Taoiseach

The Taoiseach is the head of government, or prime minister of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon nomination by Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office. The Irish word taoiseach means "chief" or "leader", and was adopted in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland as the title of the "head of the Government or Prime Minister". It is the official title of the head of government in both English and Irish, and is not used for the prime ministers of other countries, who are instead referred to in Irish by the generic term príomh-aire. The phrase an Taoiseach is sometimes used in an otherwise English-language context, and means the same as "the Taoiseach". The incumbent Taoiseach is Micheál Martin, TD, leader of Fianna Fáil, who took office on 23 January 2025, following the 2024 general election and an agreement between Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and independent TDs.

Infobox

Style

Irish: A Thaoisigh

Type

Head of government[a]

Member of

Dáil ÉireannCabinetCouncil of StateBritish–Irish CouncilEuropean Council

Reports to

Oireachtas

Residence

None[b]

Seat

Government Buildings,Merrion Street, Dublin, Ireland

Nominator

Dáil Éireann

Appointer

President of Ireland

Term length

While commanding the confidence of the majority of Dáil Éireann. No term limits are imposed on the office.

Constituting instrument

Article 13, Constitution of Ireland

Precursor

President of the Executive Council

Formation

29 December 1937[c]

First holder

Éamon de Valera[c]

Deputy

Tánaiste

Salary

€248,773 annually (2025) (including €115,953 TD salary)

Website

Department of the Taoiseach

Tables

· List of office holders

No.

President of the Executive Council

No.

President of the Executive Council

Portrait

President of the Executive Council

Name(Birth–Death)Constituency

President of the Executive Council

Term of office

President of the Executive Council

Party

President of the Executive Council

Exec. CouncilComposition

President of the Executive Council

Vice President

President of the Executive Council

Dáil(elected)

President of the Executive Council

W. T. Cosgrave(1880–1965)TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927TD for Cork Borough from 1927

President of the Executive Council

6 December1922

President of the Executive Council

9 March1932

President of the Executive Council

Sinn Féin(Pro-Treaty)

President of the Executive Council

1st

President of the Executive Council

SF (PT) (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Kevin O'Higgins

President of the Executive Council

3 (1922)

Cumann na nGaedheal

President of the Executive Council

Cumann na nGaedheal

President of the Executive Council

2nd

President of the Executive Council

CnG (minority)

President of the Executive Council

4 (1923)

3rd

President of the Executive Council

3rd

President of the Executive Council

Ernest Blythe

President of the Executive Council

5 (Jun.1927)

4th

President of the Executive Council

4th

President of the Executive Council

6 (Sep.1927)

5th

President of the Executive Council

5th

President of the Executive Council

Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare

President of the Executive Council

9 March1932

President of the Executive Council

29 December1937

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

6th

President of the Executive Council

FF (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Seán T. O'Kelly

President of the Executive Council

7 (1932)

7th

President of the Executive Council

7th

President of the Executive Council

8 (1933)

8th

President of the Executive Council

8th

President of the Executive Council

9 (1937)

Taoiseach

President of the Executive Council

Taoiseach

No.

President of the Executive Council

No.

President of the Executive Council

Portrait

President of the Executive Council

Name(Birth–Death)Constituency

President of the Executive Council

Term of office

President of the Executive Council

Party

President of the Executive Council

GovernmentComposition

President of the Executive Council

Tánaiste

President of the Executive Council

Dáil(elected)

(2)

President of the Executive Council

(2)

President of the Executive Council

Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare

President of the Executive Council

29 December1937

President of the Executive Council

18 February1948

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

1st

President of the Executive Council

FF (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Seán T. O'Kelly

President of the Executive Council

9 ( ···· )

2nd

President of the Executive Council

2nd

President of the Executive Council

10 (1938)

3rd

President of the Executive Council

3rd

President of the Executive Council

FF (minority)

President of the Executive Council

11 (1943)

4th

President of the Executive Council

4th

President of the Executive Council

Seán Lemass

President of the Executive Council

12 (1944)

President of the Executive Council

John A. Costello(1891–1976)TD for Dublin South-East

President of the Executive Council

18 February1948

President of the Executive Council

13 June1951

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

5th

President of the Executive Council

FG–Lab–CnP–CnT–NL–Ind

President of the Executive Council

William Norton

President of the Executive Council

13 (1948)

(2)

President of the Executive Council

(2)

President of the Executive Council

Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare

President of the Executive Council

13 June1951

President of the Executive Council

2 June1954

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

6th

President of the Executive Council

FF (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Seán Lemass

President of the Executive Council

14 (1951)

(3)

President of the Executive Council

(3)

President of the Executive Council

John A. Costello(1891–1976)TD for Dublin South-East

President of the Executive Council

2 June1954

President of the Executive Council

20 March1957

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

7th

President of the Executive Council

FG–Lab–CnT

President of the Executive Council

William Norton

President of the Executive Council

15 (1954)

(2)

President of the Executive Council

(2)

President of the Executive Council

Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare

President of the Executive Council

20 March1957

President of the Executive Council

23 June1959

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

8th

President of the Executive Council

Seán Lemass

President of the Executive Council

16 (1957)

President of the Executive Council

Seán Lemass(1899–1971)TD for Dublin South-Central

President of the Executive Council

23 June1959

President of the Executive Council

10 November1966

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

9th

President of the Executive Council

Seán MacEntee

10th

President of the Executive Council

10th

President of the Executive Council

FF (minority)

President of the Executive Council

17 (1961)

11th

President of the Executive Council

11th

President of the Executive Council

Frank Aiken

President of the Executive Council

18 (1965)

President of the Executive Council

Jack Lynch(1917–1999)TD for Cork Borough until 1969TD for Cork City North-West from 1969

President of the Executive Council

10 November1966

President of the Executive Council

14 March1973

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

12th

President of the Executive Council

13th

President of the Executive Council

13th

President of the Executive Council

Erskine H. Childers

President of the Executive Council

19 (1969)

President of the Executive Council

Liam Cosgrave(1920–2017)TD for Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown

President of the Executive Council

14 March1973

President of the Executive Council

5 July1977

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

14th

President of the Executive Council

FG–Lab

President of the Executive Council

Brendan Corish

President of the Executive Council

20 (1973)

(5)

President of the Executive Council

(5)

President of the Executive Council

Jack Lynch(1917–1999)TD for Cork City

President of the Executive Council

5 July1977

President of the Executive Council

11 December1979

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

15th

President of the Executive Council

George Colley

President of the Executive Council

21 (1977)

President of the Executive Council

Charles Haughey(1925–2006)TD for Dublin Artane

President of the Executive Council

11 December1979

President of the Executive Council

30 June1981

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

16th

President of the Executive Council

Garret FitzGerald(1926–2011)TD for Dublin South-East

President of the Executive Council

30 June1981

President of the Executive Council

9 March1982

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

17th

President of the Executive Council

FG–Lab (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Michael O'Leary

President of the Executive Council

22 (1981)

(7)

President of the Executive Council

(7)

President of the Executive Council

Charles Haughey(1925–2006)TD for Dublin North-Central

President of the Executive Council

9 March1982

President of the Executive Council

14 December1982

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

18th

President of the Executive Council

FF (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Ray MacSharry

President of the Executive Council

23 (Feb.1982)

(8)

President of the Executive Council

(8)

President of the Executive Council

Garret FitzGerald(1926–2011)TD for Dublin South-East

President of the Executive Council

14 December1982

President of the Executive Council

10 March1987

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

19th

President of the Executive Council

FG–LabFG (minority) from Jan 1987

President of the Executive Council

Dick Spring

President of the Executive Council

24 (Nov.1982)

(7)

President of the Executive Council

(7)

President of the Executive Council

Charles Haughey(1925–2006)TD for Dublin North-Central

President of the Executive Council

10 March1987

President of the Executive Council

11 February1992

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

20th

President of the Executive Council

FF (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Brian Lenihan

President of the Executive Council

25 (1987)

21st

President of the Executive Council

21st

President of the Executive Council

FF–PD

President of the Executive Council

26 (1989)

President of the Executive Council

Albert Reynolds(1932–2014)TD for Longford–Roscommon

President of the Executive Council

11 February1992

President of the Executive Council

15 December1994

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

22nd

President of the Executive Council

FF–PDFF (minority) from Nov 1992

23rd

President of the Executive Council

23rd

President of the Executive Council

FF–LabFF (minority) from Nov 1994

President of the Executive Council

Dick Spring

President of the Executive Council

27 (1992)

President of the Executive Council

John Bruton(1947–2024)TD for Meath

President of the Executive Council

15 December1994

President of the Executive Council

26 June1997

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

24th

President of the Executive Council

FG–Lab–DL

President of the Executive Council

Dick Spring

President of the Executive Council

Bertie Ahern(b. 1951)TD for Dublin Central

President of the Executive Council

26 June1997

President of the Executive Council

7 May2008

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

25th

President of the Executive Council

FF–PD (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Mary Harney

President of the Executive Council

28 (1997)

26th

President of the Executive Council

26th

President of the Executive Council

FF–PD

President of the Executive Council

29 (2002)

Michael McDowell

President of the Executive Council

Michael McDowell

27th

President of the Executive Council

27th

President of the Executive Council

FF–Green–PD

President of the Executive Council

Brian Cowen

President of the Executive Council

30 (2007)

President of the Executive Council

Brian Cowen(b. 1960)TD for Laois–Offaly

President of the Executive Council

7 May2008

President of the Executive Council

9 March2011

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

28th

President of the Executive Council

FF–Green–PDFF–Green–Ind from Nov 2009FF (minority) from Jan 2011

President of the Executive Council

Mary Coughlan

President of the Executive Council

Enda Kenny(b. 1951)TD for Mayo

President of the Executive Council

9 March2011

President of the Executive Council

14 June2017

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

29th

President of the Executive Council

FG–Lab

President of the Executive Council

Eamon Gilmore

President of the Executive Council

31 (2011)

30th

President of the Executive Council

30th

President of the Executive Council

FG–Ind (minority)

President of the Executive Council

Frances Fitzgerald

President of the Executive Council

32 (2016)

President of the Executive Council

Leo Varadkar(b. 1979)TD for Dublin West

President of the Executive Council

14 June2017

President of the Executive Council

27 June2020

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

31st

President of the Executive Council

FG–Ind (minority)

Simon Coveney

President of the Executive Council

Simon Coveney

President of the Executive Council

Micheál Martin(b. 1960)TD for Cork South-Central

President of the Executive Council

27 June2020

President of the Executive Council

17 December2022

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

32nd

President of the Executive Council

FF–FG–Green

President of the Executive Council

Leo Varadkar

President of the Executive Council

33 (2020)

(14)

President of the Executive Council

(14)

President of the Executive Council

Leo Varadkar(b. 1979)TD for Dublin West

President of the Executive Council

17 December2022

President of the Executive Council

9 April2024

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

33rd

President of the Executive Council

FG–FF–Green

President of the Executive Council

Micheál Martin

President of the Executive Council

Simon Harris(b. 1986)TD for Wicklow

President of the Executive Council

9 April2024

President of the Executive Council

23 January2025

President of the Executive Council

Fine Gael

President of the Executive Council

34th

President of the Executive Council

FG–FF–Green

(15)

President of the Executive Council

(15)

President of the Executive Council

Micheál Martin(b. 1960)TD for Cork South-Central

President of the Executive Council

23 January2025

President of the Executive Council

Incumbent

President of the Executive Council

Fianna Fáil

President of the Executive Council

35th

President of the Executive Council

FF–FG–Ind

President of the Executive Council

Simon Harris

President of the Executive Council

34 (2024)

President of the Executive Council
No.	Portrait	Name(Birth–Death)Constituency	Term of office		Party	Exec. CouncilComposition		Vice President		Dáil(elected)
1		W. T. Cosgrave(1880–1965)TD for Carlow–Kilkenny until 1927TD for Cork Borough from 1927	6 December1922	9 March1932	Sinn Féin(Pro-Treaty)	1st	SF (PT) (minority)		Kevin O'Higgins	3 (1922)
					Cumann na nGaedheal	2nd	CnG (minority)			4 (1923)
						3rd			Ernest Blythe	5 (Jun.1927)
						4th				6 (Sep.1927)
						5th
2		Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare	9 March1932	29 December1937	Fianna Fáil	6th	FF (minority)		Seán T. O'Kelly	7 (1932)
						7th				8 (1933)
						8th				9 (1937)
Taoiseach
No.	Portrait	Name(Birth–Death)Constituency	Term of office		Party	GovernmentComposition		Tánaiste		Dáil(elected)
(2)		Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare	29 December1937	18 February1948	Fianna Fáil	1st	FF (minority)		Seán T. O'Kelly	9 ( ···· )
						2nd	FF			10 (1938)
						3rd	FF (minority)			11 (1943)
						4th	FF		Seán Lemass	12 (1944)
3		John A. Costello(1891–1976)TD for Dublin South-East	18 February1948	13 June1951	Fine Gael	5th	FG–Lab–CnP–CnT–NL–Ind		William Norton	13 (1948)
(2)		Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare	13 June1951	2 June1954	Fianna Fáil	6th	FF (minority)		Seán Lemass	14 (1951)
(3)		John A. Costello(1891–1976)TD for Dublin South-East	2 June1954	20 March1957	Fine Gael	7th	FG–Lab–CnT		William Norton	15 (1954)
(2)		Éamon de Valera(1882–1975)TD for Clare	20 March1957	23 June1959	Fianna Fáil	8th	FF		Seán Lemass	16 (1957)
4		Seán Lemass(1899–1971)TD for Dublin South-Central	23 June1959	10 November1966	Fianna Fáil	9th	FF		Seán MacEntee
						10th	FF (minority)			17 (1961)
						11th	FF		Frank Aiken	18 (1965)
5		Jack Lynch(1917–1999)TD for Cork Borough until 1969TD for Cork City North-West from 1969	10 November1966	14 March1973	Fianna Fáil	12th	FF
						13th	FF		Erskine H. Childers	19 (1969)
6		Liam Cosgrave(1920–2017)TD for Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown	14 March1973	5 July1977	Fine Gael	14th	FG–Lab		Brendan Corish	20 (1973)
(5)		Jack Lynch(1917–1999)TD for Cork City	5 July1977	11 December1979	Fianna Fáil	15th	FF		George Colley	21 (1977)
7		Charles Haughey(1925–2006)TD for Dublin Artane	11 December1979	30 June1981	Fianna Fáil	16th	FF
8		Garret FitzGerald(1926–2011)TD for Dublin South-East	30 June1981	9 March1982	Fine Gael	17th	FG–Lab (minority)		Michael O'Leary	22 (1981)
(7)		Charles Haughey(1925–2006)TD for Dublin North-Central	9 March1982	14 December1982	Fianna Fáil	18th	FF (minority)		Ray MacSharry	23 (Feb.1982)
(8)		Garret FitzGerald(1926–2011)TD for Dublin South-East	14 December1982	10 March1987	Fine Gael	19th	FG–LabFG (minority) from Jan 1987		Dick Spring	24 (Nov.1982)
									Peter Barry
(7)		Charles Haughey(1925–2006)TD for Dublin North-Central	10 March1987	11 February1992	Fianna Fáil	20th	FF (minority)		Brian Lenihan	25 (1987)
						21st	FF–PD			26 (1989)
									John Wilson
9		Albert Reynolds(1932–2014)TD for Longford–Roscommon	11 February1992	15 December1994	Fianna Fáil	22nd	FF–PDFF (minority) from Nov 1992
						23rd	FF–LabFF (minority) from Nov 1994		Dick Spring	27 (1992)
									Bertie Ahern
10		John Bruton(1947–2024)TD for Meath	15 December1994	26 June1997	Fine Gael	24th	FG–Lab–DL		Dick Spring
11		Bertie Ahern(b. 1951)TD for Dublin Central	26 June1997	7 May2008	Fianna Fáil	25th	FF–PD (minority)		Mary Harney	28 (1997)
						26th	FF–PD			29 (2002)
									Michael McDowell
						27th	FF–Green–PD		Brian Cowen	30 (2007)
12		Brian Cowen(b. 1960)TD for Laois–Offaly	7 May2008	9 March2011	Fianna Fáil	28th	FF–Green–PDFF–Green–Ind from Nov 2009FF (minority) from Jan 2011		Mary Coughlan
13		Enda Kenny(b. 1951)TD for Mayo	9 March2011	14 June2017	Fine Gael	29th	FG–Lab		Eamon Gilmore	31 (2011)
									Joan Burton
						30th	FG–Ind (minority)		Frances Fitzgerald	32 (2016)
14		Leo Varadkar(b. 1979)TD for Dublin West	14 June2017	27 June2020	Fine Gael	31st	FG–Ind (minority)
									Simon Coveney
15		Micheál Martin(b. 1960)TD for Cork South-Central	27 June2020	17 December2022	Fianna Fáil	32nd	FF–FG–Green		Leo Varadkar	33 (2020)

References

Article 13.1.1° and Article 28.5.1° of the Constitution of Ireland. The latter provision reads: "The head of the Governm
The Taoiseach has no official residence, with each taoiseach residing in their own home. They may use the State Guest Ho
Before the enactment of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland, the head of government was referred to as the President of the
Pronounced /ˈtiːʃəx/ ⓘ TEE-shəkh, Irish: [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx]. The plural Taoisigh is pronounced /ˈtiːʃi/ TEE-shee / TEE-shig, Ir
Pronounced /priːˈvɛərə/ pree-VAIR-ə, Irish: [ˌpʲɾʲiːw ˈaɾʲə].
The Dáil refused supply in January 1982, when the then Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition government of Garret FitzGerald
The book of the thanes of Cawdor: a series of papers selected from the charter room at Cawdor. 1236–1742, Volume 1236, Issue 1742
https://books.google.com/books?id=TFwJAAAAIAAJ
"Tartan Details – Toshach"
https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222652/http://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails.aspx?ref=4140
Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia
Notable ministerial dismissals include those of Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney during the Arms Crisis in 1970, Brian Le
Cosgrave was Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State from 22 August 1922, during the transitional
De Valera was President of Dáil Éireann in the pre-independence revolutionary Irish Government from 1 April 1919 to 9 Ja
www.gov.ie
https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/9feb2a-former-taoisigh/
"PoliticalSalaries.com - World leaders"
https://politicalsalaries.com/leaders/
Lexico UK English Dictionary
https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182045/https://www.lexico.com/definition/taoiseach
West European Politics
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233072846
RTÉ News
https://www.rte.ie/news/politics/2025/0123/1492399-politics-tracker-ireland/
Constitution of Ireland, Article 13.1.2°.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland#THE_PRESIDENT
The Irish Times
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/how-to-be-taoiseach-a-guide-to-ireland-s-most-powerful-job-1.3113639
president.ie
https://president.ie/en/the-president/constitutional-role
RTE.ie
https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2023/1017/1389911-just-what-can-the-president-of-ireland-actually-say-and-do/
RTÉ
https://www.rte.ie/news/elections2007/history80s.html
"PoliticalSalaries.com - World leaders"
https://politicalsalaries.com/leaders/
"Taoiseach to receive €38k pay rise"
https://www.rte.ie/news/2007/1025/politics.html
"Sharp exchanges in Dáil over Budget"
https://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1015/budget.html
Irish Independent
https://web.archive.org/web/20091223025956/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/budget/comment-reaction/opposition-says-lenihans-salary-cuts-do-not-add-up-1969628.html
Irish Independent
https://web.archive.org/web/20080521055535/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/opulent-phoenix-park-lodge-is--set-to-become-fortress-cowen-1378987.html
The Irish Times
https://web.archive.org/web/20101118220220/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0129/1232923372778.html
The Irish Times
https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2023/09/03/over-87000-spent-upgrading-underused-stewards-lodge-in-dublins-phoenix-park/
"P. W. Joyce: Ancient Irish Music » 47 – Mór Chluana"
http://source.pipers.ie/Media.aspx?mediaId=24396&categoryId=907
Ainm.ie
http://www.ainm.ie/Bio.aspx?ID=260
Ireland Under the Union, 1870–1921
https://books.google.com/books?id=pYNeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA425
"Amhrán Dóchais"
https://www.cmc.ie/music/amhran-dochais
Irish Statute Book
https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article28_5_1
Department of the Taoiseach
http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/attached_files/Pdf%20files/School%20Pack.pdf
Irish Independent
http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/wt-became-the-most-ruthless-of-them-all-26621462.html
Great Gaels: Ireland at Peace in a World at War
https://books.google.com/books?id=LOdQAQAAMAAJ&q=Taoiseach+Fuhrer+Duce+Caudillo
Administration – Volume 18
https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-YWAAAAIAAJ&q=Fuhrer+Duce+Caudillo
Scotland Under Her Early Kings: A History of the Kingdom to the Close of the Thirteenth Century Part One
https://books.google.com/books?id=ywZuLEa6oxsC&pg=PA32
"DSL – SND1 TOISEACH"
https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232058/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=4336&startset=43732115&dtext=snd&query=TOISEACH
Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies
https://books.google.com/books?id=yVopAQAAMAAJ&q=%22medieval+celtic+studies%22+towiss%C4%81kos
"Language"
https://books.google.com/books?id=AncKAQAAMAAJ&q=towiss%C4%81kos
"Statement by An Taoiseach on the death of Cardinal Desmond Connell"
http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/News/Taoiseach's_Press_Releases/Statement_by_An_Taoiseach_on_the_death_of_Cardinal_Desmond_Connell.html
Frank Mr. MacDermot of the National Centre Party – Bunreacht na hÉireann (Dréacht)—Coiste (Ath-thógaint) – Wednesday, 26
https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1937-05-26/20/
Oireachtas Debates
https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1937-05-26/speech/225/
"A Rotating Taoiseach and the future of Irish politics - Brexit Institute"
https://dcubrexitinstitute.eu/2022/12/a-rotating-taoiseach-and-the-future-of-irish-politics/
"Harris confirms rotating Taoiseach arrangement will be part of next government"
https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/harris-says-government-formation-talks-approaching-landing-zone-1715120.html
Government of Ireland
https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/9feb2a-former-taoisigh/
The Irish Times
https://web.archive.org/web/20210912123432/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/coughlan-new-t%C3%A1naiste-in-cowen-cabinet-1.822339
"Taoiseach reveals new front bench"
https://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0507/fiannafail.html
BreakingNews.ie
https://web.archive.org/web/20080510161334/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mhgbausnidau/
"Kenny's farewell: 'This has never been about me'"
https://www.rte.ie/news/2017/0613/882267-enda-kenny/
The Irish Times
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/leo-varadkar-the-man-who-evolved-into-a-taoiseach-1.3106073