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Texas

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Texas

Texas ( TEK-səss) is the most populous state in the South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest. Texas has a coastline on the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Covering 268,596 square miles (695,660 km2) and with over 31 million residents as of 2024, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population. Texas is nicknamed the "Lone Star State" for the single star on its flag, symbolic of its former status as an independent country, the Republic of Texas. Spain was the first European country to claim and control Texas. Following a short-lived colony controlled by France, Mexico controlled the land until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming the Republic of Texas. In 1845, Texas joined the United States of America as the 28th state. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican–American War in 1846. Following victory by the United States, Texas remained a slave state until the American Civil War, when it declared its secession from the Union in early 1861 before officially joining the Confederate States on March 2. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. Historically, five major industries shaped the economy of Texas prior to World War II: bison, cattle, cotton, oil, and timber. Before and after the Civil War, the cattle industry—which Texas came to dominate—was a major economic driver and created the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century, cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. Ultimately, the discovery of major petroleum deposits (Spindletop in particular) initiated an economic boom that became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry during the mid-20th century. As of 2024, it has the second-highest number (52) of Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the United States. With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including tourism, agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. Texas has led the U.S. in state export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. Texas consistently ranks highly among national averages for business growth, job creation, and economic opportunity with low taxes and a regulatory environment that encourages innovation. The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex and Greater Houston areas are the nation's fourth and fifth-most populous urban regions respectively. Its capital city is Austin. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and the Southwestern regions. Most population centers are in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, terrain ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, to the desert and mountains of the Big Bend.

Infobox

Country
United States
Before statehood
Republic of Texas
Admitted to the Union
December 29, 1845 (28th)
Capital
Austin
Largest city
Houston
Largest county or equivalent
Harris
Largest metro and urban areas
Dallas–Fort Worth
• Governor
Greg Abbott (R)
• Lieutenant Governor
Dan Patrick (R)
Legislature
Texas Legislature
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Judiciary
Supreme Court of Texas (Civil)Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (Criminal)
U.S. senators
John Cornyn (R)Ted Cruz (R)
U.S. House delegation
25 Republicans12 Democrats1 vacant (list)
• Total
31,290,831
• Land
261,232 sq mi (676,587 km2)
• Water
7,365 sq mi (19,075 km2) 2.7%
• Rank
23rd
• Length
801 mi (1,289 km)
• Width
773 mi (1,244 km)
Elevation
1,710 ft (520 m)
Highest elevation (Guadalupe Peak[a])
8,751 ft (2,667.4 m)
Lowest elevation (Gulf of Mexico)
0 ft (0 m)
• Density
111/sq mi (42.9/km2)
• Median household income
$75,800 (2023)
• Income rank
23rd
Demonym(s)
TexanTexian (archaic)Tejano (usually only used for Hispanics)
• Official language
None
• Spoken language
English only: 64.9% Spanish: 28.8% Other: 6.3%
Majority of state
UTC−06:00 (Central)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−06:00 (MDT)
El Paso, Hudspeth, and northwestern Culberson counties
UTC−07:00 (Mountain)
USPS abbreviation
TX
ISO 3166 code
US-TX
Traditional abbreviation
Tex.
Latitude
25°50′ N to 36°30′ N
Longitude
93°31′ W to 106°39′ W
Website
texas.gov

Tables

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Texas[166] · Geography › Climate
Houston
Houston
Location
Houston
August (°F)
94/75
August (°C)
34/24
January (°F)
63/54
January (°C)
17/12
San Antonio
San Antonio
Location
San Antonio
August (°F)
96/74
August (°C)
35/23
January (°F)
63/40
January (°C)
17/5
Dallas
Dallas
Location
Dallas
August (°F)
96/77
August (°C)
36/25
January (°F)
57/37
January (°C)
16/3
Austin
Austin
Location
Austin
August (°F)
97/74
August (°C)
36/23
January (°F)
61/45
January (°C)
16/5
El Paso
El Paso
Location
El Paso
August (°F)
92/67
August (°C)
33/21
January (°F)
57/32
January (°C)
14/0
Laredo
Laredo
Location
Laredo
August (°F)
100/77
August (°C)
37/25
January (°F)
67/46
January (°C)
19/7
Amarillo
Amarillo
Location
Amarillo
August (°F)
89/64
August (°C)
32/18
January (°F)
50/23
January (°C)
10/−4
Brownsville
Brownsville
Location
Brownsville
August (°F)
94/76
August (°C)
34/24
January (°F)
70/51
January (°C)
21/11
Location
August (°F)
August (°C)
January (°F)
January (°C)
Houston
94/75
34/24
63/54
17/12
San Antonio
96/74
35/23
63/40
17/5
Dallas
96/77
36/25
57/37
16/3
Austin
97/74
36/23
61/45
16/5
El Paso
92/67
33/21
57/32
14/0
Laredo
100/77
37/25
67/46
19/7
Amarillo
89/64
32/18
50/23
10/−4
Brownsville
94/76
34/24
70/51
21/11
· Geography › Administrative divisions
Year(s)
Year(s)
Largest city in Texas by year
Year(s)
Largest city in Texas by year
City
1850–1870
1850–1870
Largest city in Texas by year
1850–1870
Largest city in Texas by year
San Antonio
1870–1890
1870–1890
Largest city in Texas by year
1870–1890
Largest city in Texas by year
Galveston
1890–1900
1890–1900
Largest city in Texas by year
1890–1900
Largest city in Texas by year
Dallas
1900–1930
1900–1930
Largest city in Texas by year
1900–1930
Largest city in Texas by year
San Antonio
1930–present
1930–present
Largest city in Texas by year
1930–present
Largest city in Texas by year
Houston
Largest city in Texas by year
Year(s)
City
1850–1870
San Antonio
1870–1890
Galveston
1890–1900
Dallas
1900–1930
San Antonio
1930–present
Houston
Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census · Demographics › Race and ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino
Hispanic or Latino
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino
Alone
—
Total
40.2%
Non-Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic White
Race and ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
Alone
39.7%
Total
39.8%
African American
African American
Race and ethnicity
African American
Alone
11.8%
Total
12.8%
Asian
Asian
Race and ethnicity
Asian
Alone
5.4%
Total
6.1%
Native American
Native American
Race and ethnicity
Native American
Alone
0.3%
Total
1.4%
Pacific Islander
Pacific Islander
Race and ethnicity
Pacific Islander
Alone
0.1%
Total
0.2%
Other
Other
Race and ethnicity
Other
Alone
0.4%
Total
1.0%
Race and ethnicity
Alone
Total
Hispanic or Latino
—
40.2%
Non-Hispanic White
39.7%
39.8%
African American
11.8%
12.8%
Asian
5.4%
6.1%
Native American
0.3%
1.4%
Pacific Islander
0.1%
0.2%
Other
0.4%
1.0%
Most common non-English languages · Demographics › Languages
Spanish
Spanish
Language
Spanish
Population(as of 2010)
29.2%
Vietnamese
Vietnamese
Language
Vietnamese
Population(as of 2010)
0.8%
Chinese
Chinese
Language
Chinese
Population(as of 2010)
0.6%
German
German
Language
German
Population(as of 2010)
0.3%
Tagalog
Tagalog
Language
Tagalog
Population(as of 2010)
0.3%
French
French
Language
French
Population(as of 2010)
0.3%
Korean and Urdu (tied)
Korean and Urdu (tied)
Language
Korean and Urdu (tied)
Population(as of 2010)
0.2%
Hindi
Hindi
Language
Hindi
Population(as of 2010)
0.2%
Arabic
Arabic
Language
Arabic
Population(as of 2010)
0.2%
Niger-Congo languages
Niger-Congo languages
Language
Niger-Congo languages
Population(as of 2010)
0.2%
Language
Population(as of 2010)
Spanish
29.2%
Vietnamese
0.8%
Chinese
0.6%
German
0.3%
Tagalog
0.3%
French
0.3%
Korean and Urdu (tied)
0.2%
Hindi
0.2%
Arabic
0.2%
Niger-Congo languages
0.2%

References

  1. Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
  2. In Peninsular Spanish, the spelling variant Tejas is also used alongside Texas. According to the Diccionario panhispánic
  3. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- locally also /ˈtɛksɪz/ TEK-siz; Spanish: Texas or Tejas pronounc
  4. Cabeza de Vaca wrote, "They went about with a firebrand, setting fire to the plains and timber so as to drive off the mo
  5. Vázquez de Coronado wrote, "Two kinds of people travel around these plains with the cows; one is called Querechos and th
  6. Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
  7. Second to California
  8. Based on the industry-standard measure of revenue passenger-kilometers/miles flown
  9. This figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in
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    https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus1718.pdf
  462. Codes.lp.findlaw.com
    http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/PE/2/9/D/9.42
  463. Center for Reproductive Rights
    https://reproductiverights.org/maps/state/texas/
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