Topzle Topzle

Tajikistan

Updated: Wikipedia source

Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is its capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east and is narrowly separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. It has a population of more than 10.7 million people. The territory was previously home to cultures of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, including the Oxus civilisation in west, with the Indo-Iranians arriving during the Andronovo culture. Parts of country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilisations, and was ruled by those including the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco-Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites and Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara-Khanids, Seljuks, Khwarazmians, the Mongols, Timurids and Khanate of Bukhara. The region was later conquered by the Russian Empire, before becoming part of the Soviet Union. Within the Soviet Union, the country's borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic before becoming a constituent republic of the Soviet Union on 5 December 1929. On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan declared itself an independent sovereign state as the Soviet Union was disintegrating. A civil war was fought after independence, lasting from May 1992 to June 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. The country has been led since 1994 by Emomali Rahmon, who heads an authoritarian regime and whose human rights record has been criticised. Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Tajiks form the ethnic majority in the country, and their national language is Tajik. Russian is used as the official inter-ethnic language. While the state is constitutionally secular, Islam is nominally adhered to by 97.5% of the population. In the Gorno-Badakhshan oblast, there is a linguistic diversity where Rushani, Shughni, Ishkashimi, Wakhi, and Tajik are some of the languages spoken. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country. It is a developing country with a transitional economy that is dependent on remittances and on the production of aluminium and cotton. Tajikistan is a member of the United Nations, CIS, OSCE, OIC, ECO, SCO, CSTO, and a NATO PfP partner.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Dushanbe 38°33′N 68°48′E / 38.550°N 68.800°E / 38.550; 68.800
Official languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li TajikRussian[a]
Ethnic groups (2020)
mw- 86.1% Tajiks11.3% Uzbeks0.4% Kyrgyz0.3% Russians1.9% other
Religion (2020)
97.5% Islam0.7% Christianity1.7% irreligion0.2% others
Demonyms
TajikistaniTajik
Government
Unitary presidential republic under an authoritarian dictatorship
• President
Emomali Rahmon
• Prime Minister
Kokhir Rasulzoda
Legislature
Supreme Assembly
• Upper house
National Assembly
• Lower house
Assembly of Representatives
• Autonomous Soviet Republic
14 October 1924
• Soviet Republic
5 December 1929
• Independence declared from USSR
9 September 1991
• Independence recognised
26 December 1991
• Current constitution
6 November 1994
• Total
$12.953 billion (141st)
• Water
2,575 km2 (994 sq mi)
• Water (%)
1.8
• 2025 estimate
10,786,734
• Density
75.4/km2 (195.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
2024 estimate
• Per capita
$1,276 (163rd)
GDP (nominal)
2024 estimate
Gini (2015)
34 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.691medium (128th)
Currency
Somoni (TJS)
Time zone
UTC 5 (TJT)
Date format
dd.mm.yyyy
Calling code
992
ISO 3166 code
TJ
Internet TLD
tj

Tables

· Geography › Administrative divisions
Sughd
Sughd
Division
Sughd
ISO 3166-2
TJ-SU
Map No
1
Capital
Khujand
Area (km2)
25,400
Pop. (2019)
2,658,400
Region of Republican Subordination
Region of Republican Subordination
Division
Region of Republican Subordination
ISO 3166-2
TJ-RR
Map No
2
Capital
Dushanbe
Area (km2)
28,600
Pop. (2019)
2,122,000
Khatlon
Khatlon
Division
Khatlon
ISO 3166-2
TJ-KT
Map No
3
Capital
Bokhtar
Area (km2)
24,800
Pop. (2019)
3,274,900
Gorno-Badakhshan
Gorno-Badakhshan
Division
Gorno-Badakhshan
ISO 3166-2
TJ-GB
Map No
4
Capital
Khorugh
Area (km2)
64,200
Pop. (2019)
226,900
Dushanbe
Dushanbe
Division
Dushanbe
Capital
Dushanbe
Area (km2)
124.6
Pop. (2019)
846,400
Division
ISO 3166-2
Map No
Capital
Area (km2)
Pop. (2019)
Sughd
TJ-SU
1
Khujand
25,400
2,658,400
Region of Republican Subordination
TJ-RR
2
Dushanbe
28,600
2,122,000
Khatlon
TJ-KT
3
Bokhtar
24,800
3,274,900
Gorno-Badakhshan
TJ-GB
4
Khorugh
64,200
226,900
Dushanbe
Dushanbe
124.6
846,400
Population in Tajikistan[143][144][145] · Demographics
1926
1926
Year
1926
Million
0.83
1950
1950
Year
1950
Million
1.5
2000
2000
Year
2000
Million
6.2
2021
2021
Year
2021
Million
9.8
Year
Million
1926
0.83
1950
1.5
2000
6.2
2021
9.8
Words of familial relation · Demographics › Languages
апа
апа
Tajikistani Russian
апа
Standard Russian
старшая сестра
English translation
older sister
ака
ака
Tajikistani Russian
ака
Standard Russian
старший брат
English translation
older brother
хола
хола
Tajikistani Russian
хола
Standard Russian
тетя
English translation
aunt
янга
янга
Tajikistani Russian
янга
Standard Russian
жена брата, невестка
English translation
daughter-in-law; sister-in-law
Tajikistani Russian
Standard Russian
English translation
апа
старшая сестра
older sister
ака
старший брат
older brother
хола
тетя
aunt
янга
жена брата, невестка
daughter-in-law; sister-in-law

References

  1. Article 2 of Constitution:The state language of Tajikistan shall be Tajik.Russian is the language of communication betwe
    https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tajikistan_2016
  2. /tɑːˈdʒiːkɪstɑːn/ ⓘ, /tə-, tæ-/
  3. Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, romanised: Jumhurii Tojikiston, .mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- pro
  4. Tajikistani athletes competed as part of the Unified Team in 1992.
  5. "Dissemination of the Republic of Tajikistan Population and Housing Census Data 2020"
    https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/WS10RizoevENG.pdf
  6. "Association of Religion Data Archives"
    https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=218c#S_2
  7. www.cia.gov
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tajikistan/
  8. Economist Intelligence Unit
    https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/
  9. dw.com
    https://dw.com/en/tajikistans-eternal-ruler-emomali-rakhmon/a-55234401
  10. Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan to France
    https://mfa.tj/en/paris/tajikistan/general-information
  11. "Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"
    http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf
  12. Eurasia Daily Monitor
    https://jamestown.org/program/tajikistan-cedes-disputed-land-to-china/7
  13. "UN Population Prospects 2024"
    https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/762/start/2024/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=2409a099-1ab9-4318-bff7-7f46ef39c2e4
  14. IMF.org
    https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=923,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1
  15. databank.worldbank.org
    https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI
  16. Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI
    https://web.archive.org/web/20250506064128/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025
  17. World Bank Open Data
    https://data.worldbank.org/
  18. Worldometer
    http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tajikistan-population/
  19. Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg.
  20. Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/tajikistan
  21. DW.COM
    https://www.dw.com/en/tajikistans-eternal-ruler-emomali-rakhmon/a-55234401
  22. www.indexmundi.com
    https://www.indexmundi.com/tajikistan/ethnic_groups.html
  23. "People of Tajikistan"
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan/People#ref1265422
  24. "Tajik | Central Asian, Persian, Pamiri, & Iranian Language | Britannica"
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tajik-people
  25. Ali Shir Nava'i Muhakamat al-lughatain tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux (Leiden: Brill) 1966 p6
  26. The Central Asian States: Discovering Independence
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9_7EDwAAQBAJ
  27. A Country Study: Tajikistan, Ethnic Background Archived 17 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Library of Congress Call Num
    https://lccn.loc.gov/97005110
  28. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies Archived 20 May 2021 at the Wayback M
    https://www.loc.gov/item/97005110/
  29. Richard Foltz, A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, London: Bloomsbury, 2019, pp. 33–61.
  30. Richard Nelson Frye, "Persien: bis zum Einbruch des Islam" (original English title: "The Heritage Of Persia"), German ve
  31. The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0RSXSu1x9hwC
  32. Tajikistan: History Archived 12 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Britannica Online Encyclopedia
    http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581047/Tajikistan/214553/History
  33. Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
    https://books.google.com/books?id=fCdCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43
  34. Xuanzang calls this region Kiumito which is thought to be Komdei of Ptolemy and Kumadh or Kumedh of Muslim writers (See:
  35. unesco.org
    http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141
  36. Scholars have located the Kamboja realm on the southern side of the Hindu Kush ranges in the Kabul, Swat, and Kunar Vall
  37. Dr Buddha Prakash maintains that, based on the evidence of Kalidasa's Raghuvamsha, Raghu defeated the Hunas on river Vam
  38. See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Pro
  39. C. Michael Hogan, "Silk Road, North China", The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayba
    http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006
  40. Shiji, trans. Burton Watson
  41. Frances Wood (2002) The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN
  42. Tajikistan Archived 21 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. loc.gov.
    https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Tajikistan.pdf
  43. eb.com
    http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062103
  44. The Empire of the Steppes
  45. A history of Inner Asia
    https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc
  46. ilak-khanids Archived 9 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine: Iranica. accessed May 2014.
    http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ilak-khanids
  47. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16201087
  48. Encyclopedia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Central-Asia
  49. American Slavic and East European Review
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000976
  50. Al Mesbar Studies and Research Centre
    https://mesbar.org/jadidism-in-central-asia-origins-development-and-fate-under-the-soviets/
  51. Country Studies
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/4.htm
  52. Middle East Journal
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322692
  53. Country Studies US
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/6.htm
  54. Heathershaw & Herzig 2013, p. 1.
  55. Foltz 2019, p. 119.
  56. Foltz 2019, p. 118.
  57. Arjomand 2025, p. 344.
  58. Foltz 2019, p. 120.
  59. Country Studies US
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/9.htm
  60. Country Studies US
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/10.htm
  61. Country Studies US
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/23.htm
  62. Country Studies US
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/11.htm
  63. Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzaheh (2010) Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan, 2nd ed. p. 383. ISBN 0810860619.
  64. Vadim Erlikman (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke. Moscow. pp. 23–35. ISBN 5-93165-107-1
  65. WW2DB
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140726045015/http://ww2db.com/country/tajikistan
  66. Boris Rumer (1989) Soviet Central Asia: A Tragic Experiment, Unwin Hyman, London. p. 126. ISBN 0044451466.
  67. Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 115 (in Russian).
  68. Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 210 (in Russian).
  69. Front News International
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221425/https://frontnews.eu/news/en/12776/Tajikistan-celebrates-Independence-Day
  70. "Tajikistan: rising from the ashes of civil war"
    https://www.un.org/events/tenstories/06/story.asp?storyID=600
  71. "Features of the ethnic and confessional situation in the Republic of Tajikistan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080411201135/http://www.analitika.org/article.php?story=20060307230526550&mode=print
  72. "Human Rights Watch World Report 1994: Tajikistan"
    https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Helsinki-20.htm
  73. www.kommersant.ru
    https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/30157
  74. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
    http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0695/9506053.htm
  75. "Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests"
    https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL30294.pdf
  76. "REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION"
    http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/tajikistan/24664?download=true
  77. New Eurasia
    http://www.neweurasia.net/politics-and-society/osce-and-cis-observers-disagree-on-presidential-election-in-tajikistan/
  78. Reuters
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170628001735/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE69H2FD20101018
  79. The Bug Pit – The military and security in Eurasia
    http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61866
  80. "Tajikistan: Dushanbe Dangling Ayni Air Base Before Russia"
    http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62187
  81. Jane's
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140803133141/http://www.janes.com/article/27898/ratification-of-russian-military-base-deal-provides-tajikistan-with-important-security-guarantees
  82. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11565443
  83. "Tajikistan Says Kills Three Suspected Islamist Militants"
    http://www.rferl.org/content/Tajikistan_Says_Kills_Three_Suspected_Islamist_Militants/2193377.html
  84. "Tajikistan: The government withdraws troops from the Rasht valley"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120415112458/http://enews.fergananews.com/news.php?id=1903&mode=snews
  85. "Tajikistan clashes: 'Many dead' in Gorno-Badakhshan"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18965366
  86. Stratfor
    https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/why-russia-will-send-more-troops-central-asia
  87. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-tajikistan-idUSKBN0OD1AP20150528
  88. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia/russia-says-its-air-strike-kills-several-top-islamic-state-commanders-in-syria-idUSKCN1BJ0KJ
  89. France 24
    https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20211004-afghan-resistance-has-sanctuary-in-tajikistan-but-fighting-taliban-a-non-viable-prospect
  90. eurasianet.org
    https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-diverge-on-approaches-to-afghanistan
  91. "Armed clashes erupted all along the border of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Kyrgyz government sources reported on Sept. 16"
    https://english.nv.ua/nation/fighting-breaks-out-between-kyrgyzstan-and-tajikistan-central-asia-news-50270517.html
  92. Conciliation Resources
    https://www.c-r.org/accord-article/tajik-civil-war-causes-and-dynamics
  93. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/30884643.html
  94. Greenberg, Ilan, "Media Muzzled and Opponents Jailed, Tajikistan Readies for Vote", The New York Times, 4 November 2006
  95. The Economist
    http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15612447&source=hptextfeature
  96. BBC
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8543214.stm
  97. Dictatorland: Tajikistan
  98. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/07/tajikistans-beard-ban-facial-hair-emomali-rahmon
  99. DW.COM
    https://www.dw.com/en/press-freedom-in-tajikistan-going-from-bad-to-worse/a-53697778
  100. "Tajik Government's Fury Over Conflict Reporting"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140926061259/http://iwpr.net/report-news/tajik-government%E2%80%99s-fury-over-conflict-reporting
  101. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/01/22/global-democracy-has-another-bad-year
  102. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/
  103. www.aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/12/tajikistan-leader-rakhmon-wins-election-with-over-90-percent
  104. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-border-clashes-idUSL8N2MM5JM
  105. Human Rights Watch
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/21/after-kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-border-conflict-time-human-rights-agenda
  106. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russia-says-afghan-situation-can-swiftly-worsen-pledges-help-if-needed-2021-07-07/
  107. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-csto-help-afghanistan/31346198.html
  108. Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2008, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 (in Russian)
  109. "Population size, Republic of Tajikistan on January 1, 2019"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150702021130/http://www.stat.tj/ru/img/65a709121baf8a64bf15d33f398aafde_1435736807.pdf
  110. BioScience
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287
  111. World Bank Data Archived 7 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 6 June 2021. Link goes to current data.
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?contextual=max&end=2019&locations=TJ&start=2019&view=bar
  112. "Remittance man Archived 18 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine". The Economist. 7 September 2013.
    https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21584999-russia-attempts-draw-tajikistan-and-kyrgyzstan-back-its-orbit-remittance-man
  113. Tajikistan: Building a Democracy (video) Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations, March 2014
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1ey-4PO7fE
  114. www.ifrc.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210410145621/https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/europe-central-asia/tajikistan/spectre-of-famine-over-tajikistan/
  115. usaid.gov
    http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp245412.pdf
  116. www.wfp.org
    https://www.wfp.org/countries/tajikistan
  117. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456938/html/nn4page1.stm
  118. "Background Note: Tajikistan"
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm
  119. "Tajikistan: Over 392.5 thousand tons of cotton picked in Tajikistan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131220200124/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/other-countries/23909-tajikistan-over-392-5-thousand-tons-of-cotton-picked-in-tajikistan
  120. Expert Kazakhstan
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111110001253/http://expert.ru/kazakhstan/2004/23/23ka-kpov3_57681/
  121. "Highest Dams (World and U.S.)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080405065705/http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html
  122. Первая очередь Сангтудинской ГЭС в Таджикистане будет запущена 18 января
    http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=154107&cid=6
  123. "Sangtuda-1 HPS launched on January 18, 2008"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090116041605/http://www.energytoday.eu/articles/81528.php
  124. "Iran participates in power plant project in Tajikistan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130428215008/http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-18/0704240278195019.htm
  125. "Chinese To Build Tajik Hydroelectric Plant"
    http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/01/c7eca5d9-67f9-4659-88f9-696875ac873e.html
  126. The Gazette of Central Asia
    http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/pakistan-can-end-power-crisis-thru-casa-1000/
  127. www.eu4energy.iea.org
    https://www.eu4energy.iea.org/countries/tajikistan
  128. EurasiaNet.org
    http://www.eurasianet.org/node/73591
  129. "Remittance Trends 2007. Migration and Development Brief 3"
    http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDECPROSPECTS/Resources/476882-1157133580628/BriefingNote3.pdf
  130. "UNDP: Human development indices – Table 3: Human and income poverty (Population living below national poverty line (2000–2007))"
    http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf
  131. "The Macroeconomics of Remittances: The Case of Tajikistan. IMF Working Paper WP/06/2"
    http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp0602.pdf
  132. "Tajikistan Policy Note. Poverty Reduction and Enhancing the Development Impact of Remittances. Report No. 35771-TJ"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001240/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/22/000160016_20060822094201/Rendered/PDF/357710TJ.pdf
  133. MEET THE STANS – episodes 3&4: Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 2011
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFVcQ7ZxC1o
  134. "Country Factsheets, Eurasian Narcotics: Tajikistan 2004"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021851/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/research/narcotics_crime/FactSheet/2004/Tajikistan.pdf
  135. "Dushanbe looks towards Afghanistan to combat drug trafficking"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080602034307/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3579&article_id=2370646
  136. "Facts and Figures"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20070428171619/http://www.unodc.org/uzbekistan/en/fact_sheets.html
  137. "Fighting Drugs, Crime and Terrorism in the CIS"
    http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/speech_2007_10_04.html
  138. Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia Archived 2
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641
  139. "President Zardari chairs PPP consultative meeting"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200343/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=83411&Itemid=1
  140. Tehran Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150406174251/http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/96460-iran-afghanistan-tajikistan-sign-agreement-on-road-railway-construction-
  141. Migrant Express Part 1: Good-bye Dushanbe
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBSardpSH0E
  142. tajikistanmission.ch
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140531142944/http://www.tajikistanmission.ch/business-and-investment/infrastructure.html
  143. "US Army Corps of Engineer, Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150403130857/http://www.aed.usace.army.mil/Snapshots.asp?PageNo=2
  144. Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China Archived 31 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The 2.3 km (1 mi) Shar-Shar
    http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/09/03/feature-06
  145. Payrav Chorshanbiyev (12 February 2014) Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tun
    http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel
  146. Trade, tunnels, transit and training in mountainous Tajikistan Archived 19 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. fco.gov.u
    http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/leighturner/2013/05/07/trade-tunnels-transit-and-training-in-mountainous-tajikistan/
  147. akhbor-rus.com
    https://akhbor-rus.com/-p5798-117.htm
  148. "World Population Prospects 2022"
    https://population.un.org/wpp/
  149. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100"
    https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx
  150. Data
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TJ
  151. Russians left behind in Central Asia , Robert Greenall, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm
  152. "Tajikistan"
    https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tajikistan/#people-and-society
  153. Tajikistan – Ethnic Groups Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/23.htm
  154. Russian-Germans in Tajikistan Archived 20 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Pohl, J. Otto. "Russian-Germans in Tajikis
    http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/tajikistan.html
  155. The Moscow Times
    https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/26/why-tajikistan-is-taking-a-stand-against-the-taliban-a75413
  156. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/the-tajik-tragedy-of-uzbekistan/
  157. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
    https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-russia-exodus-migration-brain-drain/31700293.html
  158. "Constitution of Tajikistan"
    http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/ae8c0f7576f3d9f63ff2055592a9cb6b7f95227a.pdf
  159. Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tajik-language
  160. "The status of the Russian language in Tajikistan remains unchanged – Rahmon"
    https://ria.ru/culture/20091022/190107839.html
  161. "В Таджикистане русскому языку вернули прежний статус"
    http://lenta.ru/news/2011/06/09/russian
  162. "Tajiki"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240612222820/https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/tajiki/index.html
  163. "Russian: A Monocentric or Pluricentric Language"
    https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=739986
  164. Lingvolive
    http://forum.lingvolive.com/thread/l132954/?order=all#comment-96f1bb5a-2004-46a4-85a3-a7e80086b86b
  165. Lingolive
    http://forum.lingvolive.com/thread/l131195/?order=all#comment-2c008487-0fcb-480f-9742-a7e80086723c
  166. Studentlib.com
    https://studentlib.com/chitat/kursovaya_rabota_teoriya-32870-vzaimoproniknovenie_russkogo_i_tadzhikskogo_yazykov_v_razgovornoy_rechi_naseleniya_dushanbe.html
  167. "Tajikistan Drops Russian As Official Language"
    http://www.rferl.org/content/Tajikistan_Drops_Russian_As_Official_Language/1846118.html
  168. World Atlas
    https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-tajikistan.html
  169. Deployment of Tajik workers gets green light Archived 10 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Arab News. 21 May 2007.
    http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=122728&d=21&m=5&y=2009
  170. D+C
    http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/tough-labour-conditions-central-asias-female-health-workers
  171. thediplomat.com
    https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/tajikistan-no-hajj-no-hijab-and-shave-your-beard/
  172. «Ханафия» объявлена официальным религиозным течением Таджикистана
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100825055806/http://asiaplus.tj/news/16/47964.html
  173. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Archived 26 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity
  174. "Background Note: Tajikistan"
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm
  175. www.iias.asia
    https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/keeping-religion-alive-performing-pamiri-identity-central-asia
  176. U.S. Department of State Archive
    https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/irf/irf_rpt/1999/irf_tajikist99.html
  177. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35372754
  178. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/3182271.stm
  179. TAJIKISTAN: Religious freedom survey, November 2003 Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine -Forum 18 News Service,
    http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=190
  180. "U. S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report for 2013, Executive Summary"
    https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper
  181. Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050 | Pew Research Center Archived 2 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Pewforu
    https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/percent/all/
  182. Tajikistan – Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project Archived 9 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Globalrelig
    http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tajikistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013
  183. Country Studies
    http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/25.htm
  184. Tablet Magazine
    http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/54896/home-stand
  185. "Tajikistan – Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and joint assessment"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090526082536/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000094946_02112004011765
  186. "Human Development Report 2009 – Tajikistan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100323145121/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_TJK.html
  187. www.cia.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200620031317/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/355.html#TI
  188. "Child Mortality – Tajikistan"
    https://childmortality.org/data/Tajikistan
  189. data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=TJ-XM&most_recent_value_desc=true
  190. data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS?locations=1W-TJ-XM&most_recent_value_desc=true&view=chart
  191. data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BRTC.ZS?locations=TJ-XM&most_recent_value_desc=true&view=chart
  192. World Health Organization
    http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/poliomyelitis/news/news/2012/7/2010-polio-outbreak-in-tajikistan-a-reminder-of-the-continued-need-for-vigilance-as-the-region-marks-10-years-of-polio-free-status
  193. Dixon, Robyn. After the Tajik president's sister died of covid, her sons beat up the country's top health officials. Arc
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/tajik-covid-president-nephews-assault-doctors/2021/07/27/660efdaa-eebb-11eb-ab6f-b41a066381df_story.html
  194. www.who.int
    https://www.who.int/news/item/29-03-2023-who-certifies-azerbaijan-and-tajikistan-as-malaria-free
  195. www.scholaro.com
    http://www.scholaro.com/db/Countries/Tajikistan/Education-System
  196. Education in Tajikistan Archived 6 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. unicef.org
    http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Tajikistan.pdf
  197. data.worldbank.org
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?locations=XM&most_recent_value_desc=true
  198. Tajikistan, Public spending on education, total (% of GDP) Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine World Bank
    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries/TJ?display=graph
  199. News note
    http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27308.html
  200. www.ucentralasia.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161129122624/http://www.ucentralasia.org/
  201. WIPO
    https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/tajikistan
  202. Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads
    https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html
  203. Султанова Л. Ш., Айдинова М. А. Значение канала трансфера новых технологий для Узбекистана // Актуальные вопросы совреме
  204. Шарипов М. М. Роль вузов в формировании и развитии инновационной экономики в Республике Таджикистан // Современные пробл
  205. Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan/People
  206. Charles University
    http://cuni.cz/UKEN-300.html
  207. The Dushanbe-Boulder tea house. boulder-dushanbe.org
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120527123614/http://www.boulder-dushanbe.org/teahouse.html
  208. Intangible Cultural Heritage
    https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chakan-embroidery-art-in-the-republic-of-tajikistan-01397
  209. Tajikistan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm9DI7nu6CoC&pg=PA22
  210. Bjj Eastern Europe
    https://www.bjjee.com/articles/tajikistan-national-sport-gushtigiri-then-and-now/
  211. Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5xgFRuYPUC&pg=PA85
  212. FIFA
    https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/petar-segrt-interview-tajikistan
  213. Asian Football Confederation
    https://archive.today/20130203153915/http://www.the-afc.com/en/challenge-cup-previous-competitions/afc-challenge-cup-2006/5657
  214. Asian Football Confederation
    https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/news/uzbekistan_inaugural_cafa_womens_championship_winners.html
  215. Turkmenistan.gov.tm
    https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/index.php/en/post/64765/turkmen-football-players-tied-team-tajikistan-cafa-2022-championship-dushanbe
  216. Emerging Cricket
    https://emergingcricket.com/teams/tajikistan/
  217. BBC Tajik/Persian
    https://www.bbc.com/tajik/institutional/2012/04/120414_zm_regy_dushanbe.shtml
  218. google.co.uk
    https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fbandynet.ru%2Fv1%2Fnode%2F14931&prev=search
  219. Trip Advisor
    https://www.tripadvisor.ca/Hotel_Review-g811255-d9792233-Reviews-Safed_Dara-Varzob_Karotegin_Province.html
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.