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The Buddha

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The Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (lit. 'the awakened one'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained nirvana at Bodh Gaya in what is now India. The Buddha then wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order (sangha). Buddhist tradition holds he died in Kushinagar and reached parinirvana ("final release from conditioned existence"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering. His core teachings are summarised in the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and kindness toward others, and meditative practices such as sense restraint, mindfulness, dhyana (meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the five skandhas and dependent origination, describing how all dharmas (both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other dharmas, lacking an existence on their own (svabhava). While in the Nikayas, he frequently refers to himself as the Tathāgata; the earliest attestation of the title Buddha is from the 3rd century BCE, meaning 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community into the Vinaya Piṭaka, containing codes for monastic discipline, and the Sūtra Piṭaka, a collection of discourses attributed to him. These were passed down in Middle Indo-Aryan dialects through an oral tradition. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as Abhidharma, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as Jataka tales, and additional discourses, i.e., the Mahāyāna sūtras. Buddhism evolved into a variety of traditions and practices, represented by Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna, and spread beyond the Indian subcontinent. While Buddhism declined in India, and mostly disappeared after the 8th century CE due to a lack of popular and economic support, Buddhism has grown more prominent in Southeast and East Asia.

Infobox

Born
Siddhartha Gautamac. 563 or 480 BCELumbini, Shakya Republic (according to Buddhist tradition)[b]
Died
c. 483 or 400 BCE (aged 80)[c]Kushinagar, Malla Republic (according to Buddhist tradition)[d]
Resting place
Cremated; ashes divided among followers
Spouse
Yaśodharā
Children
Rāhula
Parents
mw- Śuddhodana (father)Maya (mother)
Known for
Establishing Buddhism
Other names
Gautama BuddhaŚākyamuni, (lit. 'Sage of the Shakyas')
Predecessor
Kāśyapa Buddha
Successor
Maitreya
Sanskrit
Siddhārtha Gautama
Pali
Siddhattha Gotama

Tables

· External links
Preceded byKassapa Buddha
Preceded byKassapa Buddha
Buddhist titles
Preceded byKassapa Buddha
Buddhist titles
Buddhist Patriarch
Buddhist titles
Succeeded byMaitreya Buddha
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Buddhist titles
Regnal titles
Preceded byKrishna
Preceded byKrishna
Buddhist titles
Preceded byKrishna
Buddhist titles
DashavataraKali Yuga
Buddhist titles
Succeeded byKalki
Buddhist titles
Preceded byKassapa Buddha
Buddhist Patriarch
Succeeded byMaitreya Buddha
Regnal titles
Preceded byKrishna
DashavataraKali Yuga
Succeeded byKalki

References

  1. Buddha is seated cross-legged in the lotus position. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the dharmac
  2. According to the Buddhist tradition, following the Nidanakatha (Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878, p. [page needed]), the i
  3. 411–400: Dundas (2002), p. 24: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-exami
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150903184503/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic138396.files/Buddha-Dates.pdf
  4. According to Mahaparinibbana Sutta (see Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is
    http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html
  5. /sɪˈdɑːrtə, -θə ˈɡɔːtəmə, ˈɡaʊ- ˈbuːdə, ˈbʊdə/, Sanskrit: [sɪddʱaːrtʰɐ gɐʊtɐmɐ]
  6. The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened
  7. Oxford English Dictionary
    https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=2013
  8. The eastern part of Indo-Gangetic Plain, located in present-day Nepal and northern India.
  9. Buswell & Lopez 2014, p. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the Ariyapariyesana Sutta, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment
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  10. The final dissolution of the aggregates that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again o
  11. Sanskrit pronunciation: [ɕɑːkjəmuni]
  12. In Ashoka's Rummindei Edict c. 260 BCE, in Hultzsch (1925, p. 164)
  13. Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the
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  14. In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a Bodhigara, a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the Maya De
  15. Keay 2011: "The date [of Buddha's meeting with Bimbisara] (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around
  16. Shakya: Warder 2000, p. 45: "The Buddha [...] was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a
  17. According to Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma,
  18. Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village, Odisha, at the east coast of Ind
  19. Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state th
  20. According to Geoffrey Samuel, the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan, in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Gang
  21. See the Upaddha Sutta ("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, ad
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  22. An account of these practices can be seen in the Mahāsaccaka-sutta (MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to
  23. a Chinese translation of Mahāsīhanāda-sutta.
  24. According to various early texts like the Mahāsaccaka-sutta, and the Samaññaphala Sutta, a Buddha has achieved three hig
  25. Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberat
  26. Anālayo draws from seven early sources: the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese a *Vinayamātṛkā pre
  27. Waley notes: suukara-kanda, "pig-bulb"; suukara-paadika, "pig's foot" and sukaresh.ta "sought-out by pigs". He cites Neu
  28. Two well-known proponent of this position are A.K. Warder and Richard Gombrich. According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 pu
  29. A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson. Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a roug
  30. Well-known proponents of the third position are: J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be s
  31. Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early B
  32. Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list [the noble eightf
  33. One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are
  34. Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000), Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit, in Horin: Vergleichen
  35. Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that som
  36. right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right co
  37. Early texts that outline the graduated path include the Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta (MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 14
  38. As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequ
  39. Perspectives on Satipatthana
  40. Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment: Anicca (Sanskrit: anitya): That all things that com
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  42. "Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (real
  43. "These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brah
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  45. "thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what
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