II–Birkenau
Auschwitz II–Birkenau
Camp
Auschwitz II–Birkenau
Location
East Upper Silesia
Number of Jews killed
900,000–1,000,000
Killing technology
Stationary gas chamber, hydrogen cyanide
Planning began
September 1941(built as POW camp)
Mass gassing duration
February 1942 – October 1944
Camp
Location
Number of Jews killed
Killing technology
Planning began
Mass gassing duration
Chełmno
Wartheland
150,000
Gas vans
July 1941
8 December 1941 – April 1943 and April–July 1944
Belzec
Lublin District
440,823–596,200
Stationary gas chamber, engine exhaust
October 1941
17 March 1942 – December 1942
Sobibor
Lublin District
170,618–238,900
Stationary gas chamber, engine exhaust
Late 1941 or March 1942
May 1942 – October 1942
Treblinka
Warsaw District
780,863–951,800
Stationary gas chamber, engine exhaust
April 1942
23 July 1942 – October 1943
Auschwitz II–Birkenau
East Upper Silesia
900,000–1,000,000
Stationary gas chamber, hydrogen cyanide
September 1941(built as POW camp)
February 1942 – October 1944

References

  1. Bartov 2023a, pp. 18–19: "Much of this debate curiously boils down to a very specific historical question, namely, did t
  2. King 2023, pp. 26–27: "Rather than one big thing, the Holocaust might now be described as an array of event categories.
  3. Equivalent to $400 million at the time, or $8 billion in 2024.
  4. The Nazi concentration camp system administered by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office (SS-WVHA) was administ
  5. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
  6. Gerlach 2016, p. 14.
  7. Cesarani 2016, p. xxix.
  8. Niewyk & Nicosia 2000, pp. 45–52.
  9. Peck & Berenbaum 2002, p. 311.
  10. Stone 2023, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?.
  11. Calimani 2018, pp. 70–100, 78–79, 86–87, 94–95, xxix.
  12. Hayes & Roth 2010, p. 2.
  13. Beorn 2018, p. 4.
  14. Gerlach 2016, p. 15.
  15. Gilbert 2015, p. 22.
  16. Bergen 2016, pp. 14–17.
  17. Weitz 2010, p. 58.
  18. Gerlach 2016, pp. 20–21.
  19. Gerlach 2016, pp. 21–22.
  20. Bartov 2023b, p. 195.
  21. Beorn 2018, pp. 21–23.
  22. Beorn 2018, p. 25.
  23. Gerlach 2016, p. 146.
  24. Bartov 2023b, p. 196.
  25. Weitz 2010, p. 62.
  26. Gerlach 2016, p. 37.
  27. Weitz 2010, pp. 64–65.
  28. Beorn 2018, p. 24.
  29. Weitz 2010, p. 65.
  30. Bloxham 2009, p. 133.
  31. Bloxham 2009, p. 135.
  32. Bartov 2023b, p. 197.
  33. Gerlach 2016, p. 143.
  34. Beorn 2018, p. 57.
  35. Stone 2020, pp. 61, 65.
  36. Beorn 2018, p. 42.
  37. Bergen 2016, pp. 52–54.
  38. Stone 2020, pp. 62–63, 65.
  39. Stone 2010, p. 17.
  40. Evans 2019, pp. 120–121, 123.
  41. Beorn 2018, p. 59.
  42. Stone 2010, p. 18.
  43. Bloxham 2009, pp. 138–139.
  44. Beorn 2018, p. 33.
  45. Gerlach 2016, p. 151.
  46. Beorn 2018, pp. 33–34.
  47. Gerlach 2016, p. 39.
  48. Wachsmann 2015, pp. 32–38.
  49. Stone 2020, p. 66.
  50. Stone 2020, p. 67.
  51. Gerlach 2016, p. 55.
  52. Longerich 2010, pp. 47–48.
  53. Beorn 2018, p. 35.
  54. Bloxham 2009, p. 148.
  55. Stone 2020, p. 65.
  56. Gerlach 2016, p. 40.
  57. Cesarani 2016, p. 7.
  58. Longerich 2010, p. 43.
  59. Beorn 2018, p. 96.
  60. Gerlach 2016, pp. 39, 41.
  61. Longerich 2010, p. 52.
  62. Longerich 2010, pp. 52, 60.
  63. Gerlach 2016, p. 41.
  64. Cesarani 2016, p. 106.
  65. Gerlach 2016, p. 42.
  66. Gerlach 2016, pp. 43–44.
  67. Gerlach 2016, pp. 44–45.
  68. Gerlach 2016, p. 45.
  69. Gerlach 2016, p. 46.
  70. Cesarani 2016, pp. 184–185.
  71. Cesarani 2016, pp. 184, 187.
  72. Gerlach 2016, p. 44.
  73. Longerich 2010, p. 112.
  74. Cesarani 2016, p. 200.
  75. Longerich 2010, pp. 117, 119.
  76. Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968, p. 655.
  77. "Consumer Price Index, 1800–"
    https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-
  78. Gerlach 2016, p. 48.
  79. Gerlach 2016, pp. 49, 53.
  80. Gerlach 2016, p. 52.
  81. Gerlach 2016, p. 50.
  82. Gerlach 2016, p. 51.
  83. Gerlach 2016, pp. 332–334.
  84. Gerlach 2016, p. 49.
  85. Longerich 2010, pp. 109–110.
  86. Gerlach 2016, p. 56.
  87. Gerlach 2016, p. 57.
  88. Beorn 2018, p. 98.
  89. Beorn 2018, pp. 99, 101.
  90. Gerlach 2016, pp. 57–58.
  91. Beorn 2018, pp. 102–103.
  92. Hayes 2017, p. 241.
  93. Gerlach 2016, p. 58.
  94. Beorn 2018, pp. 46, 73.
  95. Beorn 2018, p. 86.
  96. Cesarani 2016, p. 362.
  97. Beorn 2018, pp. 89–90.
  98. Kay 2021, p. 38.
  99. Bergen 2016, p. 162.
  100. Kay 2021, p. 37.
  101. Cesarani 2016, p. 284.
  102. Gerlach 2016, p. 59.
  103. Kay 2021, pp. 37–38.
  104. Kay 2021, p. 254.
  105. Beorn 2018, p. 207.
  106. Kay 2021, p. 40.
  107. Longerich 2010, p. 148.
  108. Beorn 2018, p. 108.
  109. Beorn 2018, pp. 107–109.
  110. Bartov 2023b, p. 201.
  111. Longerich 2010, p. 164.
  112. Beorn 2018, pp. 109, 117.
  113. Gerlach 2016, p. 63, 437.
  114. Beorn 2018, pp. 87, 103.
  115. Beorn 2018, p. 116.
  116. Beorn 2018, p. 115.
  117. Miron 2020, pp. 247, 251, 254.
  118. Beorn 2018, p. 117.
  119. Miron 2020, p. 252.
  120. Miron 2020, p. 253.
  121. Miron 2020, pp. 253–254.
  122. Miron 2020, p. 254.
  123. Engel 2020, p. 240.
  124. Longerich 2010, p. 272.
  125. Cesarani 2016, pp. 314–315.
  126. Miron 2020, pp. 247–248.
  127. Westermann 2020, pp. 127–128.
  128. Gerlach 2016, p. 67.
  129. Cesarani 2016, p. 351.
  130. Gerlach 2016, p. 172.
  131. Beorn 2018, pp. 121–122.
  132. Bartov 2023b, pp. 201–202.
  133. Longerich 2010, p. 179.
  134. Beorn 2018, pp. 63–64.
  135. Gerlach 2016, p. 68.
  136. Longerich 2010, p. 180.
  137. Gerlach 2016, pp. 67–68.
  138. Beorn 2018, p. 67.
  139. Longerich 2010, pp. 181–182.
  140. Gerlach 2016, pp. 221–222.
  141. Bloxham 2009, pp. 182–183.
  142. Kay 2021, pp. 142, 294.
  143. Gerlach 2016, pp. 65.
  144. Beorn 2018, p. 125.
  145. Gerlach 2016, p. 72.
  146. Gerlach 2016, p. 5.
  147. Kay 2021, p. 294.
  148. Gerlach 2016, pp. 231–232.
  149. Kay 2021, p. 161.
  150. Gerlach 2016, p. 288.
  151. Kay 2021, p. 190.
  152. Gerlach 2016, pp. 297–298.
  153. Gerlach 2016, pp. 298–299.
  154. Gerlach 2016, p. 298.
  155. Kay 2021, pp. 182–183.
  156. Kay 2021, p. 182.
  157. Gerlach 2016, pp. 300, 310.
  158. Evans 2019, p. 120.
  159. Gerlach 2016, p. 78.
  160. Bartov 2023b, p. 204.
  161. Longerich 2010, p. 303.
  162. Gerlach 2016, pp. 79–80.
  163. Kay 2021, p. 199.
  164. Longerich 2010, p. 306.
  165. Gerlach 2016, pp. 84–85.
  166. Beorn 2018, p. 202.
  167. Gerlach 2016, p. 99.
  168. Beorn 2020, pp. 162–163.
  169. Kay 2021, pp. 13–14; Beorn 2018, p. 128.
  170. Gerlach 2016, pp. 72–73.
  171. Gerlach 2016, pp. 69, 440.
  172. Kopstein 2023, pp. 105, 107–108.
  173. Kopstein 2023, p. 107.
  174. Bartov 2023b, p. 202.
  175. Gerlach 2016, p. 69.
  176. Beorn 2018, p. 185.
  177. Beorn 2018, p. 129.
  178. Longerich 2010, p. 190.
  179. Gerlach 2016, p. 66.
  180. Beorn 2018, pp. 259–260.
  181. Beorn 2018, p. 132.
  182. Longerich 2010, p. 207.
  183. Gerlach 2016, pp. 69–70.
  184. Russell 2018, pp. 135–136.
  185. Gerlach 2016, p. 70.
  186. Bloxham 2009, p. 203.
  187. Bartov 2023b, p. 203.
  188. Gerlach 2016, p. 79.
  189. Gerlach 2016, p. 372.
  190. Bartov 2023b, p. 207.
  191. Stone 2010, p. 36.
  192. Gerlach 2016, p. 371.
  193. Gerlach 2016, p. 380.
  194. Longerich 2010, p. 224.
  195. Gerlach 2016, pp. 75–77.
  196. Longerich 2010, pp. 284–285.
  197. Gerlach 2016, p. 76.
  198. Longerich 2010, p. 286.
  199. Longerich 2010, pp. 298–299.
  200. Longerich 2010, p. 300.
  201. Beorn 2018, p. 142.
  202. Bartov 2023b, pp. 205–206.
  203. Gerlach 2016, p. 71.
  204. Beorn 2018, p. 128.
  205. Bergen 2016, p. 200.
  206. Beorn 2018, pp. 146–147.
  207. Longerich 2010, pp. 299–300, 331.
  208. Longerich 2010, p. 321.
  209. Gerlach 2016, p. 97.
  210. Welch 2020, p. 460.
  211. Gerlach 2016, pp. 375–376.
  212. Gerlach 2016, pp. 96–97.
  213. Gerlach 2016, p. 366.
  214. Le Parisien
    https://www.leparisien.fr/week-end/mohamed-mesli-mon-pere-l-imam-sauveur-de-juifs-18-02-2015-4543709.php
  215. Gerlach 2016, pp. 95–96, 387.
  216. Gerlach 2016, p. 257.
  217. Longerich 2010, pp. 324, 360.
  218. Stone 2010, pp. 33–34.
  219. Gerlach 2016, pp. 373, 379.
  220. Longerich 2010, pp. 325–326.
  221. Stone 2010, p. 35.
  222. Gerlach 2016, pp. 306, 368, 372.
  223. Longerich 2010, pp. 366, 389.
  224. Longerich 2010, p. 392.
  225. Gerlach 2016, pp. 97, 102, 371–372.
  226. Longerich 2010, p. 396.
  227. Gerlach 2016, p. 387.
  228. Gerlach 2016, p. 105.
  229. Gerlach 2016, pp. 115–116, 382.
  230. Longerich 2010, p. 279.
  231. Gerlach 2016, p. 74.
  232. Beorn 2018, p. 209.
  233. Longerich 2010, pp. 290–291.
  234. Beorn 2018, p. 210.
  235. Peter Longerich, Holocaust, the Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews, p. 280
  236. Henry Friedlander The Origins of Nazi Genocide, From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, pp. 96, 99
  237. Longerich 2010, pp. 280, 293–294, 302.
  238. Longerich 2010, pp. 280–281, 292.
  239. Gerlach 2016, pp. 208–209.
  240. Longerich 2010, pp. 281–282.
  241. Browning 2004, pp. 526–527.
  242. Bergen 2016, pp. 247, 251.
  243. Gerlach 2016, pp. 286–287.
  244. Kay 2021, p. 204.
  245. Gerlach 2016, p. 283.
  246. Kay 2021, pp. 204–205.
  247. Longerich 2010, p. 330.
  248. Stone 2010, pp. 153–154.
  249. Gerlach 2016, p. 199.
  250. Gerlach 2016, p. 211.
  251. The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben
    https://archive.org/details/crimepunishmento0000bork
  252. Endeavour
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4822534
  253. Gerlach 2016, p. 273.
  254. Kay 2021, p. 209.
  255. Gerlach 2016, p. 274.
  256. Gerlach 2016, p. 121.
  257. Kay 2021, p. 247.
  258. Gerlach 2016, p. 111.
  259. Kay 2021, p. 208.
  260. Gerlach 2016, p. 120.
  261. Gerlach 2016, pp. 74, 120.
  262. Lehnstaedt 2021, p. 63.
  263. Gerlach 2016, pp. 93–94, 120.
  264. Gerlach 2016, p. 91.
  265. Gerlach 2016, p. 243.
  266. Kay 2021, p. 200.
  267. Longerich 2010, p. 342.
  268. Beorn 2018, p. 220.
  269. Longerich 2010, p. 340.
  270. Longerich 2010, p. 339.
  271. Longerich 2010, p. 338.
  272. Bartov 2023b, p. 209.
  273. Longerich 2010, pp. 335–336.
  274. Kay 2021, p. 203.
  275. Longerich 2010, p. 337.
  276. Longerich 2010, p. 343.
  277. Gerlach 2016, pp. 93, 249.
  278. Longerich 2010, p. 352.
  279. Longerich 2010, pp. 338, 352–353.
  280. Longerich 2010, pp. 341, 353–354.
  281. Engel 2020, pp. 241–242.
  282. Gerlach 2016, p. 110.
  283. Longerich 2010, pp. 378–380.
  284. Gerlach 2016, p. 214.
  285. Dean 2020, pp. 265, 267.
  286. Spoerer 2020, pp. 141–143.
  287. Spoerer 2020, pp. 142–143.
  288. Gerlach 2016, pp. 196–197.
  289. Spoerer 2020, p. 142.
  290. Gerlach 2016, p. 207.
  291. Spoerer 2020, p. 143.
  292. Dean 2020, p. 270.
  293. Longerich 2010, pp. 379, 383.
  294. Dean 2020, pp. 271–272.
  295. Wachsmann 2015, p. 290.
  296. Wachsmann 2015, p. 456.
  297. Dean 2020, p. 274.
  298. Wachsmann 2015, p. 293.
  299. Dean 2020, pp. 265, 272.
  300. Dean 2020, p. 265.
  301. Dean 2020, pp. 264–265.
  302. Gerlach 2016, p. 194.
  303. Gerlach 2016, p. 187.
  304. Gerlach 2016, p. 189.
  305. Gerlach 2016, pp. 189–190.
  306. Gerlach 2016, p. 195.
  307. Gerlach 2016, pp. 392–393.
  308. The Blessed Abyss
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3JM3AdnmE18C&q=%22it+is+impossible+to+speak+of+free+will+when+considering+the+circumstances%22&pg=PA34
  309. Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence
  310. Polityka
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101205003034/http://archiwum.polityka.pl/art/do-burdelu-marsz,424445.html
  311. ns-archiv.de
    https://www.ns-archiv.de/imt/ps3001-ps3200/3040-ps.php
  312. The War That Hitler Won: The Most Infamous Propaganda Campaign in History
  313. Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198205609.001.0001
  314. "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich
  315. Kay 2021, p. 2.
  316. Westermann 2020, p. 117.
  317. Burzlaff 2020, p. 1055.
  318. Bloxham 2009, p. 264.
  319. Westermann 2020, pp. 124–125.
  320. Bloxham 2009, p. 265.
  321. Westermann 2020, p. 121.
  322. Bloxham 2009, p. 269.
  323. Bartov 2023b, p. 213.
  324. Bartov 2023b, p. 211.
  325. Bloxham 2009, p. 280.
  326. Beorn 2018, p. 260.
  327. Burzlaff 2020, pp. 1064, 1066.
  328. Bloxham 2009, p. 281.
  329. Beorn 2018, pp. 259, 264.
  330. Burzlaff 2020, p. 1067.
  331. Gerlach 2016, p. 13.
  332. Wachsmann 2015, pp. 340, 376–377.
  333. Wachsmann 2015, p. 379.
  334. Gerlach 2016, p. 340.
  335. Gerlach 2016, p. 450.
  336. Gerlach 2016, p. 349.
  337. Beorn 2020, p. 166.
  338. Gerlach 2016, pp. 334–335.
  339. Messenger 2020, p. 383.
  340. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
    https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/list-of-major-companies-involved-in-the-concentration-camps
  341. Gerlach 2016, p. 117.
  342. Gerlach 2016, pp. 424–425.
  343. Beorn 2018, p. 236.
  344. Burzlaff 2020, p. 1064.
  345. Gerlach 2016, p. 413.
  346. Beorn 2018, pp. 236–237.
  347. Gerlach 2016, p. 419.
  348. Gerlach 2016, p. 420.
  349. Gerlach 2016, p. 423.
  350. Longerich 2010, p. 382.
  351. Burzlaff 2020, p. 1066.
  352. Gerlach 2016, p. 360.
  353. Bartov 2023b, p. 206.
  354. Beorn 2018, p. 269.
  355. Beorn 2018, pp. 269–270.
  356. Burzlaff 2020, pp. 1065, 1075.
  357. Gerlach 2016, p. 417.
  358. Gerlach 2016, p. 290.
  359. Cesarani 2016, p. 648.
  360. Beorn 2018, p. 242.
  361. Beorn 2018, pp. 237, 242–243.
  362. Beorn 2018, p. 243.
  363. Burzlaff 2020, p. 1074.
  364. Evans 2019, p. 140.
  365. Láníček 2012, pp. 74–75, 81.
  366. Messenger 2020, p. 393.
  367. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230929065825/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/american-jewish-joint-distribution-committee-and-refugee-aid
  368. Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000, p. 55.
  369. Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000, p. 61.
  370. Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000, p. 2.
  371. Longerich 2010, p. 408.
  372. Bergen 2016, p. 266.
  373. Gerlach 2016, p. 196.
  374. Longerich 2010, p. 391.
  375. Longerich 2010, pp. 402–403.
  376. Gerlach 2016, p. 113.
  377. Gerlach 2016, p. 102.
  378. Gerlach 2016, p. 302.
  379. Longerich 2010, pp. 410–412.
  380. Beorn 2018, p. 221.
  381. Gerlach 2016, p. 103.
  382. Gerlach 2016, pp. 114, 368.
  383. Beorn 2018, p. 193.
  384. Gerlach 2016, p. 114.
  385. Wachsmann 2015, p. 457.
  386. Gerlach 2016, p. 188.
  387. Longerich 2010, pp. 414–418.
  388. Longerich 2010, p. 414.
  389. Kay 2021, p. 234.
  390. Longerich 2010, p. 415.
  391. Gerlach 2016, p. 116.
  392. Longerich 2010, pp. 409–410.
  393. Dean 2020, p. 272.
  394. Kay 2021, p. 233.
  395. Kay 2021, p. 235.
  396. Longerich 2010, p. 418.
  397. Stone 2020, p. 69.
  398. Priemel 2020, p. 178.
  399. Bartov 2023b, p. 215.
  400. Bartov 2023b, p. 214.
  401. The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning
    https://archive.org/details/the-nazi-holocaust-its-history-and-meaning-9780755624225-9780857728432_compress
  402. Der Holocaust
    https://archive.org/details/9783406811081/page/14
  403. The Routledge History of Antisemitism
    https://archive.org/details/the-routledge-history-of-antisemitism-1138369446-9781138369443_compress
  404. Beorn 2018, p. 1.
  405. Bergen 2016, p. 155.
  406. Gerlach 2016, p. 404.
  407. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945
  408. Gerlach 2016, p. 407.
  409. Gerlach 2016, pp. 407–408.
  410. Gerlach 2016, pp. 118, 409–410.
  411. Gerlach 2016, pp. 428–429.
  412. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/41442658
  413. War Crimes, Genocide, and the Law: A Guide to the Issues
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xoHDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60
  414. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
    https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/origins-international-holocaust-remembrance-day
  415. "Aktion Reinhard"
    http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205724.pdf
  416. Science Advances
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314819
  417. Gerlach 2016, p. 100.
  418. Kay 2021, p. 207.
  419. Stone 2023, p. 191.
  420. Stone 2023, p. 210.
  421. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240604185359/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aktion-erntefest-operation-harvest-festival
  422. Gerlach 2016, p. 3.
  423. The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy
  424. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
    https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution
  425. Niewyk & Nicosia 2000, p. 45.
  426. Beorn 2018, pp. 273–274.
  427. Beorn 2018, pp. 275–276.
  428. Gerlach 2016, pp. 353–355.
  429. Kochavi 2010, p. 509.
  430. Kochavi 2010, pp. 512–513.
  431. Kochavi 2010, p. 521.
  432. Priemel 2020, p. 174.
  433. Wittmann 2010, p. 524.
  434. Priemel 2020, p. 176.
  435. Priemel 2020, p. 177.
  436. Wittmann 2010, p. 525.
  437. Wittmann 2010, p. 534.
  438. Priemel 2020, p. 184.
  439. Wittmann 2010, pp. 534–535.
  440. Priemel 2020, pp. 182–183.
  441. Bartov 2023b, pp. 215–216.
  442. Goschler & Ther 2007, p. 7.
  443. Hayes 2010, p. 548.
  444. Goschler & Ther 2007, pp. 13–14.
  445. United States Department of State
    https://www.state.gov/reports/just-act-report-to-congress/germany/
  446. Hayes 2010, pp. 549–550.
  447. Bazyler et al. 2019, pp. 482–483.
  448. Hayes 2010, p. 552.
  449. Bazyler et al. 2019, p. 487.
  450. Bazyler et al. 2019, p. 485.
  451. Hayes 2010, p. 556.
  452. Assmann 2010, p. 97.
  453. Assmann 2010, pp. 98, 107.
  454. Rosenfeld 2015, pp. 15, 346.
  455. Assmann 2010, p. 110.
  456. The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression
  457. Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept
    https://archive.org/details/genocide-the-power-and-problems-of-a-concept-9780228009511_compress_202404
  458. The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning
    https://archive.org/details/the-nazi-holocaust-its-history-and-meaning-9780755624225-9780857728432_compress
  459. The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide
    https://archive.org/details/holocaustgermanh0000benz/page/2
  460. Stone 2010, p. 288.
  461. Sutcliffe 2022, p. 8.
  462. Assmann 2010, p. 104.
  463. Rosenfeld 2015, p. 14.
  464. Priemel 2020, p. 185.
  465. Rosenfeld 2015, p. 93.
  466. Bartov 2023b, pp. 190–191.
  467. Rosenfeld 2015, p. 22.
  468. Bartov 2023b, p. 191.
  469. Kansteiner 2017, pp. 306–307.
  470. Kansteiner 2017, p. 308.
  471. Assmann 2010, pp. 100, 102–103.
  472. Assmann 2010, p. 103.
  473. Jewish Social Studies
    https://muse.jhu.edu/article/423230
  474. Kansteiner 2017, p. 305.
  475. The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe
  476. The Journal of Social Issues
    https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/HOLO.PAPER.HTM
  477. How Do We Remember the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust? A Global View of an Integrated Memory of Perpetrators, Victims and Third-party Countries
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240217181757/https://www.prif.org/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_publikationen/PRIF0620.pdf
  478. The Holocaust and Other Genocides: An Introduction
  479. The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression
  480. Stone 2010, p. 6.
  481. Stone 2010, pp. 206–207.
  482. Rosenfeld 2015, p. 119.
  483. Sutcliffe 2022, p. 2.
  484. Germany's War and the Holocaust
  485. Stone 2010, pp. 163, 219, 239.
  486. The Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-705065
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.