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Territories of the United States

Updated: Wikipedia source

Territories of the United States

Territories of the United States are subnational geographical and political areas governed as administrative divisions and dependent territories under the sovereignty of the United States. Despite all being subject to the constitutional and territorial jurisdiction of the U.S. federal government, territories differ from states and Indian reservations in that they are not inherently sovereign. While states have dual sovereignty and Native American tribes have tribal sovereignty in relation to the federal government, the self-governing powers of territories ultimately derive from the U.S. Congress, as per the Territorial Clause in Article IV of the U.S. Constitution. Territories are classified as "organized" or "unorganized" depending on whether they operate under an organic act, and "incorporated" or "unincorporated" depending on whether the U.S. Constitution applies fully or partially to them. As areas belonging to, but not integral parts of, the U.S., territories are their own distinct nations centered around a collective identity based on their land, history, ethnicity, culture, and language. All territories of the U.S. are insular areas. The U.S. has sovereignty over three archipelagos or islands in the Caribbean Sea and eleven in the Pacific Ocean. Five territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands) are permanently inhabited, unincorporated territories; the other nine are small islands, atolls, and reefs with no native (or permanent) population. Of the 14, only one is classified as an incorporated territory (Palmyra Atoll). Two additional territories (Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank) are claimed by the U.S. but administered by Colombia. Historically, territories were created to administer newly acquired land, and most eventually attained statehood. The most recent territory to become a U.S. state was Hawaii on August 21, 1959. Residents of some U.S. territories enjoy a high quality of life, for instance in Guam, which has comparable health to the United States, and American Samoa, which has a crude death rate of 7.2 per 1,000, compared to the United States rate of 9.2 per 1,000. Research suggests that indigenous diets and lifestyles play a positive role in Samoans' health, particularly neonatal mortality rates. Several territories retain collective or trust ownership of native or indigenous lands, speak their indigenous or native languages, and retain indigenous cultural practices which might not survive under full incorporation to the United States framework. The territories have embraced a variety of strategies towards their relationship with the United States, with some advocating for closer integration into the United States, and others opting to remain as independent as possible. Residents of the U.S. territories cannot vote in United States presidential elections, and they have only non-voting representation in the U.S. Congress. According to 2012 data, territorial telecommunications and other infrastructure are generally inferior to that of the continental U.S. and Hawaii. Poverty rates are higher in the territories than in the states, though these figures do not take into account indigenous and trust land ownership that exists across the U.S. territories of CNMI, Guam, and American Samoa.

Infobox

Demonym
American
Currency
United States dollar
Languages
mw- EnglishSpanishSamoanChamorroCarolinian
• Total
22,294.19 km2 (8,607.83 sq mi)
Date format
mm/dd/yyyy (AD)
Territories
5 inhabited American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands 9 uninhabited Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island 2 claimed Bajo Nuevo Bank Serranilla Bank
• Governors
List
• 2020 census
3,623,895
• Head of state
Donald Trump

Tables

Overview of populated American territories[53][54][55][56][57] · Permanently inhabited territories
American Samoa (AS)
American Samoa (AS)
Name (abbreviation)
American Samoa (AS)
Location
Polynesia (South Pacific)
Area
197.1 km2 (76 sq mi)
Population (2020)
49,710
Capital
Pago Pago
Largest town
Tafuna
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Acquired
April 17, 1900
Guam (GU)
Guam (GU)
Name (abbreviation)
Guam (GU)
Location
Micronesia (North Pacific)
Area
543 km2 (210 sq mi)
Population (2020)
153,836
Capital
Hagåtña
Largest town
Dededo
Status
Unincorporated, organized
Acquired
April 11, 1899
Northern Mariana Islands (MP)
Northern Mariana Islands (MP)
Name (abbreviation)
Northern Mariana Islands (MP)
Location
Micronesia (North Pacific)
Area
463.63 km2 (179 sq mi)
Population (2020)
47,329
Capital
Saipan
Largest town
Saipan
Status
Unincorporated, organized (Commonwealth)
Acquired
November 4, 1986
Puerto Rico (PR)
Puerto Rico (PR)
Name (abbreviation)
Puerto Rico (PR)
Location
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
Area
9,104 km2 (3,515 sq mi)
Population (2020)
3,285,874
Capital
San Juan
Largest town
San Juan
Status
Unincorporated, organized (Commonwealth)
Acquired
April 11, 1899
U.S. Virgin Islands (VI)
U.S. Virgin Islands (VI)
Name (abbreviation)
U.S. Virgin Islands (VI)
Location
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
Area
346.36 km2 (134 sq mi)
Population (2020)
87,146
Capital
Charlotte Amalie
Largest town
Charlotte Amalie
Status
Unincorporated, organized
Acquired
March 31, 1917
Name (abbreviation)
Location
Area
Population (2020)
Capital
Largest town
Status
Acquired
American Samoa (AS)
Polynesia (South Pacific)
197.1 km2 (76 sq mi)
49,710
Pago Pago
Tafuna
Unincorporated, unorganized
April 17, 1900
Guam (GU)
Micronesia (North Pacific)
543 km2 (210 sq mi)
153,836
Hagåtña
Dededo
Unincorporated, organized
April 11, 1899
Northern Mariana Islands (MP)
Micronesia (North Pacific)
463.63 km2 (179 sq mi)
47,329
Saipan
Saipan
Unincorporated, organized (Commonwealth)
November 4, 1986
Puerto Rico (PR)
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
9,104 km2 (3,515 sq mi)
3,285,874
San Juan
San Juan
Unincorporated, organized (Commonwealth)
April 11, 1899
Virgin Islands (VI)
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
346.36 km2 (134 sq mi)
87,146
Charlotte Amalie
Charlotte Amalie
Unincorporated, organized
March 31, 1917
Statistical overview of American territories · Permanently inhabited territories › Statistics
American Samoa
American Samoa
Territory
American Samoa
Official language(s)
Samoan, English
Pop. change(2021 est.)
−2.1%
Poverty rate
65% (2017)
Life expectancyin 2018–2020 (years)
74.80
HDI
0.827
GDP ($ billions)
$0.636
Trafficflow
Right
Time zone
Samoan Time (UTC−11)
Area code(+1)
684
Guam
Guam
Territory
Guam
Official language(s)
English, Chamorro
Pop. change(2021 est.)
+0.18%
Poverty rate
22.9% (2009)
Life expectancyin 2018–2020 (years)
79.86
HDI
0.901
GDP ($ billions)
$5.92
Trafficflow
Right
Time zone
Chamorro Time (UTC+10)
Area code(+1)
671
Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Territory
Northern Mariana Islands
Official language(s)
English, Chamorro, Carolinian
Pop. change(2021 est.)
−0.36%
Poverty rate
52.3% (2009)
Life expectancyin 2018–2020 (years)
76.10
HDI
0.875
GDP ($ billions)
$1.323
Trafficflow
Right
Time zone
Chamorro Time
Area code(+1)
670
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Territory
Puerto Rico
Official language(s)
Spanish, English
Pop. change(2021 est.)
−1.46%
Poverty rate
43.1% (2018)
Life expectancyin 2018–2020 (years)
79.78
HDI
0.845
GDP ($ billions)
$104.98
Trafficflow
Right
Time zone
Atlantic Time (UTC−4)
Area code(+1)
787, 939
U.S. Virgin Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
Territory
U.S. Virgin Islands
Official language(s)
English
Pop. change(2021 est.)
−0.42%
Poverty rate
22.4% (2009)
Life expectancyin 2018–2020 (years)
79.57
HDI
0.894
GDP ($ billions)
$3.85
Trafficflow
Left
Time zone
Atlantic Time
Area code(+1)
340
Territory
Official language(s)
Pop. change(2021 est.)
Poverty rate
Life expectancyin 2018–2020 (years)
HDI
GDP ($ billions)
Trafficflow
Time zone
Area code(+1)
American Samoa
Samoan, English
−2.1%
65% (2017)
74.80
0.827
$0.636
Right
Samoan Time (UTC−11)
684
Guam
English, Chamorro
+0.18%
22.9% (2009)
79.86
0.901
$5.92
Right
Chamorro Time (UTC+10)
671
Northern Mariana Islands
English, Chamorro, Carolinian
−0.36%
52.3% (2009)
76.10
0.875
$1.323
Right
Chamorro Time
670
Puerto Rico
Spanish, English
−1.46%
43.1% (2018)
79.78
0.845
$104.98
Right
Atlantic Time (UTC−4)
787, 939
Virgin Islands
English
−0.42%
22.4% (2009)
79.57
0.894
$3.85
Left
Atlantic Time
340
Governments and legislatures of the U.S. territories · Permanently inhabited territories › Governments and legislatures
Government of American Samoa
Government of American Samoa
Government
Government of American Samoa
Legislature
American Samoa Fono
Legislatureform
Bicameral
Government of Guam
Government of Guam
Government
Government of Guam
Legislature
Legislature of Guam
Legislatureform
Unicameral
Government of the Northern Mariana Islands
Government of the Northern Mariana Islands
Government
Government of the Northern Mariana Islands
Legislature
N. Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature
Legislatureform
Bicameral
Government of Puerto Rico
Government of Puerto Rico
Government
Government of Puerto Rico
Legislature
Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
Legislatureform
Bicameral
Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands
Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands
Government
Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands
Legislature
Legislature of the Virgin Islands
Legislatureform
Unicameral
Government
Legislature
Legislatureform
Government of American Samoa
American Samoa Fono
Bicameral
Government of Guam
Legislature of Guam
Unicameral
Government of the Northern Mariana Islands
N. Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature
Bicameral
Government of Puerto Rico
Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico
Bicameral
Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands
Legislature of the Virgin Islands
Unicameral
Political party affiliation in the American territories · Permanently inhabited territories › Governments and legislatures › Political party status
American Samoa
American Samoa
Territory
American Samoa
Governor
Non-PartisanRepublican
Territory Senate
Non-Partisan
Territory House
Non-Partisan
U.S. House of Representatives
Republican
Guam
Guam
Territory
Guam
Governor
Democratic
Territory Senate
Republican 9–6
Territory House
Republican
Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Territory
Northern Mariana Islands
Governor
Independent
Territory Senate
Republican 4–2–3
Territory House
Independent 13–4–3
U.S. House of Representatives
Republican
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Territory
Puerto Rico
Governor
New ProgressiveRepublican
Territory Senate
New Progressive19–5–2–1–1
Territory House
New Progressive36–13–3–1
U.S. House of Representatives
Popular DemocraticDemocratic
U.S. Virgin Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
Territory
U.S. Virgin Islands
Governor
Democratic
Territory Senate
Democratic 12–3
Territory House
Democratic
Territory
Governor
Territory Senate
Territory House
House of Representatives
American Samoa
Non-PartisanRepublican
Non-Partisan
Non-Partisan
Republican
Guam
Democratic
Republican 9–6
Republican
Northern Mariana Islands
Independent
Republican 4–2–3
Independent 13–4–3
Republican
Puerto Rico
New ProgressiveRepublican
New Progressive19–5–2–1–1
New Progressive36–13–3–1
Popular DemocraticDemocratic
Virgin Islands
Democratic
Democratic 12–3
Democratic
Overview of standard Minor Outlying Islands · Minor Outlying Islands
Baker Island
Baker Island
Name
Baker Island
Location
Polynesia (North Pacific)
Area
2.1 km2 (0.81 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28, 1856. Annexed on May 13, 1936, and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior.
Howland Island
Howland Island
Name
Howland Island
Location
Polynesia (North Pacific)
Area
4.5 km2 (1.7 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on December 3, 1858. Annexed on May 13, 1936, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department.
Jarvis Island
Jarvis Island
Name
Jarvis Island
Location
Polynesia (South Pacific)
Area
4.75 km2 (1.83 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28, 1856. Annexed on May 13, 1936, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department.
Johnston Atoll
Johnston Atoll
Name
Johnston Atoll
Location
Polynesia (North Pacific)
Area
2.67 km2 (1.03 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Last used by the U.S. Department of Defense in 2004.
Kingman Reef
Kingman Reef
Name
Kingman Reef
Location
Polynesia (North Pacific)
Area
18 km2 (6.9 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on February 8, 1860. Annexed on May 10, 1922, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department on December 29, 1934.
Midway Atoll
Midway Atoll
Name
Midway Atoll
Location
Polynesia (North Pacific)
Area
6.2 km2 (2.4 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Territory since 1859; primarily a National Wildlife Refuge and previously under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department.
Navassa Island
Navassa Island
Name
Navassa Island
Location
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
Area
5.4 km2 (2.1 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Territory since 1857; also claimed by Haiti.
Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll
Name
Palmyra Atoll
Location
Polynesia (North Pacific)
Area
12 km2 (5 sq mi)
Status
Incorporated, unorganized
Notes
Partially privately owned by The Nature Conservancy, with much of the rest owned by the federal government and managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service. It is an archipelago of about fifty small islands with a land area of about 1.56 sq mi (4.0 km2), about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of Oahu. The atoll was acquired through the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898. When the Territory of Hawaii was incorporated on April 30, 1900, Palmyra Atoll was incorporated as part of that territory. When Hawaii became a state in 1959, however, an act of Congress excluded the atoll from the state. Palmyra remained an incorporated territory, but received no new, organized government. U.S. sovereignty over Palmyra Atoll (and Hawaii) is disputed by the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.
Wake Island
Wake Island
Name
Wake Island
Location
Micronesia (North Pacific)
Area
7.4 km2 (2.9 sq mi)
Status
Unincorporated, unorganized
Notes
Territory since 1898; host to the Wake Island Airfield, administered by the U.S. Air Force. Wake Island is claimed by the Marshall Islands.
Name
Location
Area
Status
Notes
Baker Island
Polynesia (North Pacific)
2.1 km2 (0.81 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28, 1856. Annexed on May 13, 1936, and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior.
Howland Island
Polynesia (North Pacific)
4.5 km2 (1.7 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on December 3, 1858. Annexed on May 13, 1936, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department.
Jarvis Island
Polynesia (South Pacific)
4.75 km2 (1.83 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28, 1856. Annexed on May 13, 1936, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department.
Johnston Atoll
Polynesia (North Pacific)
2.67 km2 (1.03 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Last used by the U.S. Department of Defense in 2004.
Kingman Reef
Polynesia (North Pacific)
18 km2 (6.9 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on February 8, 1860. Annexed on May 10, 1922, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department on December 29, 1934.
Midway Atoll
Polynesia (North Pacific)
6.2 km2 (2.4 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Territory since 1859; primarily a National Wildlife Refuge and previously under the jurisdiction of the Navy Department.
Navassa Island
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
5.4 km2 (2.1 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Territory since 1857; also claimed by Haiti.
Palmyra Atoll
Polynesia (North Pacific)
12 km2 (5 sq mi)
Incorporated, unorganized
Partially privately owned by The Nature Conservancy, with much of the rest owned by the federal government and managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service. It is an archipelago of about fifty small islands with a land area of about 1.56 sq mi (4.0 km2), about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of Oahu. The atoll was acquired through the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898. When the Territory of Hawaii was incorporated on April 30, 1900, Palmyra Atoll was incorporated as part of that territory. When Hawaii became a state in 1959, however, an act of Congress excluded the atoll from the state. Palmyra remained an incorporated territory, but received no new, organized government. U.S. sovereignty over Palmyra Atoll (and Hawaii) is disputed by the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.
Wake Island
Micronesia (North Pacific)
7.4 km2 (2.9 sq mi)
Unincorporated, unorganized
Territory since 1898; host to the Wake Island Airfield, administered by the U.S. Air Force. Wake Island is claimed by the Marshall Islands.
Overview of disputed Minor Outlying Islands · Minor Outlying Islands › Claimed territories
Bajo Nuevo Bank
Bajo Nuevo Bank
Name
Bajo Nuevo Bank
Location
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
Area
110 km2 (42 sq mi)
Status
Claimed
Notes
Controlled by Colombia. Claimed by the United States (under the Guano Islands Act) and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice, although the U.S. was not a party to that case and does not recognize the ICJ's compulsory jurisdiction.
Serranilla Bank
Serranilla Bank
Name
Serranilla Bank
Location
350 km2 (140 sq mi)
Area
Claimed
Status
Controlled by Colombia; site of a naval garrison. Claimed by the United States (since 1879 under the Guano Islands Act) and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice, although the United States was not a party to that case and does not recognize the ICJ's compulsory jurisdiction. A claim by Honduras was settled in a 1986 treaty over maritime boundaries with Colombia.
Name
Location
Area
Status
Notes
Bajo Nuevo Bank
Caribbean (North Atlantic)
110 km2 (42 sq mi)
Claimed
Controlled by Colombia. Claimed by the United States (under the Guano Islands Act) and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice, although the U.S. was not a party to that case and does not recognize the ICJ's compulsory jurisdiction.
Serranilla Bank
350 km2 (140 sq mi)
Claimed
Controlled by Colombia; site of a naval garrison. Claimed by the United States (since 1879 under the Guano Islands Act) and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice, although the United States was not a party to that case and does not recognize the ICJ's compulsory jurisdiction. A claim by Honduras was settled in a 1986 treaty over maritime boundaries with Colombia.

References

  1. Republicans hold a nominal majority with 4 seats; however, the 3 independents and 2 Democrats formed a coalition governm
  2. Independents hold a majority with 13 seats, Democrats hold 4, and Republicans hold 3. A governing coalition was formed w
  3. New Progressive Party has 19 seats, Popular Democratic Party 5, Puerto Rico Independence Party 1, Project Dignity 1, and
  4. The New Progressive Party has 36 seats, Popular Democratic Party 13, Puerto Rico Independence Party 3, and Project Digni
  5. Democrats hold 12 seats with independents holding the remaining 3
  6. These six unincorporated territories and Palmyra Atoll make up the Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument.
  7. "Commonwealth" does not describe a political status, and has been applied to states and territories. When used for U.S.
  8. According to the 2016 Supreme Court ruling Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle, territories do not have separate sovereignty.
  9. Attributed to multiple sources:
  10. Two additional territories (Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank) are claimed by the United States but administered by Co
  11. The U.S. General Accounting Office reports, "Some residents of the Stewart Islands in the Solomon Islands group [ Sikaia
  12. Two territories (Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands) are called "commonwealths".
  13. The New York Times notes, "Even in [the four] territories, where statutory birthright citizenship has provided a makeshi
  14. In Tuaua v. United States, the DC Circuit ruled that citizenship-at-birth is not a right in unincorporated regions of th
  15. In parts of the United States other than American Samoa, non-citizen U.S. nationals cannot work in certain government jo
  16. SSI benefits are available only in the fifty states, the District of Columbia and the Northern Mariana Islands
  17. American Samoa, technically unorganized, is de facto organized.
  18. The administrative center of the Northern Mariana Islands is Capitol Hill, Saipan. However, because Saipan is governed a
  19. The largest village within Saipan is Garapan.
  20. U.S. sovereignty took effect on November 3, 1986 (Eastern Time) and on November 4, 1986 (local Northern Mariana Islands
  21. The revised constitution of American Samoa was approved on June 2, 1967, by Stewart L. Udall, then U.S. Secretary of the
  22. 2017 poverty rate; in 2009, American Samoa's poverty rate was 57.8%
  23. American Samoa is divided into counties, but the U.S. Census Bureau treats them as minor civil divisions.
  24. The forest cover percentage for the Northern Mariana Islands is for the three main islands only (Saipan, Tinian, and Rot
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