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São Paulo

Updated: Wikipedia source

São Paulo

São Paulo (; Portuguese: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu] ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the capital city of the state of São Paulo, as well as the most populous city in Brazil and in the Americas. Listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as an alpha global city, it exerts substantial international influence in commerce, finance, arts, and entertainment. It is the largest urban area by population outside Asia and the most populous Portuguese-speaking city in the world. The city's name honors Paul the Apostle and people from the city are known as paulistanos. The city's Latin motto is Non ducor, duco, which translates as "I am not led, I lead". Founded in 1554 by Jesuit priests, the city was the center of the bandeirantes settlers during Colonial Brazil, but it became a relevant economic force only during the Brazilian coffee cycle in the mid-19th century and later consolidated its role as the main national economic hub with industrialization in Brazil in the 20th century, which made the city a cosmopolitan melting pot, home to the largest Arab, Italian, and Japanese diasporas in the world, with ethnic neighborhoods like Bixiga, Bom Retiro, and Liberdade, and people from more than 200 other countries. The city's metropolitan area, Greater São Paulo, is home to more than 20 million inhabitants and ranks as the most populous in Brazil and one of the most populous in the world. The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas around Greater São Paulo also created the São Paulo Macrometropolis, the first megalopolis in the Southern Hemisphere, with more than 30 million inhabitants. São Paulo is the largest urban economy in Latin America and one of the world's major financial centres, representing around 10% of the Brazilian GDP and just over a third of São Paulo state's GDP. The city is the headquarters of B3, the largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization, and has several financial districts, mainly in the areas around Paulista, Faria Lima and Berrini avenues. Home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil and the source of around one third of the Brazilian scientific production, São Paulo is among the top 100 science and technology clusters in the world. Its main university, the University of São Paulo, is often considered the best in Brazil and Latin America, while the city is regularly ranked as one of the best cities in the world to be a university student in the QS World University Rankings. The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil, including the Alto das Nações, Platina 220, Figueira Altos do Tatuapé, Mirante do Vale, Edifício Itália, Altino Arantes Building, North Tower and many others. It is the state capital with the best basic sanitation, the second-most developed, according to the FIRJAN Municipal Development Index (2025), and the sixth in the Social Progress Index (IPS) in Brazil. The city is one of the main cultural hubs in Latin America and it is home to monuments, parks, and museums, such as the Latin American Memorial, Ibirapuera Park, São Paulo Museum of Art, Pinacoteca, Cinemateca, Itaú Cultural, Museum of Ipiranga, Catavento Museum, Football Museum, Museum of the Portuguese Language, and the Museum of Image and Sound. São Paulo also holds relevant cultural events like the São Paulo Jazz Festival, São Paulo Art Biennial, São Paulo Fashion Week, Lollapalooza, Primavera Sound, Comic Con Experience and the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade, the second-largest LGBT event in the world after the New York City Pride March. São Paulo was also host of many sporting events such as the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 1963 Pan American Games, the São Paulo Indy 300 and the NFL Brazil Games in addition to hosting the annual Brazilian Grand Prix of Formula One and the Saint Silvester Road Race.

Infobox

Country
Brazil
State
São Paulo
Historic countries
Kingdom of PortugalUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the AlgarvesEmpire of Brazil
Founded
25 January 1554; 471 years ago (1554-01-25)
Founded by
Manuel da Nóbrega and Joseph of Anchieta
Named after
Paul the Apostle
• Type
Mayor–council
• Body
Municipal Chamber of São Paulo
• Mayor
Ricardo Nunes (MDB)
• Vice Mayor
Mello Araújo
• Municipality
11,895,578
• Urban
11,698 km2 (4,517 sq mi)
• Metro
21,518,955 (Greater São Paulo)
• Macrometropolis
53,369.61 km2 (20,606.12 sq mi)
Elevation
760 m (2,490 ft)
• Rank
1st in the Americas1st in Brazil
• Density
7,819.86/km2 (20,253.3/sq mi)
• Metro density
2,714.45/km2 (7,030.4/sq mi)
• Macrometropolis (Extended Metro)
34,500,000
Demonym
Paulistan
• Year
2023
• Total
$531.3 billion
Time zone
UTC– 03:00 (BRT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC– 02:00 (BRST)
Postal Code (CEP)
01000-000
Area code
55 11
HDI (2022)
0.880 – very high
Website
capital.sp.gov.br

Tables

Month
Month
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Month
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Jan
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Feb
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Mar
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Apr
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
May
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Jun
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Jul
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Aug
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Sep
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Oct
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Nov
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Dec
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Year
Record high °C (°F)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
37.0(98.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
36.4(97.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
34.8(94.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
33.4(92.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
32.8(91.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
28.8(83.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
30.2(86.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
33.0(91.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
37.1(98.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
37.8(100.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
37.7(99.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
34.8(94.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
37.8(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
28.6(83.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
29.0(84.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
28.0(82.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
26.6(79.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
23.4(74.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
22.9(73.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
22.9(73.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
24.5(76.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
25.2(77.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
26.5(79.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
26.9(80.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
28.3(82.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
26.1(79.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
23.1(73.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
22.5(72.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
22.5(72.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
21.2(70.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.4(65.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
17.0(62.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
16.3(61.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.1(64.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
19.1(66.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
20.5(68.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
21.2(70.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
22.3(72.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
20.2(68.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
19.4(66.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
19.6(67.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.9(66.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
17.5(63.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
14.7(58.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
13.5(56.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12.8(55.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
13.3(55.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
14.9(58.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
16.5(61.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
17.3(63.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.7(65.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
16.4(61.5)
Record low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
10.2(50.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
11.1(52.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
11.0(51.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
6.0(42.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
3.7(38.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
1.0(33.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
0.4(32.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
−2.1(28.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
2.2(36.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
4.3(39.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
7.0(44.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
9.4(48.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
−2.1(28.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
292.1(11.50)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
257.7(10.15)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
229.1(9.02)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
87.0(3.43)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
66.3(2.61)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
59.7(2.35)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
48.4(1.91)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
32.3(1.27)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
83.3(3.28)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
127.2(5.01)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
143.9(5.67)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
231.3(9.11)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
1,658.3(65.29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
17
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
14
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
13
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
6
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
6
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
5
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
4
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
4
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
7
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
10
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
11
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
13
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
110
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
76.9
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
75.0
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
76.6
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
74.6
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
75.0
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
73.5
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
70.8
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
68.2
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
71.3
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
73.7
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
73.7
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
73.9
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
73.6
Average dew point °C (°F)
Average dew point °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Average dew point °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.9(66.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.9(66.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.5(65.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
16.8(62.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
14.3(57.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
13.1(55.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12.3(54.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12.4(54.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
13.9(57.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
15.8(60.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
16.6(61.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
18.0(64.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
15.8(60.4)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
139.1
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
153.5
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
161.6
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
169.3
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
167.6
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
160.0
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
169.0
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
173.1
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
144.5
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
157.9
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
152.8
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
145.1
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
1,893.5
Average ultraviolet index
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
9
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
6
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
5
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
5
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
7
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
9
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
11
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
12
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
9
Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010; Dew Point)
Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010; Dew Point)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010; Dew Point)
Climate data for São Paulo (Mirante de Santana), elevation 785 m (2,575 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1943–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
37.0(98.6)
36.4(97.5)
34.8(94.6)
33.4(92.1)
32.8(91.0)
28.8(83.8)
30.2(86.4)
33.0(91.4)
37.1(98.8)
37.8(100.0)
37.7(99.9)
34.8(94.6)
37.8(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
28.6(83.5)
29.0(84.2)
28.0(82.4)
26.6(79.9)
23.4(74.1)
22.9(73.2)
22.9(73.2)
24.5(76.1)
25.2(77.4)
26.5(79.7)
26.9(80.4)
28.3(82.9)
26.1(79.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
23.1(73.6)
22.5(72.5)
22.5(72.5)
21.2(70.2)
18.4(65.1)
17.0(62.6)
16.3(61.3)
18.1(64.6)
19.1(66.4)
20.5(68.9)
21.2(70.2)
22.3(72.1)
20.2(68.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
19.4(66.9)
19.6(67.3)
18.9(66.0)
17.5(63.5)
14.7(58.5)
13.5(56.3)
12.8(55.0)
13.3(55.9)
14.9(58.8)
16.5(61.7)
17.3(63.1)
18.7(65.7)
16.4(61.5)
Record low °C (°F)
10.2(50.4)
11.1(52.0)
11.0(51.8)
6.0(42.8)
3.7(38.7)
1.0(33.8)
0.4(32.7)
−2.1(28.2)
2.2(36.0)
4.3(39.7)
7.0(44.6)
9.4(48.9)
−2.1(28.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
292.1(11.50)
257.7(10.15)
229.1(9.02)
87.0(3.43)
66.3(2.61)
59.7(2.35)
48.4(1.91)
32.3(1.27)
83.3(3.28)
127.2(5.01)
143.9(5.67)
231.3(9.11)
1,658.3(65.29)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
17
14
13
6
6
5
4
4
7
10
11
13
110
Average relative humidity (%)
76.9
75.0
76.6
74.6
75.0
73.5
70.8
68.2
71.3
73.7
73.7
73.9
73.6
Average dew point °C (°F)
18.9(66.0)
18.9(66.0)
18.5(65.3)
16.8(62.2)
14.3(57.7)
13.1(55.6)
12.3(54.1)
12.4(54.3)
13.9(57.0)
15.8(60.4)
16.6(61.9)
18.0(64.4)
15.8(60.4)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
139.1
153.5
161.6
169.3
167.6
160.0
169.0
173.1
144.5
157.9
152.8
145.1
1,893.5
Average ultraviolet index
12
12
12
9
6
5
5
7
9
11
12
12
9
Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010; Dew Point)
Month
Month
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Month
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Jan
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Feb
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Mar
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Apr
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
May
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Jun
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Jul
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Aug
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Sep
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Oct
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Nov
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Dec
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Year
Record high °C (°F)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
34.6(94.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
35.8(96.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
33.4(92.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
32.0(89.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
29.5(85.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
29.4(84.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
29.0(84.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
33.2(91.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
35.2(95.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
34.3(93.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
34.6(94.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
33.9(93.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
35.8(96.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
27.0(80.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
27.8(82.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
27.3(81.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
24.9(76.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
23.0(73.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
22.0(71.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
22.0(71.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
23.7(74.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
24.5(76.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
24.7(76.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
25.7(78.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
26.3(79.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
24.9(76.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
21.2(70.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
21.6(70.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
21.1(70.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
18.8(65.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
16.7(62.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
15.6(60.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
15.1(59.2)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
16.4(61.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
17.6(63.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
18.5(65.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
19.5(67.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
20.6(69.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
18.6(65.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
16.6(61.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
16.9(62.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
16.3(61.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
14.1(57.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
11.7(53.1)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
10.5(50.9)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
9.7(49.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
10.9(51.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
12.4(54.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
13.7(56.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
14.6(58.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
16.0(60.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
13.6(56.5)
Record low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
10.3(50.5)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
11.1(52.0)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
9.6(49.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
3.5(38.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
0.2(32.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
−1.8(28.8)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
0.2(32.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
0.4(32.7)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
3.0(37.4)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
5.7(42.3)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
7.0(44.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
9.2(48.6)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
−1.8(28.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
245.6(9.67)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
243.8(9.60)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
159.2(6.27)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
76.0(2.99)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
59.7(2.35)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
58.7(2.31)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
53.1(2.09)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
39.9(1.57)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
76.2(3.00)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
162.7(6.41)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
195.7(7.70)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
220.6(8.69)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
1,591.3(62.65)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
16
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
14
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
11
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
7
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
6
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
5
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
5
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
4
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
7
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
11
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
12
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
15
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
113
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
81.0
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
80.4
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
80.3
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
81.2
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
80.5
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
79.2
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
77.4
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
74.6
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
76.2
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
79.3
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
79.4
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
80.4
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
79.2
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).
Climate data for São Paulo (Horto Florestal, 1961–1990)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
34.6(94.3)
35.8(96.4)
33.4(92.1)
32.0(89.6)
29.5(85.1)
29.4(84.9)
29.0(84.2)
33.2(91.8)
35.2(95.4)
34.3(93.7)
34.6(94.3)
33.9(93.0)
35.8(96.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
27.0(80.6)
27.8(82.0)
27.3(81.1)
24.9(76.8)
23.0(73.4)
22.0(71.6)
22.0(71.6)
23.7(74.7)
24.5(76.1)
24.7(76.5)
25.7(78.3)
26.3(79.3)
24.9(76.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)
21.2(70.2)
21.6(70.9)
21.1(70.0)
18.8(65.8)
16.7(62.1)
15.6(60.1)
15.1(59.2)
16.4(61.5)
17.6(63.7)
18.5(65.3)
19.5(67.1)
20.6(69.1)
18.6(65.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
16.6(61.9)
16.9(62.4)
16.3(61.3)
14.1(57.4)
11.7(53.1)
10.5(50.9)
9.7(49.5)
10.9(51.6)
12.4(54.3)
13.7(56.7)
14.6(58.3)
16.0(60.8)
13.6(56.5)
Record low °C (°F)
10.3(50.5)
11.1(52.0)
9.6(49.3)
3.5(38.3)
0.2(32.4)
−1.8(28.8)
0.2(32.4)
0.4(32.7)
3.0(37.4)
5.7(42.3)
7.0(44.6)
9.2(48.6)
−1.8(28.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
245.6(9.67)
243.8(9.60)
159.2(6.27)
76.0(2.99)
59.7(2.35)
58.7(2.31)
53.1(2.09)
39.9(1.57)
76.2(3.00)
162.7(6.41)
195.7(7.70)
220.6(8.69)
1,591.3(62.65)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm)
16
14
11
7
6
5
5
4
7
11
12
15
113
Average relative humidity (%)
81.0
80.4
80.3
81.2
80.5
79.2
77.4
74.6
76.2
79.3
79.4
80.4
79.2
Source: Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET).

References

  1. "Panorama São Paulo". IBGE (in Portuguese). Retrieved 22 October 2024.
    https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/sao-paulo/panorama
  2. "São Paulo, São Paulo § informações completas"
    https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/sao-paulo/panorama
  3. EMPLASA
    https://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/RMSP
  4. EMPLASA
    https://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/RMSP
  5. EMPLASA
    https://emplasa.sp.gov.br/MMP
  6. "TelluBase—Brazil Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"
    https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_bra.pdf
  7. "Ranking IDHM 2010"
    https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2024/05/28/sao-paulo-desponta-com-maior-idh-entre-21-capitais-de-estados-traz-pnud.ghtml
  8. "The World According to GaWC 2010"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html
  9. Navios De Guerra Brasileiros
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080703230813/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm
  10. "As 10 menores comunidades estrangeiras de São Paulo"
    http://fotos.estadao.com.br/galerias/cidades,as-10-menores-comunidades-estrangeiras-de-sao-paulo,27885#
  11. Structuring dynamics of São Paulo macrometropolis: perspectives and strategies for rail infrastructure re-functioning.
  12. "A primeira macrometrópole do hemisfério sul"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140327220225/http://www.estadao.com.br/megacidades/sp_mancha.shtm
  13. "A Megalópole do Sudeste Brasileiro: a formação de uma nova entidade urbana para além das noções de macro-metrópole e de complexo metropolitano expandido"
    http://www.anpur.org.br/revista/rbeur/index.php/anais/article/view/2633/2573
  14. "Latin American cities Ranking by GDP"
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