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Telegram (software)

Updated: Wikipedia source

Telegram (software)

Telegram (also known as Telegram Messenger) is a cloud-based, cross-platform social media and instant messaging (IM) service. It launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 and Android on 20 October 2013. It allows users to exchange messages, share media and files, and hold private and group voice or video calls as well as public livestreams. It is available for Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, Linux, and web browsers. Telegram offers end-to-end encryption in voice and video calls, and optionally in private chats if both participants use a mobile device. Telegram also has social networking features, allowing users to post stories, create public groups with up to 200,000 members, and share one-way updates to unlimited audiences in so-called channels. Telegram was founded in 2013 by Pavel and Nikolai Durov. Its servers are distributed worldwide with several data centers, and its headquarters are in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It was the most downloaded app worldwide in January 2021, with 1 billion downloads globally as of late August 2021. As of 2024, registration to Telegram requires either a phone number and a smartphone or one of a limited number of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) issued in 2022. As of March 2025, Telegram has more than 1 billion monthly active users, with India as the country with the most users.

Infobox

Developer
Telegram FZ-LLC
Initial release
14 August 2013; 12 years ago (2013-08-14)
Android
12.2.1 / 15 November 2025; 45 days ago (15 November 2025)
iOS, iPadOS
12.2 / 15 November 2025; 45 days ago (15 November 2025)
Windows, macOS, Linux(Telegram Desktop)
6.3.0 / 15 November 2025; 45 days ago (15 November 2025)
macOS
12.2 / 15 November 2025; 45 days ago (15 November 2025)
Repository
mw- github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop
Written in
Desktop: C , C, Java, PythonAndroid: JavaiOS: Swift
Platform
Android, iOS, iPadOS, Windows, macOS, Linux, KaiOS, Web platform
Available in
66 (officially 12) languages
Type
Instant messaging
License
GNU GPLv3 only with OpenSSL linking exception (clients), proprietary (server)
Website
telegram.org

Tables

· Architecture › Clients
Telegram
Telegram
Name
Telegram
Platform(s)
Android
Official
Yes
Source code license
GPLv2 or later
Support for secret chats
Yes
Notes
Supports tablets and Wear OS smart watches. Support synchronisation between multiple devices.
Telegram
Telegram
Name
Telegram
Platform(s)
iOS and iPadOS
Official
Yes
Source code license
GPLv2 or later
Support for secret chats
Yes
Notes
Launched in August 2013 for iPhone and iPod Touch and relaunched in July 2014 with support for iPad and Apple Watch. No longer compatible with watchOS.
Telegram X
Telegram X
Name
Telegram X
Platform(s)
Android
Official
Yes
Source code license
GPLv3 or later
Support for secret chats
Yes
Notes
An alternative Telegram client written from scratch, with higher speed, slicker animations, themes and more efficient battery use. iOS version was written with Swift. Android version based on TDLib. The iOS version was discontinued, with its code merged with the main Telegram app.
Telegram Messenger
Telegram Messenger
Name
Telegram Messenger
Platform(s)
Windows Phone
Official
Yes
Source code license
GPLv2 or later
Support for secret chats
Yes
Notes
Provide synchronization between all platforms. No longer supported.
Telegram Desktop
Telegram Desktop
Name
Telegram Desktop
Platform(s)
Windows, macOS, and Linux
Official
Yes
Source code license
GPLv3 with OpenSSL exception
Support for secret chats
No
Notes
Qt-based desktop client. The Windows client is a traditional desktop app published in three flavors (with installer, portable, Windows Store app). The desktop version cannot be used anymore to register and log in, this feature is officially supported by the mobile app only.
Telegram
Telegram
Name
Telegram
Platform(s)
macOS
Official
Yes
Source code license
GPLv2
Support for secret chats
Yes
Notes
Native macOS client.
Telegram Web A / Web K
Telegram Web A / Web K
Name
Telegram Web A / Web K
Platform(s)
Web
Official
Yes
Source code license
GPLv3
Support for secret chats
No
Notes
Two web-based versions of Telegram. The web version cannot be used to register and log in, this feature is officially supported by the mobile app only. The code for the legacy web client called Webogram is available as well, though this version is no longer supported.
Name
Platform(s)
Official
Source code license
Support for secret chats
Notes
Telegram
Android
Yes
GPLv2 or later
Yes
Supports tablets and Wear OS smart watches. Support synchronisation between multiple devices.
Telegram
iOS and iPadOS
Yes
GPLv2 or later
Yes
Launched in August 2013 for iPhone and iPod Touch and relaunched in July 2014 with support for iPad and Apple Watch. No longer compatible with watchOS.
Telegram X
Android
Yes
GPLv3 or later
Yes
An alternative Telegram client written from scratch, with higher speed, slicker animations, themes and more efficient battery use. iOS version was written with Swift. Android version based on TDLib. The iOS version was discontinued, with its code merged with the main Telegram app.
Telegram Messenger
Windows Phone
Yes
GPLv2 or later
Yes
Provide synchronization between all platforms. No longer supported.
Telegram Desktop
Windows, macOS, and Linux
Yes
GPLv3 with OpenSSL exception
No
Qt-based desktop client. The Windows client is a traditional desktop app published in three flavors (with installer, portable, Windows Store app). The desktop version cannot be used anymore to register and log in, this feature is officially supported by the mobile app only.
Telegram
macOS
Yes
GPLv2
Yes
Native macOS client.
Telegram Web A / Web K
Web
Yes
GPLv3
No
Two web-based versions of Telegram. The web version cannot be used to register and log in, this feature is officially supported by the mobile app only. The code for the legacy web client called Webogram is available as well, though this version is no longer supported.

References

  1. "Telegram"
    https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.telegram.messenger
  2. "Telegram Messenger"
    https://apps.apple.com/us/app/telegram-messenger/id686449807
  3. "Releases v6.3.0"
    https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop/releases/tag/v6.3.0
  4. "Telegram for macOS"
    https://macos.telegram.org
  5. "Translations"
    https://translations.telegram.org/
  6. "Q: Can I translate Telegram?"
    https://telegram.org/faq#q-can-i-translate-telegram
  7. "List of Telegram applications"
    https://telegram.org/apps
  8. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/faq#q-can-i-get-telegram-39s-server-side-code
  9. RIPE Network Coordination Centre
    https://www.ripe.net/membership/member-support/list-of-members/vg/telegram/
  10. The Next Web
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  11. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/16/23602833/meta-instagram-channels-telegram-facebook-messenger
  12. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS74722569420130830
  13. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/
  14. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/nov/07/nobody-can-block-it-how-telegram-app-fuels-global-protest
  15. Telegram
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  16. Telegram
    https://t.me/durov/152
  17. Mashable India
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  18. The Verge
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  19. www.t.me
    https://t.me/durov/337
  20. TechCrunch
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  21. "Pavel Durov left Russia after being pushed out"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140424024304/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-22/news/49318882_1_social-network-vkontakte-pavel-durov-founder-mark-zuckerberg
  22. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/technology/once-celebrated-in-russia-programmer-pavel-durov-chooses-exile.html
  23. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/27/meet-telegram-a-secure-messaging-app-from-the-founders-of-vk-russias-largest-social-network/
  24. "Telegram F.A.Q"
    https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-are-you-going-to-make-money-out-of-this
  25. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/25/5445864/telegram-messenger-hottest-app-in-the-world
  26. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/11/23/the-secret-american-origins-of-telegram-the-encrypted-messaging-app-favored-by-the-islamic-state/
  27. App Store
    https://apps.apple.com/app/telegram-messenger/id686449807
  28. Telegram FZ LLC – Dun & Bradstreet
    https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.telegram_fz_llc.adcbb6d4f706fd666c04a7b5c9178b02.html
  29. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/21c5c7f2-20b1-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0
  30. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecoms-mobileworld-telegram-idUSKCN0VW2CM
  31. The Outline
    https://theoutline.com/post/2348/what-isn-t-telegram-saying-about-its-connections-to-the-kremlin
  32. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2014/10/6/6926205/surveillance-drives-south-koreans-to-encrypted-messaging-apps
  33. Business Insider
    https://www.businessinsider.com/pavel-durov-telegram-billionaire-russia-instagram-wealth-founder-dubai-lifestyle-2022-3
  34. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/03/technology/once-celebrated-in-russia-programmer-pavel-durov-chooses-exile.html
  35. Platformer
    https://www.platformer.news/telegram-durov-arrest-france-explainer/
  36. Telegram
    https://t.me/durov/346
  37. "Telegram Hits 35M Monthly Users, 15M Daily With 8B Messages Received Over 30 Days"
    https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/24/telegram-hits-35m-monthly-users-15m-daily-with-8b-messages-received-over-30-days/
  38. "Telegram Reaches 1 Billion Daily Messages"
    https://telegram.org/blog/billion
  39. "Telegram Hits 2 Billion Messages Sent Daily"
    https://telegram.org/blog/2-billion
  40. Techcrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/21/telegram-now-seeing-12bn-daily-messages-up-from-1m-in-february/
  41. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/23/encrypted-messaging-app-telegram-hits-100m-monthly-active-users-350k-new-users-each-day/
  42. Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-12/cryptic-russian-crusader-says-his-5-billion-app-can-t-be-bought
  43. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/200-million
  44. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/14/telegram-gets-3m-new-signups-during-facebook-apps-outage/
  45. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/13/facebook-instagram-and-messenger-are-down-for-some-users/
  46. The US Securities and Exchange Commission
    https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2019/comp-pr2019-212.pdf
  47. Telegram
    https://t.me/durov/147/
  48. The Hindu Business Line
    https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/respect-your-users-telegram-founder-slams-facebook/article33535421.ece
  49. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/30/telegram-tops-1-billion-downloads/
  50. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/6/22712191/telegram-70-million-new-users-facebook-outage-surge-whatsapp
  51. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2022/6/19/23174976/telegram-premium-subscription-4-99-month-bigger-uploads-faster-downloads
  52. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/700-million-and-premium
  53. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/18/telegram-raises-210-million-through-bond-sales/
  54. Financial Times
    https://archive.today/20240312072805/https://www.ft.com/content/8d6ceb0d-4cdb-4165-bdfa-4b95b3e07b2a
  55. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/23/telegrams-userbase-climbs-to-950m-plans-to-launch-app-store/
  56. Telegram
    https://t.me/durov/404
  57. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/19/telegram-founder-pavel-durov-says-app-now-has-1b-users-calls-whatsapp-a-cheap-watered-down-imitation/
  58. "Configurando Telegram en el iPhone, en la web y en el Mac"
    http://www.applesfera.com/aplicaciones-ios-1/configurando-telegram-en-el-iphone-en-la-web-y-en-el-mac
  59. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/07/telegram-is-auctioning-phone-numbers-to-let-users-sign-up-to-the-service-without-any-sim/
  60. "Telegram ya permite migrar conversaciones y contactos a una línea nueva"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20141219220850/http://www.wayerless.com/2014/12/telegram-se-actualiza-permitiendo-ahora-migrar-tus-conversaciones-y-contactos-a-una-linea-nueva/
  61. "Telegram ahora permite traspasar mensajes al cambiar de número"
    http://www.tuexpertoapps.com/2014/12/02/telegram-ahora-permite-traspasar-mensajes-al-cambiar-de-numero/
  62. Business Insider
    https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-make-a-telegram-account
  63. GitHub
    https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop/issues/16153
  64. "Secure Messaging App Telegram Adds Usernames And Snapchat-Like Hold-To-View For Media"
    https://techcrunch.com/2014/10/23/secure-messaging-app-telegram-adds-usernames-and-snapchat-like-hold-to-view-for-media/
  65. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/verify
  66. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/coronavirus
  67. اقتصاد آنلاین
    https://www.eghtesadonline.com/بخش-فناوری-64/502325-آخرین-میخ-تلگرام-بر-تابوت-واتس-اپ
  68. GSMArena.com
    https://www.gsmarena.com/telegrams_latest_update_lets_you_import_chat_history_from_other_apps-news-47472.php
  69. "Telegram rolls out message drafts, picture in picture for iOS, video player for Android"
    https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/14/telegram-rolls-out-message-drafts-picture-in-picture-for-ios-video-player-for-android/
  70. XDA
    https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-update-for-september-2022/
  71. 9to5Google
    https://9to5google.com/2021/12/30/telegram-adds-message-reactions-bigger-emoji-animations-and-more-in-latest-update/
  72. XDA
    https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-video-stickers-improved-reactions/
  73. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/animated-backgrounds
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    https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-5-13-update-brings-theme-editor-2-0-more/
  75. Telegram
    https://core.telegram.org/techfaq
  76. Telegram official website
    https://telegram.org/faq#q-how-secure-is-telegram
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    https://core.telegram.org/mtproto
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  79. Rottermanner et al. 2015, p. 2
  80. "Perfect Forward Secrecy"
    https://core.telegram.org/api/end-to-end/pfs
  81. Rottermanner et al. 2015, p. 6
  82. GitHub
    https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop/issues/871
  83. mint
    https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/how-telegram-s-new-update-is-making-messages-private-11614388851319.html
  84. "Unsend Messages, Network Usage, and More"
    https://telegram.org/blog/unsend-and-usage
  85. Android Central
    https://www.androidcentral.com/apps-software/telegram-update-voice-to-text-video-group-topics-collectible-usernames
  86. Android Police
    https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/09/30/telegram-adds-search-filters-anonymous-admins-channel-replies-and-more/
  87. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/telegram-monthly-update-brings-content-protection-and-delete-by-date-feature-7662617/
  88. Bleeping Computer
    https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/telegram-adds-content-protection-support-for-groups-and-channels/
  89. HT Tech
    https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/telegram-introduces-a-new-feature-that-whatsapp-doesn-t-have-poll-2-0-story-pOkzTJb1xvPl87Ic5ya9XI.html
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  91. Android Police
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  92. Android Police
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  93. Android Police
    http://www.androidpolice.com/2015/09/22/telegram-v3-2-brings-channels-broadcasting-messages-world/
  94. Neowin
    https://www.neowin.net/news/telegram-60-adds-chat-folders-channel-statistics-and-more/
  95. PhoneArena
    https://www.phonearena.com/news/telegram-update-channel-giveaways_id152336
  96. www.droid-life.com
    https://www.droid-life.com/2023/09/22/telegram-channel-stories-boost/
  97. Bloomberg.com
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  98. Digiday
    https://digiday.com/media/bloomberg-news-using-telegram/
  99. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/telegram
  100. Business Insider
    https://www.businessinsider.com/sign-up-for-telegram-updates-business-insider-2021-1
  101. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/14/world/europe/telegram-nyt.html
  102. TIME
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221128122847/https://time.com/6158437/telegram-russia-ukraine-information-war/
  103. Telegram
    https://t.me/emmanuelmacron
  104. Wired
    https://www.wired.com/story/february-morning-russia-ukraine-war/
  105. "Telegram Mini Apps"
    https://ton.org/mini-apps
  106. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/18/telegram-launches-chatbot-payments/
  107. Telegram
    https://t.me/gam8s
  108. Medium
    https://topco.medium.com/from-bots-to-mini-apps-unveiling-telegrams-web3-ecosystem-edea254f9b5f
  109. "Animoca reports 34 million active wallets on TON"
    https://www.blockchaingamer.biz/news/35861/animoca-reports-34-million-active-ton-wallets/
  110. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/15/21370420/telegram-video-calls-os-android
  111. Forbes
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/08/16/telegram-just-launched-a-major-new-feature-to-beat-zoom/
  112. "Telegram introduces voice calls, touting end-to-end encryption"
    https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/30/telegram-call/
  113. www.theverge.com
    https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/23/22196894/telegram-voice-chats-group-discord-feature
  114. Gizmodo Australia
    https://gizmodo.com.au/2021/06/a-year-later-telegram-finally-launches-the-group-video-calls-it-promised/
  115. Android Police
    https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/06/25/telegram-beta-7-8-adds-video-and-screen-sharing-in-groups/
  116. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/26/22551652/telegram-adds-group-video-calling-chat
  117. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/group-video-calls
  118. "Live Streams, Flexible Forwarding, Jump to Next Channel, Trending Stickers and More"
    https://telegram.org/blog/live-streams-forwarding-next-channel
  119. Android Central
    https://www.androidcentral.com/telegram-update-download-manager-attachment-menu-live-streaming-with-third-party-apps
  120. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/23/22196894/telegram-voice-chats-group-discord-feature
  121. www.ccn.com
    https://www.ccn.com/news/technology/telegram-blockchain-inspired-encryption/
  122. India Today
    https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/telegram-adds-two-step-verification-for-better-security-launches-in-app-video-editor-to-platform-1685933-2020-06-05
  123. Telegram
    https://t.me/s/betainfoen/1032
  124. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/channel-stories
  125. Alphr
    https://www.alphr.com/how-to-hide-last-seen-on-telegram/
  126. www.droid-life.com
    https://www.droid-life.com/2022/12/30/telegram-update-adds-spoiler-alerts-profile-pic-controls-and-lots-more/
  127. 9to5Mac
    https://9to5mac.com/2022/08/13/telegram-app-store-apple-complained-emoji/
  128. Android Police
    https://www.androidpolice.com/top-tips-using-telegram-safely-securely/
  129. 9to5Mac
    https://9to5mac.com/2022/12/30/telegram-ios-update-2/
  130. "Telegram Bot Platform"
    https://telegram.org/blog/bot-revolution
  131. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/25/telegram-wechat-super-app-ton-foundation/
  132. core.telegram.org
    https://core.telegram.org/bots/webapps
  133. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/payments
  134. Tweakers
    https://tweakers.net/nieuws/104386/telegram-bots-kunnen-relatief-ongemerkt-meelezen-in-groepsgesprekken.html
  135. "Introducing Inline Bots"
    https://telegram.org/blog/inline-bots
  136. core.telegram.org
    https://core.telegram.org/bots/webapps#launching-mini-apps-from-the-attachment-menu
  137. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/payments
  138. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/games
  139. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/pin-and-ifttt
  140. Windows Central
    https://www.windowscentral.com/telegram-adds-new-payment-features-latest-update
  141. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/20/malaysia-based-respond-io-helps-businesses-juggle-multiple-messaging-apps/
  142. Neowin
    https://www.neowin.net/news/telegram-48-arrives-with-telegram-login-and-streaming
  143. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/notifications-bots
  144. www.fonearena.com
    https://www.fonearena.com/blog/439282/telegram-faster-video-loading-playback-speed-options-last-edit-timestamps.html
  145. PhoneArena
    https://www.phonearena.com/news/telegram-affiliate-programs-sticker-search-collages_id165591
  146. "Telegram Stickers"
    https://telegram.org/blog/stickers-meet-art-and-history
  147. XDA
    https://www.xda-developers.com/telegram-video-stickers-improved-reactions/
  148. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/evolution#august-2019
  149. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/evolution#september-2021
  150. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/evolution#june-2022
  151. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/message-effects-and-more
  152. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/evolution#august-2022
  153. innovation-village.com
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  167. Telegram
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  168. Telegram
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  171. Black Enterprise
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  172. Snoop Dogg - Gifts (Official Music Video)
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  173. Uzbekistan and world news, latest news
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  175. "Custom Languages, Instant View 2.0 and More"
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  177. Telegram
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  179. Neowin
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  180. "Introducing Telegram Passport"
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  183. ETTelecom
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  189. Linklaters LLP
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  324. FAZ
    https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien-und-film/medienpolitik/chatbot-wie-die-ard-auf-telegram-fast-an-betruegerischen-sportwetten-verdiente-110630084.html
  325. Twitter
    https://twitter.com/Schwarzenegger/status/1504429787481194499
  326. Telegram
    https://t.me/snoopdogg
  327. Telegram
    https://t.me/emmanuelmacron
  328. Telegram
    https://t.me/jairbolsonarobrasil
  329. Telegram
    https://t.me/RTErdogan
  330. Telegram
    https://t.me/maiasandumd/16
  331. Telegram
    https://t.me/PresidenteAMLO
  332. Telegram
    https://t.me/leehsienloong
  333. Telegram
    https://t.me/shmirziyoyev
  334. Telegram
    https://t.me/AbiyAhmedAliofficial
  335. Telegram
    https://t.me/bnetanyahu
  336. "Why Telegram's security flaws may put Iran's journalists at risk"
    https://cpj.org/blog/2016/05/why-telegrams-security-flaws-may-put-irans-journal.php
  337. Gizmodo
    https://gizmodo.com/why-you-should-stop-using-telegram-right-now-1782557415
  338. Jakobsen & Orlandi 2015
  339. Motherboard
    https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-you-dont-roll-your-own-crypto/
  340. The Daily Dot
    http://www.dailydot.com/politics/telegram-isis-encryption-cryptography/
  341. Miculan & Vitacolonna 2020
  342. Miculan & Vitacolonna 2023
  343. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/faq#q-why-not-just-make-all-chats-secret
  344. VentureBeat
    https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/30/ahead-of-ipo-mobile-messaging-giant-line-introduces-end-to-end-encryption-by-default/
  345. Espinoza, Tolley & Crandall 2017
  346. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/crowdsourcing-a-more-secure-future
  347. Stiftung Warentest
    https://www.test.de/WhatsApp-und-Alternativen-Datenschutz-im-Test-4675013-0/
  348. Electronic Frontier Foundation
    https://www.eff.org/node/82654
  349. Jakobsen & Orlandi 2015, p. 6
  350. Jakobsen & Orlandi 2015, p. 1
  351. Telegram
    https://core.telegram.org/techfaq#what-about-ind-cca
  352. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/isiss-favorite-messaging-app-has-a-security-problem/422460/
  353. Telegram
    https://core.telegram.org/techfaq#what-about-ind-cca
  354. Advox
    https://advox.globalvoices.org/2016/05/02/is-telegram-really-safe-for-activists-under-threat-these-two-russians-arent-so-sure/
  355. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/15million-reuters
  356. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-cyber-telegram-exclusive-idUSKCN10D1AM
  357. Motherboard
    https://www.vice.com/de/article/exklusiv-wie-das-bka-telegram-accounts-von-terrorverdaechtigen-knackt/
  358. FastCo News
    https://news.fastcompany.com/telegram-founder-us-intelligence-agencies-tried-to-bribe-us-to-weaken-encryption-4040876
  359. The Register
    https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/06/14/telegram_boss_backdoor_offer_claim/
  360. هشدار تلگرام درباره ناامن بودن "هاتگرام" و "طلاگرام"
    https://www.radiofarda.com/a/iran-messaging-apps-security-concerns/29661203.html
  361. "Telegram F.A.Q."
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140309205427/https://telegram.org/faq#q-why-not-open-source-everything
  362. "Telegram F.A.Q."
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190114013309/https://telegram.org/faq#q-why-not-open-source-everything
  363. Telegram
    https://t.me/durovschat/515221
  364. The Intercept
    https://theintercept.com/series/secret-brazil-archive/
  365. noticias.uol.com.br
    https://noticias.uol.com.br/tecnologia/noticias/redacao/2019/06/10/como-hackers-tiveram-acesso-a-conversas-privadas-de-sergio-moro.htm
  366. "Indeed, there's no evidence of any hack. Most likely to have been either malware or someone not using a 2-step verification password"
    https://x.com/telegram/status/1138430205343731712
  367. "Telegram founder links cyber attack to China"
    https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48619804
  368. Forbes
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/12/12/mystery-russian-telegram-hacks-intercept-secret-codes-to-spy-on-messages/
  369. tvrain.ru
    https://tvrain.ru/news/group_ib_rossijskie_predprinimateli_pozhalovalis_na_vzlom_perepiski_v_telegram-498660/
  370. Comparitech
    https://www.comparitech.com/blog/information-security/iranian-telegram-accounts-leaked/
  371. Security Boulevard
    https://securityboulevard.com/2020/04/elasticsearch-database-with-42-million-records-of-iranian-citizen-found-exposed-online/
  372. HOTforSecurity
    https://hotforsecurity.bitdefender.com/blog/elasticsearch-database-with-42-million-records-of-iranian-citizen-found-exposed-online-22852.html
  373. Check Point Software
    https://blog.checkpoint.com/2020/09/18/rampantkitten-an-iranian-surveillance-operation-unraveled/
  374. Security Magazine
    https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/93423-check-point-researchers-Iranian-hackers-can-bypass-encrypted-apps-like-telegram
  375. Github
    https://mtpsym.github.io/
  376. Telegram
    https://core.telegram.org/techfaq/UoL-ETH-4a-proof
  377. Cyberscoop
    https://www.cyberscoop.com/telegram-app-security-encryption/
  378. ArsTechnica
    https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/10/researcher-refuses-telegrams-bounty-award-discloses-auto-delete-bug/
  379. habr.com
    https://habr.com/ru/post/580582/
  380. Google Docs
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/13sEnr37gFw2ygsnDHLYbPloiAtvhR59X/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook
  381. nvd.nist.gov
    https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41861
  382. Nasjonal sikkerhetsmyndighet
    https://nsm.no/aktuelt/anbefaler-ikke-tiktok-eller-telegram-pa-tjenesteenheter
  383. "Cursed tapes: Exploiting the EvilVideo vulnerability on Telegram for Android"
    https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/cursed-tapes-exploiting-evilvideo-vulnerability-telegram-android/
  384. iStories
    https://istories.media/en/stories/2025/06/10/telegram-fsb/
  385. iStories
    https://istories.media/en/news/2025/06/10/telegram-responds-to-istories-investigation-on-messenger-servers/
  386. The Moscow Times
    https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/06/10/investigation-uncovers-telegrams-potential-links-to-russias-fsb-a89400
  387. Mediazona
    https://en.zona.media/article/2025/06/11/nosmokinggun
  388. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/winter-contest-ends
  389. Telegram
    https://telegram.org/blog/cryptocontest-ends
  390. Thought Crime
    https://archive.today/20131219191437/http://thoughtcrime.org/blog/telegram-crypto-challenge/
  391. Tech.eu
    http://tech.eu/news/telegram-protocol-cracking-contest/
  392. Tumblr
    http://www.cryptofails.com/post/70546720222/telegrams-cryptanalysis-contest
  393. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/world/middleeast/iran-telegram-app-russia.html
  394. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/telegram-russia-ban-lift-messaging-app-encryption-download-a9573181.html
  395. Hong Kong Free Press HKFP
    https://hongkongfp.com/2015/07/13/china-blocks-telegram-messenger-blamed-for-aiding-human-rights-lawyers/
  396. Meduza
    https://meduza.io/en/news/2020/06/22/telegram-founder-says-anti-censorship-tech-used-to-defeat-russian-authorities-should-be-used-in-iran-and-china
  397. TechCrunch
    https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/19/threads-whatsapp-removed-from-china-app-store/
  398. "Ukraine bans official use of Telegram app over fears of Russian spying"
    https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/ukraine-bans-official-use-telegram-app-over-fears-russian-spying-2024-09-20/
  399. NotiCel
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190727235312/https://www.noticel.com/ahora/gobierno/whatsapp-gate-20-nuevo-chat-expone-a-la-administracion-rossello/1093250289
  400. RadioFreeEurope
    https://www.rferl.org/a/telegram-navalny-smart-voting/31466263.html
  401. The Moscow Times
    https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/18/telegram-messenger-blocks-navalny-bot-during-russian-election-a75079
  402. RFI
    https://www.rfi.fr/en/business-and-tech/20210918-telegram-messenger-blocks-russia-opposition-bot-during-vote
  403. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/navalny-allies-accuse-telegram-censorship-russian-election-2021-09-18/
  404. Telegram
    https://t.me/durov/168
  405. Neetu Singh vs Telegram FZ LLC
    https://web.archive.org/web/20231204014758/http://164.100.60.183/writereaddata/orderSan_Pdf/pms/2022/1669618366215_31241_2022.pdf
  406. LiveLaw
    https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/after-court-order-telegram-discloses-phone-numbers-ip-addresses-of-users-accused-of-sharing-infringing-material-215311
  407. "French Authorities Charge Telegram Founder Pavel Durov"
    https://www.wsj.com/tech/telegram-ceo-pavel-durov-charged-french-authorities-43a125a2?mod=hp_lead_pos8
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