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The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)

Updated: Wikipedia source

The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)

The Four Seasons (Italian: Le quattro stagioni) is a group of four violin concerti by Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi, each of which gives musical expression to a season of the year. These were composed around 1718–1723, when Vivaldi was the court chapel master in Mantua. They were published in 1725 in Amsterdam in what was at the time the Dutch Republic, together with eight additional concerti, as Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione (The Contest Between Harmony and Invention). The Four Seasons is the best known of Vivaldi's works. Though three of the concerti are wholly original, the first, "Spring", borrows patterns from a sinfonia in the first act of Vivaldi's contemporaneous opera Il Giustino. The inspiration for the concertos is not the countryside around Mantua, as initially supposed, where Vivaldi was living at the time, since according to Karl Heller they could have been written as early as 1716–1717, while Vivaldi was engaged with the court of Mantua only in 1718. They were a revolution in musical conception: Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterized), a shepherd and his barking dog, buzzing flies, storms, drunken dancers, hunting parties from both the hunters' and the prey's point of view, frozen landscapes, and warm winter fires. Unusual for the period, Vivaldi published the concerti with accompanying sonnets (possibly written by the composer himself) that elucidated what it was in the spirit of each season that his music was intended to evoke. The concerti therefore stand as one of the earliest and most detailed examples of what would come to be called program music—in other words, music with a narrative element. Vivaldi took great pains to relate his music to the texts of the poems, translating the poetic lines themselves directly into the music on the page. For example, in the second movement of "Spring", when the goatherd sleeps, his barking dog can be heard in the viola section. The music is elsewhere similarly evocative of other natural sounds. Vivaldi divided each concerto into three movements (fast–slow–fast), and, likewise, each linked sonnet into three sections.

Tables

· Sonnets and allusions › Sonnet text
Spring
Spring
Sonnet
Spring
Italian
Allegro Giunt' è la Primavera e festosetti La Salutan gl' Augei con lieto canto, E i fonti allo Spirar de' Zeffiretti Con dolce mormorio Scorrono intanto: Vengon' coprendo l' aer di nero amanto E Lampi, e tuoni ad annuntiarla eletti Indi tacendo questi, gl' Augelletti; Tornan' di nuovo al lor canoro incanto: Largo E quindi sul fiorito ameno prato Al caro mormorio di fronde e piante Dorme 'l Caprar col fido can' à lato. Allegro Di pastoral Zampogna al suon festante Danzan Ninfe e Pastor nel tetto amato Di primavera all' apparir brillante.
English
Allegro Springtime is upon us. The birds celebrate her return with festive song, and murmuring streams are softly caressed by the breezes. Thunderstorms, those heralds of Spring, roar, casting their dark mantle over heaven, Then they die away to silence, and the birds take up their charming songs once more. Largo On the flower-strewn meadow, with leafy branches rustling overhead, the goat-herd sleeps, his faithful dog beside him. Allegro Led by the festive sound of rustic bagpipes, nymphs and shepherds lightly dance beneath spring's beautiful canopy.
Summer
Summer
Sonnet
Summer
Italian
Allegro non molto Sotto dura Staggion dal Sole accesa Langue l' huom, langue 'l gregge, ed arde il Pino; Scioglie il Cucco la Voce, e tosto intesa Canta la Tortorella e 'l gardelino. Zeffiro dolce Spira, mà contesa Muove Borea improviso al Suo vicino; E piange il Pastorel, perche sospesa Teme fiera borasca, e 'l suo destino; Adagio e piano – Presto e forte Toglie alle membra lasse il Suo riposo Il timore de' Lampi, e tuoni fieri E de mosche, e mosconi il Stuol furioso! Presto Ah, che pur troppo i Suo timor Son veri Tuona e fulmina il Ciel e grandinoso Tronca il capo alle Spiche e a' grani alteri.
English
Allegro non molto Under a hard season, fired up by the sun Languishes man, languishes the flock and burns the pine We hear the cuckoo's voice; then sweet songs of the turtledove and finch are heard. Soft breezes stir the air, but threatening the North Wind sweeps them suddenly aside. The shepherd trembles, fearing violent storms and his fate. Adagio e piano – Presto e forte The fear of lightning and fierce thunder Robs his tired limbs of rest As gnats and flies buzz furiously around. Presto Alas, his fears were justified The Heavens thunder and roar and with hail Cut the head off the wheat and damages the grain.
Autumn
Autumn
Sonnet
Autumn
Italian
Allegro Celebra il Vilanel con balli e Canti Del felice raccolto il bel piacere E del liquor de Bacco accesi tanti Finiscono col Sonno il lor godere. Adagio molto Fà ch' ogn' uno tralasci e balli e canti L' aria che temperata dà piacere, E la Staggion ch' invita tanti e tanti D' un dolcissimo Sonno al bel godere. Allegro cacciator alla nov' alba à caccia Con corni, Schioppi, e cani escono fuore Fugge la belva, e Seguono la traccia; Già Sbigottita, e lassa al gran rumore De' Schioppi e cani, ferita minaccia Languida di fuggir, mà oppressa muore.
English
Allegro Celebrates the peasant, with songs and dances, The pleasure of a bountiful harvest. And fired up by Bacchus' liquor, many end their revelry in sleep. Adagio molto Everyone is made to forget their cares and to sing and dance By the air which is tempered with pleasure And (by) the season that invites so many, many Out of their sweetest slumber to fine enjoyment Allegro The hunters emerge at the new dawn, And with horns and dogs and guns depart upon their hunting The beast flees and they follow its trail; Terrified and tired of the great noise Of guns and dogs, the beast, wounded, threatens Languidly to flee, but harried, dies.
Winter
Winter
Sonnet
Winter
Italian
Allegro non molto Agghiacciato tremar trà nevi algenti Al Severo Spirar d' orrido Vento, Correr battendo i piedi ogni momento; E pel Soverchio gel batter i denti; Largo Passar al foco i dì quieti e contenti Mentre la pioggia fuor bagna ben cento Allegro Caminar Sopra il giaccio, e à passo lento Per timor di cader girsene intenti; Gir forte Sdruzziolar, cader à terra Di nuove ir Sopra 'l giaccio e correr forte Sin ch' il giaccio si rompe, e si disserra; Sentir uscir dalle ferrate porte Sirocco, Borea, e tutti i Venti in guerra Quest' é 'l verno, mà tal, che gioja apporte.
English
Allegro non molto To tremble from cold in the icy snow, In the harsh breath of a horrid wind; To run, stamping one's feet every moment, Our teeth chattering in the extreme cold Largo Before the fire to pass peaceful, Contented days while the rain outside pours down. Allegro We tread the icy path slowly and cautiously, for fear of tripping and falling. Then turn abruptly, slip, crash on the ground and, rising, hasten on across the ice lest it cracks up. We feel the chill north winds course through the home despite the locked and bolted doors... this is winter, which nonetheless brings its own delights.
Sonnet
Italian
English
Spring
Allegro Giunt' è la Primavera e festosetti La Salutan gl' Augei con lieto canto, E i fonti allo Spirar de' Zeffiretti Con dolce mormorio Scorrono intanto: Vengon' coprendo l' aer di nero amanto E Lampi, e tuoni ad annuntiarla eletti Indi tacendo questi, gl' Augelletti; Tornan' di nuovo al lor canoro incanto: Largo E quindi sul fiorito ameno prato Al caro mormorio di fronde e piante Dorme 'l Caprar col fido can' à lato. Allegro Di pastoral Zampogna al suon festante Danzan Ninfe e Pastor nel tetto amato Di primavera all' apparir brillante.
Allegro Springtime is upon us. The birds celebrate her return with festive song, and murmuring streams are softly caressed by the breezes. Thunderstorms, those heralds of Spring, roar, casting their dark mantle over heaven, Then they die away to silence, and the birds take up their charming songs once more. Largo On the flower-strewn meadow, with leafy branches rustling overhead, the goat-herd sleeps, his faithful dog beside him. Allegro Led by the festive sound of rustic bagpipes, nymphs and shepherds lightly dance beneath spring's beautiful canopy.
Summer
Allegro non molto Sotto dura Staggion dal Sole accesa Langue l' huom, langue 'l gregge, ed arde il Pino; Scioglie il Cucco la Voce, e tosto intesa Canta la Tortorella e 'l gardelino. Zeffiro dolce Spira, mà contesa Muove Borea improviso al Suo vicino; E piange il Pastorel, perche sospesa Teme fiera borasca, e 'l suo destino; Adagio e piano – Presto e forte Toglie alle membra lasse il Suo riposo Il timore de' Lampi, e tuoni fieri E de mosche, e mosconi il Stuol furioso! Presto Ah, che pur troppo i Suo timor Son veri Tuona e fulmina il Ciel e grandinoso Tronca il capo alle Spiche e a' grani alteri.
Allegro non molto Under a hard season, fired up by the sun Languishes man, languishes the flock and burns the pine We hear the cuckoo's voice; then sweet songs of the turtledove and finch are heard. Soft breezes stir the air, but threatening the North Wind sweeps them suddenly aside. The shepherd trembles, fearing violent storms and his fate. Adagio e piano – Presto e forte The fear of lightning and fierce thunder Robs his tired limbs of rest As gnats and flies buzz furiously around. Presto Alas, his fears were justified The Heavens thunder and roar and with hail Cut the head off the wheat and damages the grain.
Autumn
Allegro Celebra il Vilanel con balli e Canti Del felice raccolto il bel piacere E del liquor de Bacco accesi tanti Finiscono col Sonno il lor godere. Adagio molto Fà ch' ogn' uno tralasci e balli e canti L' aria che temperata dà piacere, E la Staggion ch' invita tanti e tanti D' un dolcissimo Sonno al bel godere. Allegro cacciator alla nov' alba à caccia Con corni, Schioppi, e cani escono fuore Fugge la belva, e Seguono la traccia; Già Sbigottita, e lassa al gran rumore De' Schioppi e cani, ferita minaccia Languida di fuggir, mà oppressa muore.
Allegro Celebrates the peasant, with songs and dances, The pleasure of a bountiful harvest. And fired up by Bacchus' liquor, many end their revelry in sleep. Adagio molto Everyone is made to forget their cares and to sing and dance By the air which is tempered with pleasure And (by) the season that invites so many, many Out of their sweetest slumber to fine enjoyment Allegro The hunters emerge at the new dawn, And with horns and dogs and guns depart upon their hunting The beast flees and they follow its trail; Terrified and tired of the great noise Of guns and dogs, the beast, wounded, threatens Languidly to flee, but harried, dies.
Winter
Allegro non molto Agghiacciato tremar trà nevi algenti Al Severo Spirar d' orrido Vento, Correr battendo i piedi ogni momento; E pel Soverchio gel batter i denti; Largo Passar al foco i dì quieti e contenti Mentre la pioggia fuor bagna ben cento Allegro Caminar Sopra il giaccio, e à passo lento Per timor di cader girsene intenti; Gir forte Sdruzziolar, cader à terra Di nuove ir Sopra 'l giaccio e correr forte Sin ch' il giaccio si rompe, e si disserra; Sentir uscir dalle ferrate porte Sirocco, Borea, e tutti i Venti in guerra Quest' é 'l verno, mà tal, che gioja apporte.
Allegro non molto To tremble from cold in the icy snow, In the harsh breath of a horrid wind; To run, stamping one's feet every moment, Our teeth chattering in the extreme cold Largo Before the fire to pass peaceful, Contented days while the rain outside pours down. Allegro We tread the icy path slowly and cautiously, for fear of tripping and falling. Then turn abruptly, slip, crash on the ground and, rising, hasten on across the ice lest it cracks up. We feel the chill north winds course through the home despite the locked and bolted doors... this is winter, which nonetheless brings its own delights.

References

  1. BBC Music Magazine
    https://www.classical-music.com/features/composers/antonio-vivaldi
  2. BBC Music Magazine
    https://www.classical-music.com/features/works/vivaldis-four-seasons
  3. Antonio Vivaldi, The Red Priest of Venice
    https://archive.org/details/antoniovivaldire00hell
  4. The Classical Music Lover's Companion to Orchestral Music
    https://books.google.com/books?id=HK93DwAAQBAJ&q=%22durations:+each+concerto+approx.+9-11+minutes%22&pg=PA875
  5. Vivaldi: The Four Seasons and Other Concertos, Op. 8
    https://archive.org/details/vivaldifourseaso00ever
  6. "Program notes: Four Seasons"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120715101739/http://www.laco.org/performances/116/?program=1
  7. The Four Seasons
    https://www.udiscovermusic.com/classical-features/vivaldi-four-seasons/
  8. "Vivaldi's Four Sonnets" by Armand D'Angour
    https://www.armand-dangour.com/2017/07/vivaldis-four-sonnets/
  9. Pearl GEMM CD 9151
  10. Two versions are available, one with more extensive sleeve notes giving the political background and history of the work
  11. "8.110297-98 – VIVALDI: 12 Violin Concertos, Op. 8 / The 4 Seasons (Kaufman) (1947, 1950)"
    https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.110297-98&catNum=8110297&filetype=About%20this%20Recording&language=English
  12. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/arts/music/the-masterpiece-that-took-200-years-to-become-timeless.html
  13. Concert Hall Records, CHS. set AR; reissued on Naxos Historical 8.110297-98.
  14. #CHS.CHC 1064 (#Nix.CLP 1061-1/2)
  15. Vivaldi – The Four Seasons (Complete) on YouTube
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9e_sINPL_0
  16. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/oct/04/neville-marriner-ten-of-his-best-recordings-andrew-clements
  17. HiFi/Stereo Review
    http://vintagevacuumaudio.com/vintage-magazines/hifi/1958-10-hifi-stereo-review.pdf
  18. Antonio Janigro – WAM[full citation needed]
  19. www.musicweb-international.com
    http://www.musicweb-international.com/classRev/2003/Jun03/vivaldi2aa.htm
  20. Classic FM
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140905201652/http://www.classicfm.com/artists/nigel-kennedy/news/vivaldi-four-seasons-conversation/
  21. "Not quite Vivaldi: Nigel Kennedy remembers Hendrix"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060427132629/http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9908/23/wb.kennedy/
  22. Gramophone
    https://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/article/from-lebron-james-to-la-serenissima-what-lies-behind-the-limitless-appeal-of-vivaldi-s-the-four-seasons
  23. Performing Vivaldi, Interview with Nemanja Radulovic, featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cbue5ZFbFiQ
  24. Performing Vivaldi, Interview with Aisslinn Nosky, featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVluvZ4ema8
  25. RISM 212006277
    https://rism.online/sources/212006277
  26. Opus musicum
    https://www.opusmusicum.cz/content/brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A1-opera-argippo-z-roku-1733-ve-sv%C4%9Btle-nov%C3%BDch-v%C3%BDzkum%C5%AF
  27. Musicologica Brunensia
    https://doi.org/10.5817%2FMB2014-1-9
  28. Antonio Vivaldi; his life and work
  29. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Le Printems de Vivaldi arrangé pour une Flute sans accompagnement. Paris: Bignon, 1775.
    http://imslp.nl/imglnks/usimg/6/67/IMSLP196967-PMLP126432-rousseau_les_printems_para_flauta.pdf
  30. Le Printemps de Vivaldi Archived 2021-01-25 at the Wayback Machine at www.dolcimelo.com
    https://www.dolcimelo.com/store/ED-B00303
  31. Moe Koffman "The Four Seasons", GRT or Derby record label, Discogs listing.
    http://www.discogs.com/Moe-Koffman-The-Four-Seasons/release/2399006
  32. New Koto Ensemble "Koto Four Seasons", Discogs listing.
    http://www.discogs.com/Antonio-Vivaldi-New-Koto-Ensemble-Koto-Vivaldi-The-Four-Seasons/release/2781064
  33. Michael Franks, "Vivaldi's song", "Burchfield Nines" album.
  34. WoongSan, "Vivaldi's Song", album "Close Your Eyes" (Pony Canyon label).
  35. Ben Shedd, "Seasons", listed on IMDB; trailer featured on Vimeo (photographer's channel).
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093933/
  36. Flute "Jean-Pierre Rampal Plays Vivaldi's Four Seasons", Sony Classical (53105), Allmusic listing.
    http://www.allmusic.com/album/jean-pierre-rampal-plays-vivaldis-four-seasons-mw0001355768
  37. Arnie Roth, "The Compleat Four Seasons", listed on Allmusic.
    http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-compleat-four-seasons-mw0000933771
  38. The Baronics "Get Bach!", on Discogs.
    http://www.discogs.com/Baronics-Get-Bach/release/3376587
  39. The Great Kat, "Bloody Vivaldi", album.
  40. Vanessa-Mae "Storm", album.
  41. Chinese Baroque Players "Four Seasons", Xien Records (XNC2 44032), Allmusic listing
    http://www.allmusic.com/album/vivaldi-four-seasons-mw0000994729/releases
  42. Venice Harp Quartet "Four Seasons for Four Harps", Fine Classics (4423–2), Allmusic listing.
    http://www.allmusic.com/album/vivaldis-four-seasons-for-four-harps-mw0001420870
  43. Primavera Tango "Flamenco Fantasy", on Discogs.
    http://www.discogs.com/Gustavo-Montesano-Royal-Philharmonic-Orchestra-Flamenco-Fantasy/release/3915525
  44. Brusch & Mikkelsen "The Four Seasons", Classico CLASSCD333
  45. Ferhan & Ferzan discography "Vivaldi Reflections", EMI classics. Retrieved on 23 June 2013.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125439/http://www.ferhan-ferzan.com/cms/?page_id=154&lang=en
  46. Susan Osborn, "Winter/Vivaldi", album "Still Life" (Pony Canyon label).
  47. The Charades, "Vivaldi's Summer Twist", album "As Hot As Cool Can Be" (Power Records).
  48. Red Priest's "Four Seasons" (Dorian 90317), Allmusic listing.
    http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/red-priests-vivaldis-four-seasons-mr0002152523
  49. "The Four Seasons Mosaic" DVD is paired with Tafelmusik's L'estro armonico CD, featured on Vimeo (producer's channel).
    https://vimeo.com/album/1883640/video/20603011
  50. Frets on Fire "Dark Moor's winter", featured on YouTube (open source gameplay recording).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8H_R6XZV48A
  51. Accentus "Transcriptions 2", on Discogs.
    http://www.discogs.com/Laurence-Equilbey-Accentus-Transcriptions-2/release/2899532
  52. Celtic Woman: A New Journey, "Vivaldi's Rain".
  53. PercaDu (Tomer Yariv and Adi Morag), "Vivaldi, winter arr for marimbas", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-L24Bq_wBo
  54. LesGrandsBallets "Les quatre saisons", featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6b_YG7MXfo
  55. Tim Slade "4", listed on IMDB.
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1045798/
  56. Information about CD "국악으로 듣는 비발디의 사계 (in Korean)", on Aladin Communication Inc.
    http://music.aladin.co.kr/shop/wproduct.aspx?ItemId=918209
  57. Jaroslav Sveceny & Michal Dvorak "Vivaldianno MMVIII", featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
    https://vimeo.com/25173406
  58. Yves Custeau "Vivaldi Rock Spring", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvRpkidj8FQ
  59. Daisy Jopling, "Winter (hip hop)", album "Key to the Classics", "Winter (reggae)", featured on YouTube (recording artist
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDOfWRl9qnw
  60. Innesa Tymochko, "Vivaldi's Storm", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNE5gJn1xxQ
  61. Wez Bolton, "Winter (cover version)", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7EHASophDM
  62. Patrick Chan, "2008 Nationals", featured on YouTube (channel for the skater).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9d9LSJIzuQU
  63. Absynth Against Anguish "The Four Seasons 2.0", creative commons audio.
    http://www.jamendo.com/en/list/a42601/vivaldi-the-four-seasons-2.0
  64. Riccardo Arrighini, "Le quattro stagioni" Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, album "Vivaldi in Jazz".
    http://www.riccardoarrighini.net/albums/vivaldi-in-jazz-eng/?lang=en
  65. Christophe Monniot, "Vivaldi Universel, Saison 5", Cristal Records (CR 149).
  66. BlinDChriS "Vivaldi Dead Springs", creative commons media.
    http://www.jamendo.com/fr/list/a46019/works
  67. Art Color Ballet "Vivaldi 4 Elements", featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrPVjZ98ipM
  68. David Garrett "Vivaldi/Vertigo", album "Rock Symphonies", featured on Vimeo (producer's channel).
    https://vimeo.com/14385896
  69. Black Smith "Vivaldi Tribute", Against all odds (DVD), featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMiV8S9p1Ss
  70. Angels Ensembles, "Angels Summer", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bijM24XGDio
  71. Szentpeteri Csilla, "Storm – Crossover", featured on YouTube (recording artist's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qm29lKa5nmA
  72. Leonel Valbom, "Summer Vivaldi", featured on SoundCloud (recording artist's channel).
    https://soundcloud.com/lvalbom/summer-vivaldi
  73. Tim Kliphuis "Spring – Gypsy Jazz and Celtic version", "Live at Iford Manor" (DVD), featured on YouTube (recording artis
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNq6knOFKyM
  74. "「四季」より夏(新堀ｷﾞﾀｰｱﾝｻﾝﾌﾞﾙ) Niibori Guitar Ensemble playing The Four Seasons: Summer by NiiboriTV"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JqHKlPz7c4
  75. iTunes
    https://music.apple.com/us/album/night-in-istanbul/1181871810
  76. iTunes
    https://music.apple.com/us/album/save-the-street-musicians/1116246224
  77. OLGA SHOW – SUMMER – VIVALDI – violin drums bass
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_PTiO04ARk
  78. Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-max-richter-vivaldi-the-four-seasons-recomposed-by-max-richter-deutsche-grammophon-8226832.html
  79. Aura discography "Le Quattro Stagioni" Archived 2011-11-17 at the Wayback Machine, EPIC Records (ESCL 3932). Retrieved o
    http://www.aura-official.com/NewFiles/Aura_Discography.html
  80. Sinfonity "The Four Seasons", live in Madrid, featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
    https://vimeo.com/user12016715/videos
  81. Bachod Chirmof, "Midi Animation – Vivaldi", featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
    https://vimeo.com/30363314
  82. Tornado Classic, "Vivaldi Summer", featured on Vimeo (producer's channel).
    https://vimeo.com/album/1883631/video/25343013
  83. Richard Galliano, DG Label "Vivaldi" Archived 2013-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (featured on artist's site).
    http://www.richardgalliano.com/anglais/english.htm
  84. Vito Paternoster "The Four Seasons in forma di sonata for cello" ("Baryton BRT 006", tracks featured on Magnatune).
    http://magnatune.com/artists/albums/paternoster-vivaldi/
  85. The Periodic project & Lennart Wittenhagen "Vier Jahreszeiten", featured on Vimeo (recording artist's channel).
    https://vimeo.com/56924832
  86. A Vivaldi Compendium "Midseasons", creative commons media, featured on YouTube (producer's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMSurXJPXfk
  87. 'Bolero' on Instruments Ravel Never Dreamed Of
    https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/14/arts/music/afghan-ensembles-at-carnegie-hall.html
  88. The Piano Guys – "Let it Go (Disney's "Frozen") Vivaldi Winter", featured on YouTube (group's channel).
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Dakd7EIgBE
  89. www.astronomusic.com
    http://www.astronomusic.com/the_four_seasons.htm
  90. Warner Classics
    http://www.warnerclassics.com/release/5107686,0825646486953/david-aaron-carpenter-vivaldi-piazzolla-shor-the-12-seasons
  91. "For Seasons"
    https://www.forseasonsbydata.com/theproject/
  92. "The Four Seasons – A World Premiere"
    https://balletaz.org/performance/the-four-seasons/
  93. "The [uncertain] Four Seasons"
    https://the-uncertain-four-seasons.info/
  94. [풀버전] ♬ 리듬 타 (The Awakening of Summer) – 에이티즈(ATEEZ)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4n06VT4H9w
  95. Quanto Mais Vida, Melhor! | Neném, Paula, Guilherme e Flávia acordam em corpos trocados e se desesperam | Globoplay
    https://globoplay.globo.com/v/10340783/
  96. La Serenissima
    https://www.laserenissima.co.uk/product/the-four-seasons/
  97. "A Season to Sing!"
    https://www.rscm.org.uk/a-season-to-sing/
  98. Classic FM
    https://www.classicfm.com/composers/vivaldi/four-seasons-netflix/
  99. 音楽商品
    https://www.lovelive-anime.jp/nijigasaki/cd.php
  100. imslp.org
    https://imslp.org/wiki/Feraspe,_RV_713_(Vivaldi,_Antonio)
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