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Thailand

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, and formerly known as Siam until 1939, is a country located in mainland Southeast Asia. It shares land borders with Myanmar to the west and northwest, Laos to the east and northeast, Cambodia to the southeast, and Malaysia to the south. Its maritime boundaries include the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, as well as maritime borders with Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. Thailand has a population of nearly 66 million people, covers an area of approximately 513,115 km2 (198,115 sq mi). The country's capital and largest city is Bangkok. Archaeological evidence indicates that humans have inhabited the area of present-day Thailand for at least 40,000 years. Indigenous ethnic groups include the Mon, Khmer, and Malay people. The Tai people are believed to have originated from the Điện Biên Phủ region since the 5th century and began migrating into the territory of modern Thailand between the 8th and 10th centuries origin of the Tai people. During the classical historical period, major kingdoms such as Sukhothai, Lan Na, and Ayutthaya were established. The Sukhothai Kingdom is regarded as the beginning of Thai history, while the Ayutthaya Kingdom, founded in 1350 CE, became a regional power replacing the Khmer Empire. European contact began in 1511 CE when Portuguese envoys arrived in Ayutthaya. The Ayutthaya Kingdom flourished until its complete destruction during the 1765–1767 Burmese–Siamese War by the Burmese forces under the Konbaung dynasty in 1767. After the fall of Ayutthaya, King Taksin reunified the kingdom and established the Thonburi Kingdom, which lasted only 15 years before he was overthrown by Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the founder of the Chakri dynasty. King Rama I established the Rattanakosin Kingdom and moved the capital to Bangkok in 1782. During the era of Western imperialism, Siam remained the only country in Southeast Asia to avoid colonization by European powers, although it ceded territory, trade rights, and legal privileges through several unequal treaties. The governance system evolved into an absolute monarchy centralized under the rule of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Siam adapted to international relations during the imperialist era and joined World War I on the side of the Allies, a political decision aimed at revising the effects of unequal treaties and enhancing Siam's international status. Following the Siamese revolution of 1932 by the Khana Ratsadon (lit. 'People's Party'), Siam transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a parliamentary constitutional monarchy and was officially renamed Thailand. During World War II, the country was under the military dictatorship of Plaek Phibunsongkhram and allied with the Empire of Japan as part of the Axis powers, but Thailand did not become a defeated nation due to the underground Free Thai Movement's "Declaration of Peace", which was recognized by the Allies. During the Cold War, Thailand became a key major non-NATO ally of the United States and played a major role in countering communism in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and other proxy wars. Thailand also joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). Despite brief periods of liberal democracy in the 1970s and 1990s, Thailand alternated between liberal democracy and military dictatorship. Since the 2000s, Thailand has experienced political conflict between supporters and opponents of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra (in office 2001–2006), leading to the 2006 and 2014 coup d'états. Today, Thailand operates under the 2017 Constitution and a coalition government following the 2019 Thai general election, as well as political demonstrations demanding democracy and monarchy reform. The current constitutional structure still allows de facto political influence by the Royal Thai Armed Forces. Thailand has also faced border tensions from the 2008–2011 Cambodian–Thai border crisis extending to the 2025 Cambodia–Thailand border crisis involving territorial disputes and military clashes. Currently, Thailand is recognized as a developing country and holds significant geopolitical importance in Southeast Asia. It is a unitary state governed under a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislature comprising the elected House of Representatives and the appointed Senate. Thailand is a member of the United Nations, a major non-NATO ally of the United States, and a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), as well as a regional power. The Royal Thai Armed Forces are among the largest military forces in Southeast Asia. Thailand's economy is the second-largest in the region and the 23rd globally by purchasing power parity, ranking 29th by gross domestic product. Thailand is classified as a newly industrialized country, with manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism being the main economic sectors.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Bangkok[i].mw- 13°48′N 100°33′E / 13.800°N 100.550°E / 13.800; 100.550
Official languages
Thai
Other languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li IsanNorthern ThaiSouthern ThaiKarenPattani MalayBangkok MalayTeochewHokkien
Ethnic groups
mw- li 80% Thai 37% Central Thai 25% Isan 8% Northern Thai 8% Southern Thai 2% Western Thai 12% Thai Chinese 4% Khmer 4% Malays
Religion (2018 census)
93.46% Buddhism 5.37% Islam 1.13% Christianity 0.03% other
Demonym
Thai
Government
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[ii]
• Monarch
Vajiralongkorn (Rama X)
• Prime Minister
Anutin Charnvirakul
Legislature
National Assembly
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
• Sukhothai Kingdom
1238–1438
• Ayutthaya Kingdom
1351–1767
• Thonburi Kingdom
1767–1782
• Rattanakosin Kingdom
6 April 1782
• Constitutional monarchy
24 June 1932
• Current constitution
6 April 2017
• Total
$558.573 billion (31rd)
• Water (%)
0.4 (2,230 km2)
• 2024 estimate
65,975,198 (22nd)
• 2010 census
64,785,909 (21st)
• Density
132.1/km2 (342.1/sq mi) (88th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$7,942 (97th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2021)
35.1 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.798high (76th)
Currency
Thai baht (฿) (THB)
Time zone
UTC 7 (ICT)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy (BE)
Calling code
66
ISO 3166 code
TH
Internet TLD
th.ไทย
Gini (2023)
33.5 } }medium inequality

Tables

Economic indicators · Economy
GDP growth
GDP growth
Nominal GDP
GDP growth
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
3.9% (2017)
Headline inflation
Headline inflation
Nominal GDP
Headline inflation
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
0.7% (2017)
Core inflation
Core inflation
Nominal GDP
Core inflation
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
0.6% (2017)
Employment-to-population ratio
Employment-to-population ratio
Nominal GDP
Employment-to-population ratio
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
68.0% (2017)
Unemployment
Unemployment
Nominal GDP
Unemployment
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
1.2% (2017)
Total public debt
Total public debt
Nominal GDP
Total public debt
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
฿6.37 trillion (Dec. 2017)
Poverty
Poverty
Nominal GDP
Poverty
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
8.61% (2016)
Net household worth
Net household worth
Nominal GDP
Net household worth
฿14.53 trillion (2016)
฿20.34 trillion (2010)
Nominal GDP
trillion (2016)
GDP growth
3.9% (2017)
Headline inflation
0.7% (2017)
Core inflation
0.6% (2017)
Employment-to-population ratio
68.0% (2017)
Unemployment
1.2% (2017)
Total public debt
trillion (Dec. 2017)
Poverty
8.61% (2016)
Net household worth
trillion (2010)

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  2. Officially a democratic form of government with the king as head of state
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  4. Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย; Ratcha-anachak Thai pronounced [raː.t͡ɕa.ʔaː.naː.t͡ɕàk tʰaj]
  5. /saɪˈæm, ˈsaɪæm/, sye-AM, SYE-am; Thai: สยาม, RTGS: sayam, pronounced [sajǎːm]; also spelled Siem, Syâm, or Syâma
  6. Through the following chain: *kəri: > *kəli: > *kədi:/*kədaj > *di:/*daj > *dajA (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > tʰajA2 (in S
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