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Tenerife airport disaster

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Tenerife airport disaster

The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on 27 March 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger jets collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North–Ciudad de La Laguna Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife. The incident occurred at 5:06 pm WET (UTC+0) in dense fog, when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run, colliding with the starboard side of Pan Am Flight 1736 still on the runway. The impact and the resulting fire killed all 248 people on board the KLM plane and 335 of the 396 people on board the Pan Am plane, with only 61 survivors in the front section of the latter aircraft. With a total of 583 fatalities, the disaster is the deadliest accident in aviation history. The two aircraft had landed at Los Rodeos earlier that Sunday and were among a number of aircraft diverted to Los Rodeos due to a bomb explosion at their intended destination of Gran Canaria Airport. Los Rodeos had become congested with parked planes blocking the only taxiway, forcing departing aircraft to taxi on the runway. Patches of thick fog were drifting across the airfield, so visibility was greatly reduced for pilots and the control tower. An investigation by Spanish authorities concluded that the primary cause of the accident was the KLM captain's decision to take off in the mistaken belief that a takeoff clearance from air traffic control (ATC) had been issued. Dutch investigators placed a greater emphasis on a mutual misunderstanding in radio communications between the KLM crew and ATC, but ultimately KLM admitted that its crew was responsible for the accident and the airline agreed to financially compensate the relatives of all of the victims. The accident had a lasting influence on the industry, highlighting in particular the vital importance of using standard phraseology in radio communications. Cockpit procedures were also reviewed, contributing to the establishment of crew resource management as a fundamental part of airline pilots' training. The captain is no longer considered infallible and combined crew input is encouraged during aircraft operations.

Infobox

Date
27 March 1977 (1977-03-27)
Summary
Runway collision due to pilot and ATC error in poor visibility
Site
Los Rodeos Airport, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 28°28′53.94″N 16°20′18.24″W / 28.4816500°N 16.3384000°W / 28.4816500; -16.3384000
Total fatalities
583
Total injuries
61
Total survivors
61
Type
Boeing 747-121[b]
Name
Clipper Victor
Operator
Pan American World Airways on behalf of Royal Cruise Line
IATA flight No.
PA1736
ICAO flight No.
PAA1736
Call sign
CLIPPER 1736
Registration
N736PA
Flight origin
Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, United States
Destination
Gran Canaria Airport, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
Occupants
396
Passengers
380
Crew
16
Fatalities
335
Survivors
61
Stopover
John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City, United States
Injuries
61

Tables

· Accident › Communication misunderstandings
These communications are taken from the cockpit voice recorders of both aircraft, as well as from the Tenerife control tower's tapes. 1705:36–1706:50 1705:36.7 [KLM first officer completes pre-flight checklist. KLM 4805 is now at the end of the runway, in position for departure.] 1705:41.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER Wait a minute, we don't have an ATC clearance. [This statement is apparently a response to an advancing of the throttles in the KLM.] KLM CAPTAIN No, I know that, go ahead, ask. 1705:44.6–1705:50.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) The KLM four eight zero five is now ready for take-off and we are waiting for our ATC clearance. 1705:53.4–1706:08.1 TENERIFE TOWER KLM eight seven zero five [sic] you are cleared to the Papa beacon, climb to and maintain flight level nine zero, right turn after take-off, proceed with heading four zero until intercepting the three two five radial from Las Palmas VOR. 1706:07.4 KLM CAPTAIN Yes. 1706:09.6–1706:17.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) Ah roger, sir, we are cleared to the Papa beacon flight level nine zero, right turn out zero four zero until intercepting the three two five. We are now at take-off [or "uh..taking off"]. 1706:11.1 [KLM brakes released.] 1706:12.3 KLM CAPTAIN We gaan ... check thrust. [We're going ... check thrust.] 1706:14.0 [Engine acceleration audible in KLM cockpit.] 1706:18.2–1706:21.2 TENERIFE TOWER OK.... Stand by for take-off, I will call you. [Only the start of this message could be heard clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:19.3 PAN AM CAPTAIN No... uh. 1706:20.3 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) And we're still taxiing down the runway, the clipper one seven three six. [This message is not heard completely clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:25.5 TENERIFE TOWER Ah, Papa Alpha one seven three six, report the runway clear. 1706:29.6 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) OK, we'll report when (we are) clear. 1706:31.7 TENERIFE TOWER Thank you. [This was the last radio communication involving the two aircraft. Everything that follows is intra-cockpit communication amongst the respective crews.] 1706:32–1706:40 1706:32.1 PAN AM CAPTAIN Let's get the hell out of here. 1706:34.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Yeah, he's anxious, isn't he? 1706:36.2 PAN AM FLIGHT ENGINEER Yeah, after he held us up for an hour and a half, that bastard. Now he's in a rush. 1706:32.4 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af dan? [Is he not clear, then?] 1706:34.1 KLM CAPTAIN Wat zeg je? [What do you say?] 1706:34.2 KLM UNKNOWN Yup. 1706:34.7 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af, die Pan American? [Is he not clear, that Pan American?] 1706:35.7 KLM CAPTAIN Jawel. [Oh yes. (emphatic)] 1706:40–1706:50 1706:40.5 [Pan Am captain sees the KLM's landing lights at approx. 700 m.] 1706:40.6 PAN AM CAPTAIN There he is ... look at him. Goddamn that son-of-a-bitch is coming! 1706:45.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Get off! Get off! Get off! 1706:43.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER V-1. 1706:44.0 [PH-BUF (KLM 4805) starts rotation.] 1706:47.4 KLM CAPTAIN Oh shit! 1706:48 PAN AM CAPTAIN Oh god damn! 1706:49.7 PH-BUF (KLM 4805) records sound of collision. 1706:50 N736PA (Pan Am 1736) records sound of collision.
These communications are taken from the cockpit voice recorders of both aircraft, as well as from the Tenerife control tower's tapes. 1705:36–1706:50 1705:36.7 [KLM first officer completes pre-flight checklist. KLM 4805 is now at the end of the runway, in position for departure.] 1705:41.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER Wait a minute, we don't have an ATC clearance. [This statement is apparently a response to an advancing of the throttles in the KLM.] KLM CAPTAIN No, I know that, go ahead, ask. 1705:44.6–1705:50.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) The KLM four eight zero five is now ready for take-off and we are waiting for our ATC clearance. 1705:53.4–1706:08.1 TENERIFE TOWER KLM eight seven zero five [sic] you are cleared to the Papa beacon, climb to and maintain flight level nine zero, right turn after take-off, proceed with heading four zero until intercepting the three two five radial from Las Palmas VOR. 1706:07.4 KLM CAPTAIN Yes. 1706:09.6–1706:17.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) Ah roger, sir, we are cleared to the Papa beacon flight level nine zero, right turn out zero four zero until intercepting the three two five. We are now at take-off [or "uh..taking off"]. 1706:11.1 [KLM brakes released.] 1706:12.3 KLM CAPTAIN We gaan ... check thrust. [We're going ... check thrust.] 1706:14.0 [Engine acceleration audible in KLM cockpit.] 1706:18.2–1706:21.2 TENERIFE TOWER OK.... Stand by for take-off, I will call you. [Only the start of this message could be heard clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:19.3 PAN AM CAPTAIN No... uh. 1706:20.3 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) And we're still taxiing down the runway, the clipper one seven three six. [This message is not heard completely clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:25.5 TENERIFE TOWER Ah, Papa Alpha one seven three six, report the runway clear. 1706:29.6 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) OK, we'll report when (we are) clear. 1706:31.7 TENERIFE TOWER Thank you. [This was the last radio communication involving the two aircraft. Everything that follows is intra-cockpit communication amongst the respective crews.] 1706:32–1706:40 1706:32.1 PAN AM CAPTAIN Let's get the hell out of here. 1706:34.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Yeah, he's anxious, isn't he? 1706:36.2 PAN AM FLIGHT ENGINEER Yeah, after he held us up for an hour and a half, that bastard. Now he's in a rush. 1706:32.4 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af dan? [Is he not clear, then?] 1706:34.1 KLM CAPTAIN Wat zeg je? [What do you say?] 1706:34.2 KLM UNKNOWN Yup. 1706:34.7 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af, die Pan American? [Is he not clear, that Pan American?] 1706:35.7 KLM CAPTAIN Jawel. [Oh yes. (emphatic)] 1706:40–1706:50 1706:40.5 [Pan Am captain sees the KLM's landing lights at approx. 700 m.] 1706:40.6 PAN AM CAPTAIN There he is ... look at him. Goddamn that son-of-a-bitch is coming! 1706:45.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Get off! Get off! Get off! 1706:43.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER V-1. 1706:44.0 [PH-BUF (KLM 4805) starts rotation.] 1706:47.4 KLM CAPTAIN Oh shit! 1706:48 PAN AM CAPTAIN Oh god damn! 1706:49.7 PH-BUF (KLM 4805) records sound of collision. 1706:50 N736PA (Pan Am 1736) records sound of collision.
Cockpit and ATC tower communications
These communications are taken from the cockpit voice recorders of both aircraft, as well as from the Tenerife control tower's tapes. 1705:36–1706:50 1705:36.7 [KLM first officer completes pre-flight checklist. KLM 4805 is now at the end of the runway, in position for departure.] 1705:41.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER Wait a minute, we don't have an ATC clearance. [This statement is apparently a response to an advancing of the throttles in the KLM.] KLM CAPTAIN No, I know that, go ahead, ask. 1705:44.6–1705:50.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) The KLM four eight zero five is now ready for take-off and we are waiting for our ATC clearance. 1705:53.4–1706:08.1 TENERIFE TOWER KLM eight seven zero five [sic] you are cleared to the Papa beacon, climb to and maintain flight level nine zero, right turn after take-off, proceed with heading four zero until intercepting the three two five radial from Las Palmas VOR. 1706:07.4 KLM CAPTAIN Yes. 1706:09.6–1706:17.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) Ah roger, sir, we are cleared to the Papa beacon flight level nine zero, right turn out zero four zero until intercepting the three two five. We are now at take-off [or "uh..taking off"]. 1706:11.1 [KLM brakes released.] 1706:12.3 KLM CAPTAIN We gaan ... check thrust. [We're going ... check thrust.] 1706:14.0 [Engine acceleration audible in KLM cockpit.] 1706:18.2–1706:21.2 TENERIFE TOWER OK.... Stand by for take-off, I will call you. [Only the start of this message could be heard clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:19.3 PAN AM CAPTAIN No... uh. 1706:20.3 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) And we're still taxiing down the runway, the clipper one seven three six. [This message is not heard completely clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:25.5 TENERIFE TOWER Ah, Papa Alpha one seven three six, report the runway clear. 1706:29.6 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) OK, we'll report when (we are) clear. 1706:31.7 TENERIFE TOWER Thank you. [This was the last radio communication involving the two aircraft. Everything that follows is intra-cockpit communication amongst the respective crews.] 1706:32–1706:40 1706:32.1 PAN AM CAPTAIN Let's get the hell out of here. 1706:34.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Yeah, he's anxious, isn't he? 1706:36.2 PAN AM FLIGHT ENGINEER Yeah, after he held us up for an hour and a half, that bastard. Now he's in a rush. 1706:32.4 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af dan? [Is he not clear, then?] 1706:34.1 KLM CAPTAIN Wat zeg je? [What do you say?] 1706:34.2 KLM UNKNOWN Yup. 1706:34.7 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af, die Pan American? [Is he not clear, that Pan American?] 1706:35.7 KLM CAPTAIN Jawel. [Oh yes. (emphatic)] 1706:40–1706:50 1706:40.5 [Pan Am captain sees the KLM's landing lights at approx. 700 m.] 1706:40.6 PAN AM CAPTAIN There he is ... look at him. Goddamn that son-of-a-bitch is coming! 1706:45.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Get off! Get off! Get off! 1706:43.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER V-1. 1706:44.0 [PH-BUF (KLM 4805) starts rotation.] 1706:47.4 KLM CAPTAIN Oh shit! 1706:48 PAN AM CAPTAIN Oh god damn! 1706:49.7 PH-BUF (KLM 4805) records sound of collision. 1706:50 N736PA (Pan Am 1736) records sound of collision.
Cockpit and ATC tower communications
These communications are taken from the cockpit voice recorders of both aircraft, as well as from the Tenerife control tower's tapes. 1705:36–1706:50 1705:36.7 [KLM first officer completes pre-flight checklist. KLM 4805 is now at the end of the runway, in position for departure.] 1705:41.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER Wait a minute, we don't have an ATC clearance. [This statement is apparently a response to an advancing of the throttles in the KLM.] KLM CAPTAIN No, I know that, go ahead, ask. 1705:44.6–1705:50.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) The KLM four eight zero five is now ready for take-off and we are waiting for our ATC clearance. 1705:53.4–1706:08.1 TENERIFE TOWER KLM eight seven zero five [sic] you are cleared to the Papa beacon, climb to and maintain flight level nine zero, right turn after take-off, proceed with heading four zero until intercepting the three two five radial from Las Palmas VOR. 1706:07.4 KLM CAPTAIN Yes. 1706:09.6–1706:17.8 KLM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) Ah roger, sir, we are cleared to the Papa beacon flight level nine zero, right turn out zero four zero until intercepting the three two five. We are now at take-off [or "uh..taking off"]. 1706:11.1 [KLM brakes released.] 1706:12.3 KLM CAPTAIN We gaan ... check thrust. [We're going ... check thrust.] 1706:14.0 [Engine acceleration audible in KLM cockpit.] 1706:18.2–1706:21.2 TENERIFE TOWER OK.... Stand by for take-off, I will call you. [Only the start of this message could be heard clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:19.3 PAN AM CAPTAIN No... uh. 1706:20.3 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) And we're still taxiing down the runway, the clipper one seven three six. [This message is not heard completely clearly by the KLM crew due to radio interference.] 1706:25.5 TENERIFE TOWER Ah, Papa Alpha one seven three six, report the runway clear. 1706:29.6 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER (RADIO) OK, we'll report when (we are) clear. 1706:31.7 TENERIFE TOWER Thank you. [This was the last radio communication involving the two aircraft. Everything that follows is intra-cockpit communication amongst the respective crews.] 1706:32–1706:40 1706:32.1 PAN AM CAPTAIN Let's get the hell out of here. 1706:34.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Yeah, he's anxious, isn't he? 1706:36.2 PAN AM FLIGHT ENGINEER Yeah, after he held us up for an hour and a half, that bastard. Now he's in a rush. 1706:32.4 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af dan? [Is he not clear, then?] 1706:34.1 KLM CAPTAIN Wat zeg je? [What do you say?] 1706:34.2 KLM UNKNOWN Yup. 1706:34.7 KLM FLIGHT ENGINEER Is hij er niet af, die Pan American? [Is he not clear, that Pan American?] 1706:35.7 KLM CAPTAIN Jawel. [Oh yes. (emphatic)] 1706:40–1706:50 1706:40.5 [Pan Am captain sees the KLM's landing lights at approx. 700 m.] 1706:40.6 PAN AM CAPTAIN There he is ... look at him. Goddamn that son-of-a-bitch is coming! 1706:45.9 PAN AM FIRST OFFICER Get off! Get off! Get off! 1706:43.5 KLM FIRST OFFICER V-1. 1706:44.0 [PH-BUF (KLM 4805) starts rotation.] 1706:47.4 KLM CAPTAIN Oh shit! 1706:48 PAN AM CAPTAIN Oh god damn! 1706:49.7 PH-BUF (KLM 4805) records sound of collision. 1706:50 N736PA (Pan Am 1736) records sound of collision.

References

  1. Boeing assigned a customer code for airline companies who would buy their aircraft. The code for KLM is "06".
  2. Boeing assigned a customer code for airline companies who would buy their aircraft. The code for Pan Am is "21".
  3. Spanish: Desastre del aeropuerto de Tenerife Dutch: Luchthavenramp op Tenerife
  4. The September 11 attacks, with a greater amount of fatalities, were intentional terrorist attacks.
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