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Tenebrae

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Tenebrae

Tenebrae (—Latin for 'darkness') is a religious service of Western Christianity held during the three days preceding Easter Day, and characterized by a gradual extinguishing of candles, and the strepitus or "loud noise" in the total darkness at the end of the service. Tenebrae was originally a celebration of matins and lauds of the last three days of Holy Week (Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday) in the evening of the previous day (Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday) to the accompaniment of special ceremonies that included the display of lighted candles on a special triangular candelabra. Modern celebrations called Tenebrae may be of quite different content and structure, based for example on the Seven Last Words or readings of the Passion of Jesus. They may be held on only one day of Holy Week, especially Spy Wednesday (Holy Wednesday). They may be held during the daylight hours and the number of candles, if used, may vary. Tenebrae liturgical celebrations of this kind now exist in the Catholic Church's Latin liturgical rites, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Methodism, Reformed churches and Western Rite Orthodoxy.

Tables

· Catholic Church › Original form › Table illustrating the contents of the service
Matins
Matins
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Matins
First Nocturn (readings from the Lamentations of Jeremiah)
First Nocturn (readings from the Lamentations of Jeremiah)
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
First Nocturn (readings from the Lamentations of Jeremiah)
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Zelus domus
Good Friday
Astiterunt reges terrae
Holy Saturday
In pace
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 68 (Psalm 68)
Good Friday
Psalm 2 (Psalm 2)
Holy Saturday
Psalm 4 (Psalm 4)
Practices
1st candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Avertantur retrorsum
Good Friday
Diviserunt sibi
Holy Saturday
Habitabit in tabernaculo
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 69 (Psalm 69)
Good Friday
Psalm 21 (Psalm 21)
Holy Saturday
Psalm 14 (Psalm 14)
Practices
2nd candle extinguished
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Deus meus eripe me
Good Friday
Insurrexerunt in me
Holy Saturday
Caro mea
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 70
Good Friday
Psalm 26
Holy Saturday
Psalm 15
Practices
3rd candle extinguished at end
Versicle
Versicle
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Versicle
Maundy Thursday
Avertantur retrorsum
Good Friday
Diviserunt sibi
Holy Saturday
In pace in idipsum
1st reading
1st reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
1st reading
Maundy Thursday
Lamentations 1:1–1:5
Good Friday
Lamentations 2:8–2:11
Holy Saturday
Lamentations 3:22–3:30
1st responsory
1st responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
1st responsory
Maundy Thursday
In monte Oliveti
Good Friday
Omnes amici mei
Holy Saturday
Sicut ovis
2nd reading
2nd reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
2nd reading
Maundy Thursday
Lamentations 1:6–1:9
Good Friday
Lamentations 2:12–2:15
Holy Saturday
Lamentations 4:1–4:6
2nd responsory
2nd responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
2nd responsory
Maundy Thursday
Tristis est anima mea
Good Friday
Velum templi
Holy Saturday
Jerusalem surge
3rd reading
3rd reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
3rd reading
Maundy Thursday
Lamentations 1:10–1:14
Good Friday
Lamentations 3:1–3:9
Holy Saturday
Lamentations 5:1–5:11
3rd responsory
3rd responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
3rd responsory
Maundy Thursday
Ecce vidimus
Good Friday
Vinea mea
Holy Saturday
Plange quasi virgo
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Liberavit Dominus
Good Friday
Vim faciebant
Holy Saturday
Elevamini
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 71
Good Friday
Psalm 37
Holy Saturday
Psalm 23
Practices
4th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Cogitaverunt impii
Good Friday
Confundantur
Holy Saturday
Credo videre
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 72
Good Friday
Psalm 39
Holy Saturday
Psalm 26
Practices
5th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Exsurge, Domine
Good Friday
Alieni insurrexerunt
Holy Saturday
Domine, abstraxisti
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 73
Good Friday
Psalm 53
Holy Saturday
Psalm 29
Practices
6th candle extinguished at end
Versicle
Versicle
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Versicle
Maundy Thursday
Deus meus, eripe me
Good Friday
Insurrexerunt in me
Holy Saturday
Tu autem
4th reading
4th reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
4th reading
Maundy Thursday
from Comm. on Psalm 54
Good Friday
from Commentary on Psalm 63
4th responsory
4th responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
4th responsory
Maundy Thursday
Amicus meus
Good Friday
Tamquam ad latronem
Holy Saturday
Recessit pastor noster
5th reading
5th reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
5th reading
Maundy Thursday
from Comm. on Psalm 54
Good Friday
from Commentary on Psalm 63
5th responsory
5th responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
5th responsory
Maundy Thursday
Judas mercator pessimus
Good Friday
Tenebrae factae sunt
Holy Saturday
O vos omnes
6th reading
6th reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
6th reading
Maundy Thursday
from Comm. on Psalm 54
Good Friday
from Commentary on Psalm 63
6th responsory
6th responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
6th responsory
Maundy Thursday
Unus ex discipulis
Good Friday
Animam meam dilectam
Holy Saturday
Ecce quomodo
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Dixi iniquis
Good Friday
Ab insurgentibus
Holy Saturday
Deus adjuvat me
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 74
Good Friday
Psalm 58
Holy Saturday
Psalm 53
Practices
7th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Terra tremuit
Good Friday
Longe fecisti
Holy Saturday
In pace factus
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 75
Good Friday
Psalm 87
Holy Saturday
Psalm 75
Practices
8th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
In die tribulationis
Good Friday
Captabunt
Holy Saturday
Factus sum
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 76
Good Friday
Psalm 93
Holy Saturday
Psalm 87
Practices
9th candle extinguished at end
Versicle
Versicle
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Versicle
Maundy Thursday
Exsurge, Domine
Good Friday
Locuti sunt adversum me
Holy Saturday
In pace factus est
7th reading
7th reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
7th reading
Maundy Thursday
1 Corinthians 11:17–11:22
Good Friday
Hebrews 4:11–4:15
Holy Saturday
Hebrews 9:11–9:14
7th responsory
7th responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
7th responsory
Maundy Thursday
Eram quasi agnus innocens
Good Friday
Tradiderunt me
Holy Saturday
Astiterunt reges terrae
8th reading
8th reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
8th reading
Maundy Thursday
1 Corinthians 11:23–11:26
Good Friday
Hebrews 4:16–5:3
Holy Saturday
Hebrews 9:15–9:18
8th responsory
8th responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
8th responsory
Maundy Thursday
Una hora
Good Friday
Jesum tradidit
Holy Saturday
Aestimatus sum
9th reading
9th reading
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
9th reading
Maundy Thursday
1 Corinthians 11:27–11:34
Good Friday
Hebrews 5:4–5:10
Holy Saturday
Hebrews 9:19–9:22
9th responsory
9th responsory
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
9th responsory
Maundy Thursday
Seniores populi
Good Friday
Caligaverunt oculi mei
Holy Saturday
Sepulto Domino
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Justificeris, Domine
Good Friday
Proprio Filio
Holy Saturday
O mors
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 50 (Miserere)
Good Friday
10th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Dominus tamquam ovis
Good Friday
Anxiatus est
Holy Saturday
Plangent eum
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalm 89
Good Friday
Psalm 142
Holy Saturday
Psalm 91 (pre-1912)Psalm 91 (from 1912)
Practices
11th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Contritum est cor meum
Good Friday
Ait latro ad latronem
Holy Saturday
Attendite
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalms 62+66 (pre-1912)Psalm 35 (from 1912)
Good Friday
Psalms 62+66 (pre-1912)Psalm 84 (from 1912)
Holy Saturday
Psalms 62+66 (pre-1912)Psalm 63 (from 1912)
Practices
12th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Exhortatus es
Good Friday
Dum conturbata
Holy Saturday
A porta inferi
Old Testamentcanticle
Old Testamentcanticle
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Old Testamentcanticle
Maundy Thursday
Canticle of MosesExodus 15:1–15:18
Good Friday
Canticle of HabacucHabakkuk 3:2–3:19
Holy Saturday
Canticle of EzechiasIsaiah 38:10–38:20
Practices
13th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Oblatus est
Good Friday
Memento mei
Holy Saturday
O vos omnes qui transitis
Psalm
Psalm
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Psalm
Maundy Thursday
Psalms 148+149+150 (pre-1912)Psalm 146 (from 1912)
Good Friday
Psalms 148+149+150 (pre-1912)Psalm 147 (from 1912)
Holy Saturday
Psalms 148+149+150 (pre-1912)Psalm 150 (from 1912)
Practices
14th candle extinguished at end
Versicle
Versicle
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Versicle
Maundy Thursday
Homo pacis meae
Good Friday
Collocavit me
Holy Saturday
Caro mea
Antiphon
Antiphon
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Antiphon
Maundy Thursday
Traditor autem
Good Friday
Posuerunt super caput
Holy Saturday
Mulieres sedentes
Benedictus
Benedictus
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Benedictus
Maundy Thursday
Canticle of Zachary Luke 1:68–1:79
Good Friday
Altar candles extinguished atdifferent verses of Benedictus;Last burning candle hiddenafter repeat of antiphon
Prayer
Prayer
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Prayer
Maundy Thursday
Respice quaesumus
Good Friday
Followed by strepitus;last candle brought back
(note: Psalm numberingas in the Vulgate)
Maundy Thursday
Good Friday
Holy Saturday
Practices
Matins
First Nocturn (readings from the Lamentations of Jeremiah)
Antiphon
Zelus domus
Astiterunt reges terrae
In pace
Psalm
Psalm 68 (Psalm 68)
Psalm 2 (Psalm 2)
Psalm 4 (Psalm 4)
1st candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Avertantur retrorsum
Diviserunt sibi
Habitabit in tabernaculo
Psalm
Psalm 69 (Psalm 69)
Psalm 21 (Psalm 21)
Psalm 14 (Psalm 14)
2nd candle extinguished
Antiphon
Deus meus eripe me
Insurrexerunt in me
Caro mea
Psalm
Psalm 70
Psalm 26
Psalm 15
3rd candle extinguished at end
Versicle
Avertantur retrorsum
Diviserunt sibi
In pace in idipsum
Our Father (silent)
1st reading
Lamentations 1:1–1:5
Lamentations 2:8–2:11
Lamentations 3:22–3:30
1st responsory
In monte Oliveti
Omnes amici mei
Sicut ovis
2nd reading
Lamentations 1:6–1:9
Lamentations 2:12–2:15
Lamentations 4:1–4:6
2nd responsory
Tristis est anima mea
Velum templi
Jerusalem surge
3rd reading
Lamentations 1:10–1:14
Lamentations 3:1–3:9
Lamentations 5:1–5:11
3rd responsory
Ecce vidimus
Vinea mea
Plange quasi virgo
Second Nocturn (readings from Saint Augustine's Commentaries on the Psalms)
Antiphon
Liberavit Dominus
Vim faciebant
Elevamini
Psalm
Psalm 71
Psalm 37
Psalm 23
4th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Cogitaverunt impii
Confundantur
Credo videre
Psalm
Psalm 72
Psalm 39
Psalm 26
5th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Exsurge, Domine
Alieni insurrexerunt
Domine, abstraxisti
Psalm
Psalm 73
Psalm 53
Psalm 29
6th candle extinguished at end
Versicle
Deus meus, eripe me
Insurrexerunt in me
Tu autem
Our Father (silent)
4th reading
from Comm. on Psalm 54
from Commentary on Psalm 63
4th responsory
Amicus meus
Tamquam ad latronem
Recessit pastor noster
5th reading
from Comm. on Psalm 54
from Commentary on Psalm 63
5th responsory
Judas mercator pessimus
Tenebrae factae sunt
O vos omnes
6th reading
from Comm. on Psalm 54
from Commentary on Psalm 63
6th responsory
Unus ex discipulis
Animam meam dilectam
Ecce quomodo
Third Nocturn (readings from two New Testament epistles)
Antiphon
Dixi iniquis
Ab insurgentibus
Deus adjuvat me
Psalm
Psalm 74
Psalm 58
Psalm 53
7th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
Terra tremuit
Longe fecisti
In pace factus
Psalm
Psalm 75
Psalm 87
Psalm 75
8th candle extinguished at end
Antiphon
In die tribulationis
Captabunt
Factus sum
Psalm
Psalm 76
Psalm 93
Psalm 87
9th candle extinguished at end
Versicle
Exsurge, Domine
Locuti sunt adversum me
In pace factus est
Our Father (silent)
7th reading
1 Corinthians 11:17–11:22
Hebrews 4:11–4:15
Hebrews 9:11–9:14
7th responsory
Eram quasi agnus innocens
Tradiderunt me
Astiterunt reges terrae
8th reading
1 Corinthians 11:23–11:26
Hebrews 4:16–5:3
Hebrews 9:15–9:18
8th responsory
Una hora
Jesum tradidit
Aestimatus sum
9th reading
1 Corinthians 11:27–11:34
Hebrews 5:4–5:10
Hebrews 9:19–9:22
9th responsory
Seniores populi
Caligaverunt oculi mei
Sepulto Domino
Lauds
Antiphon
Justificeris, Domine
Proprio Filio
O mors
Psalm
Psalm 50 (Miserere)
10th candle extinguished at end

References

  1. New Oxford American Dictionary
  2. Into the darkness of Good Friday: The ancient liturgy of Tenebrae
    https://aleteia.org/2017/04/12/into-the-darkness-of-good-friday-the-ancient-liturgy-of-tenebrae/
  3. Webster's New World College Dictionary (2014) defines Tenebrae as "a Holy Week night service (Wednesday through Friday),
    http://www.yourdictionary.com/tenebrae#websters
  4. "What is "Spy Wednesday"?"
    https://aleteia.org/2018/03/28/what-is-spy-wednesday/
  5. Book of Occasional Services
  6. "Tenebrae"
    https://www.reformedworship.org/article/december-1986/tenebrae
  7. "In the Dark"
    https://bustedhalo.com/features/in-the-dark
  8. James Monti. The Week of Salvation: History and Traditions of Holy Week p. 79 ff. [dead link] Our Sunday Visitor Publish
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ErAQU5bT2LkC&dq=tenebrae+%22ON+THE+MORNINGS+OF%22&pg=PA79
  9. Herbert Thurston, "Tenebrae," Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 14 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912).
    http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14506a.htm
  10. Theresa Sanders, "Festivals of Holy Pain : In the Wake of Good Friday" in Marko Zlomislic, Neal DeRoo (editors), Cross a
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sQATBgAAQBAJ&dq=liturgies+tenebrae+darkness&pg=PT43
  11. "Matins and lauds are not anticipated in the evening, but are said in the morning, at the proper hour. In cathedral chur
    https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=11136
  12. Piero Marini,
    https://books.google.com/books?id=DhnbGGkNvwwC&q=john+xxiii+breviary+1961&pg=PR16
  13. Paul Bradshaw and Maxwell E. Johnson,
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8FupAwAAQBAJ&q=%22released+in+1961%22+breviary&pg=PT194
  14. "Liturgical Books of the Roman Liturgy"
    http://www.magnificatmedia.com/liturgical-books-of-the-roman-liturgy/
  15. The Latin Mass Society: "The changes to the Breviary in the 60's and 70's"
    https://lmswrexham.weebly.com/news-blog/the-changes-to-the-breviary-in-the-60s-and-70s
  16. "If the Office is recited in choir or in common, matins is not anticipated the evening before, but is said in the mornin
  17. Catholic Church The Complete Office of Holy Week According to the Roman Missal and Breviary, in Latin and English, pp. 1
    https://archive.org/stream/completeofficeh00churgoog#page/n178/mode/2up
  18. Prosper Guéranger, translated by Laurence Shepherd. Passiontide and Holy Week, Volume VI of The Liturgical Year, pp. 304
    https://archive.org/stream/liturgicalyear06gura#page/304/mode/2up
  19. Leo Kelly, "Tenebrae Hearse," The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 7 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910).
    http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14506a.htm
  20. P. J. B. de Herdt, Sacrae liturgiae praxis, juxta ritum romanum (Vanlinthout, Louvain, 1863), vol. 3, p. 41
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kAWH1Ya4rCsC&dq=herdt+%22post+finem%22&pg=PA41
  21. De l'office des Ténèbres, Cérémonies à observer, 338,3
    https://www.ceremoniaire.net/guide/jeudi_st/triduum_classique.html#VI.II
  22. Adrian Fortescue, The Ceremonies of the Roman Rite Described, 1917, p. 288.
  23. 1924 Liber Usualis, with modern musical notation
    http://www.lakewoodsound.com/quilisma/pdf_files/liber_seasonal/13_triduum_maundy_thursday_tenebrae.pdf
  24. Liber Usualis 1961 edition on archive.org and on sanctamissa.org Archived 2020-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
    https://archive.org/details/TheLiberUsualis1961/page/n771
  25. Psalm 70
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+70&version=63
  26. Psalm 26
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+26&version=63
  27. Psalm 15
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+15&version=63
  28. Psalm 71
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+71&version=63
  29. Psalm 37
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+37&version=63
  30. Psalm 23
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+23&version=63
  31. Psalm 72
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+72&version=63
  32. Psalm 39
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+39&version=63
  33. Psalm 26
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+26&version=63
  34. Psalm 73
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+73&version=63
  35. Psalm 53
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+53&version=63
  36. Psalm 29
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+29&version=63
  37. Augustine, Exposition on Psalm 55
    http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1801055.htm
  38. Augustine, Exposition on Psalm 64
    http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1801064.htm
  39. Psalm 74
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+74&version=63
  40. Psalm 58
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+58&version=63
  41. Psalm 53
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+53&version=63
  42. Psalm 75
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+75&version=63
  43. Psalm 87
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+87&version=63
  44. Psalm 75
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+75&version=63
  45. Psalm 76
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+76&version=63
  46. Psalm 93
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+93&version=63
  47. Psalm 87
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+87&version=63
  48. Psalm 50
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+50&version=63
  49. Psalm 89
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+89&version=63
  50. Psalm 142
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+142&version=63
  51. Psalm 91
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+91&version=63
  52. Psalm 91
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+91&version=63
  53. Psalm 62+Psalm 66
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+62&version=63
  54. Psalm 35
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+35&version=63
  55. Psalm 84
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+84&version=63
  56. Psalm 63
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+63&version=63
  57. Psalm 148–150
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+148–150&version=63
  58. Psalm 146
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+146&version=63
  59. Psalm 147
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+147&version=63
  60. Psalm 150
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+150&version=63
  61. Psalm 50
    https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalms+50&version=63
  62. Breviarium Romanum 1981 (totum), pp. 501, 512, 521
  63. Liber Usualis 1981, p. 660, also referenced on pp. 719, 776C
    http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/liberusualis.pdf
  64. Liber Usualis, p. 631. Other Gregorian melodic patterns are found in manuscripts, but only this one is now commonly used
    http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/liberusualis.pdf
  65. John F. Sullivan, The Externals of the Catholic Church (Aeterna Press 1951)
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Km0hCgAAQBAJ&dq=tenebrae+saddest+melody&pg=PT161
  66. Congregation for Divine Worship, Circular Letter Paschalis sollemnitatis Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Conc
    http://www.ewtn.net/library/CURIA/CDWEASTF.HTM
  67. The General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours, 210
    https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Rites/GILH.pdf
  68. Congregation for Divine Worship, Ceremonial of Bishops (1984), n. 296; also nn. 189 and 217.
  69. See General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours Archived 2019-07-05 at the Wayback Machine, 73; Ceremonial of Bishop
    http://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/cdwgilh.htm
  70. Liber Usualis (1961) Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, p. 625]
    http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/music/gregorian-chant/choir/liber-usualis-1961.html
  71. "Reform of the Holy Week Liturgy at the Holy Sepulchre"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110721213302/http://servus.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/easter/Reform.html
  72. "The Liturgy of Tenebrae"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190627000549/http://jesuitinstitute.org/Pages/Liturgy/Tenebrae.htm
  73. "Tenebrae for Holy Week – Back by Popular Demand"
    http://www.catholic.org/prwire/headline.php?ID=6244
  74. "Diocese of Savannah: Tenebrae Service and Concert"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180709185639/https://diosav.org/lent-2017/tenebrae
  75. Diocese of Trenton
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010356/https://dioceseoftrenton.org/events/tenebrae-service-1
  76. "Regina magazine: Time to bring Tenebrae out of the shadows"
    https://reginamag.com/time-bring-tenebrae-shadows/
  77. Ravensworth Baptist Church, Annandale, Virginia. "Holy Week 2012" in News from the Corner, April 1–14, 2012
    http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs004/1102670663045/archive/1109564856566.html#LETTER.BLOCK19
  78. "The Three Days: traditions of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and the Vigil of Easter"
    https://www.livinglutheran.org/2013/04/three-days-traditions-maundy-thursday-good-friday-vigil-easter/
  79. Divine Shepherd Lutheran Church
    https://www.ds-lcms.org/media/bulletins/4-2-2021.pdf
  80. "3/29/24: Good Friday: Tenebrae"
    https://redeemertucson.com/sermons/32924-good-friday-tenebrae
  81. "Tenebrae on Holy Wednesday"
    https://trinityh.org/live-stream-of-tenebrae-wed-at-3-pm-3-31/
  82. Tomasz Jeż. "The Motets of Jacob Handl in Inter-confessional Silesian Liturgical Practice" in De musica disserenda III/2
    https://www.academia.edu/1439975/The_Motets_of_Jacob_Handl_in_Inter-confessional_Silesian_Liturgical_Practice
  83. J.S. Bach and the German Motet
    https://books.google.com/books?id=JDlBMqI628UC&pg=PA148
  84. Church Publishing The Book of Occasional Services • 2003, pp. 74–83. New York, 2004. ISBN 089869664X ISBN 9780898696646
    https://books.google.com/books?id=3FZGE2CAdfUC&dq=%22Tenebrae+on+Wednesday+evening+only%22&pg=PA74
  85. Church Publishing In the Shadows of Holy Week: The Office of Tenebrae • 2002 United Kingdom, 2002 ISBN 9780898697094
    https://books.google.com/books?id=WcLtAQAAQBAJ&dq=In+the+Shadows+of+Holy+Week:+The+Office+of+Tenebrae.&pg=PR5
  86. The Niagara Anglican
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154715/https://niagaraanglican.news/2017/05/11/an-idea-worth-sharing-lenten-tenebrae-liturgy/
  87. A Journey Just Begun: The Story of an Anglican Sisterhood – The Sisterhood of St. John the Divine – Google Books
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z7WAQAAQBAJ&q=Tenebrae&pg=PA268
  88. The United Methodist Book of Worship
  89. United Church of Christ. "Tenebrae: Service of Shadows – Good Friday – April 6, 2012" in Worship Ways
    http://uccfiles.com/docs/ww040612.doc
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