Topzle Topzle

Supreme Court of the United States

Updated: Wikipedia source

Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that turn on questions of U.S. constitutional or federal law. It also has original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party". In 1803, the court asserted itself the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law. Under Article Three of the United States Constitution, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were originally established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789. The court consists of nine justices—the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices—who meet at the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. Justices have lifetime tenure, meaning they remain on the court until they die, retire, resign, or are impeached and removed from office. When a vacancy occurs, the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before the court. When in the majority, the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task. A justice may write an opinion in concurrence with the court, or they may write a dissent, and these concurrences or dissents may also be joined by other justices. On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 petitions for writs of certiorari each year, but only grants about 80.

Infobox

Since
September 29, 2005
Website
supremecourt.gov
Location
United States Supreme Court Building, 1 First Street, Northeast D.C., U.S.
Currently
John Roberts
Coordinates
38°53′26″N 77°00′16″W / 38.89056°N 77.00444°W / 38.89056; -77.00444
Established
March 4, 1789; 236 years ago (1789-03-04)
Authorised by
U.S. Constitution
Judge term length
Life tenure
Composition method
Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation
Number of positions
9, by statute

Tables

Current justices of the Supreme Court[136] · Membership › Sitting justices
Start
Start
Justice /birthdate and place
Start
Justice /birthdate and place
Present
Justice /birthdate and place
Appointed by (party)
Senateconfirmation vote
Age at
Start date
Length of service
Succeeded
Start
Present
(Chief Justice)John Roberts (1955-01-27) January 27, 1955 (age 70)Buffalo, New York
G. W. Bush(R)
78–22
50
70
September 29, 2005
20 years, 72 days
Rehnquist (Reagan)
Clarence Thomas (1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 77)Pin Point, Georgia
G. H. W. Bush(R)
52–48
43
77
October 23, 1991
34 years, 48 days
Marshall (Johnson)
Samuel Alito (1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 75)Trenton, New Jersey
G. W. Bush(R)
58–42
55
75
January 31, 2006
19 years, 313 days
O'Connor (Reagan)
Sonia Sotomayor (1954-06-25) June 25, 1954 (age 71)New York City, New York
Obama(D)
68–31
55
71
August 8, 2009
16 years, 124 days
Souter (Bush Senior)
Elena Kagan (1960-04-28) April 28, 1960 (age 65)New York City, New York
Obama(D)
63–37
50
65
August 7, 2010
15 years, 125 days
Stevens (Ford)
Neil Gorsuch (1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 58)Denver, Colorado
Trump(R)
54–45
49
58
April 10, 2017
8 years, 244 days
Scalia (Reagan)
Brett Kavanaugh (1965-02-12) February 12, 1965 (age 60)Washington, D.C.
Trump(R)
50–48
53
60
October 6, 2018
7 years, 65 days
Kennedy (Reagan)
Amy Coney Barrett (1972-01-28) January 28, 1972 (age 53)New Orleans, Louisiana
Trump(R)
52–48
48
53
October 27, 2020
5 years, 44 days
Ginsburg (Clinton)
Ketanji Brown Jackson (1970-09-14) September 14, 1970 (age 55)Washington, D.C.
Biden(D)
53–47
51
55
June 30, 2022
3 years, 163 days
Breyer (Clinton)
· Membership › Court demographics
John Roberts
John Roberts
Justice
John Roberts
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2003–2005)Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States (1989–1993)Associate Counsel to the President (1982–1986)
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas
Justice
Clarence Thomas
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1990–1991) Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1982–1990)Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights (1981–1982)
Samuel Alito
Samuel Alito
Justice
Samuel Alito
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1990–2006) United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey (1987–1990)Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel (1985–1987)
Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor
Justice
Sonia Sotomayor
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1998–2009) Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1992–1998)
Elena Kagan
Elena Kagan
Justice
Elena Kagan
Position or office
Solicitor General of the United States (2009–2010) Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1997–2000)
Neil Gorsuch
Neil Gorsuch
Justice
Neil Gorsuch
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (2006–2017) Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General (2005–2006)
Brett Kavanaugh
Brett Kavanaugh
Justice
Brett Kavanaugh
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2006–2018) White House Staff Secretary (2003–2006)
Amy Coney Barrett
Amy Coney Barrett
Justice
Amy Coney Barrett
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (2017–2020)
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Justice
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Position or office
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2021–2022) Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2013–2021)Vice Chair of the United States Sentencing Commission (2010–2014)
Justice
Position or office
John Roberts
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2003–2005)Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States (1989–1993)Associate Counsel to the President (1982–1986)
Clarence Thomas
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1990–1991) Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1982–1990)Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights (1981–1982)
Samuel Alito
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1990–2006) United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey (1987–1990)Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel (1985–1987)
Sonia Sotomayor
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1998–2009) Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (1992–1998)
Elena Kagan
Solicitor General of the United States (2009–2010) Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1997–2000)
Neil Gorsuch
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (2006–2017) Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General (2005–2006)
Brett Kavanaugh
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2006–2018) White House Staff Secretary (2003–2006)
Amy Coney Barrett
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (2017–2020)
Ketanji Brown Jackson
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2021–2022) Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2013–2021)Vice Chair of the United States Sentencing Commission (2010–2014)
Retired justices of the Supreme Court[136] · Membership › Retired justices
Retirement
Retirement
JusticeBirthdate and place
Retirement
JusticeBirthdate and place
Present
Appointed by
Start date
Age at
End date
Age at
Length
JusticeBirthdate and place
Appointed by
Age at
Tenure (active service)
Retirement
Present
Start date
End date
Length
Anthony KennedyJuly 23, 1936Sacramento, California
Reagan(R)
82
89
February 18, 1988
July 31, 2018
30 years, 163 days
Stephen BreyerAugust 15, 1938San Francisco, California
Clinton(D)
83
87
August 3, 1994
June 30, 2022
27 years, 331 days
· Jurisdiction › Justices as circuit justices
District of Columbia Circuit
District of Columbia Circuit
Circuit
District of Columbia Circuit
Justice
Chief Justice Roberts
First Circuit
First Circuit
Circuit
First Circuit
Justice
Justice Jackson
Second Circuit
Second Circuit
Circuit
Second Circuit
Justice
Justice Sotomayor
Third Circuit
Third Circuit
Circuit
Third Circuit
Justice
Justice Alito
Fourth Circuit
Fourth Circuit
Circuit
Fourth Circuit
Justice
Chief Justice Roberts
Fifth Circuit
Fifth Circuit
Circuit
Fifth Circuit
Justice
Justice Alito
Sixth Circuit
Sixth Circuit
Circuit
Sixth Circuit
Justice
Justice Kavanaugh
Seventh Circuit
Seventh Circuit
Circuit
Seventh Circuit
Justice
Justice Barrett
Eighth Circuit
Eighth Circuit
Circuit
Eighth Circuit
Justice
Justice Kavanaugh
Ninth Circuit
Ninth Circuit
Circuit
Ninth Circuit
Justice
Justice Kagan
Tenth Circuit
Tenth Circuit
Circuit
Tenth Circuit
Justice
Justice Gorsuch
Eleventh Circuit
Eleventh Circuit
Circuit
Eleventh Circuit
Justice
Justice Thomas
Federal Circuit
Federal Circuit
Circuit
Federal Circuit
Justice
Chief Justice Roberts
Circuit
Justice
District of Columbia Circuit
Chief Justice Roberts
First Circuit
Justice Jackson
Second Circuit
Justice Sotomayor
Third Circuit
Justice Alito
Fourth Circuit
Chief Justice Roberts
Fifth Circuit
Justice Alito
Sixth Circuit
Justice Kavanaugh
Seventh Circuit
Justice Barrett
Eighth Circuit
Justice Kavanaugh
Ninth Circuit
Justice Kagan
Tenth Circuit
Justice Gorsuch
Eleventh Circuit
Justice Thomas
Federal Circuit
Chief Justice Roberts

References

  1. Notre Dame Law Review
    http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol77/iss1/1/
  2. U.S. Constitution, Article III, Section 2. This was narrowed by the Eleventh Amendment to exclude suits against states t
  3. Heritage Guide to the Constitution
    https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/articles/3/essays/104/good-behavior-clause
  4. www.uscourts.gov
    https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/supreme-1
  5. www.uscourts.gov
    https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/supreme-1
  6. SCOTUSblog
    https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/
  7. www.fjc.gov
    https://www.fjc.gov/history/talking/teaching-and-civic-outreach-resources-constitutional-origins-federal-judiciary-3
  8. LII / Legal Information Institute
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-3/section-1/historical-background-on-establishment-of-article-iii-courts
  9. avalon.law.yale.edu
    https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed47.asp
  10. "The Court as an Institution"
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/institution.aspx
  11. "Supreme Court Nominations: present–1789"
    https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm
  12. abajournal.com
    http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/february_2_1790_supreme_court_holds_inaugural_session/
  13. New York's Legal Landmarks: A Guide to Legal Edifices, Institutions, Lore, History, and Curiosities on the City's Streets
  14. "Building History"
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/buildinghistory.aspx
  15. "Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2–107 (1791–82)"
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/datesofdecisions.pdf
  16. Georgia Law Review
  17. Irons, Peter. A People's History of the Supreme Court, p. 101 (Penguin 2006).
  18. "Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=0tEkU5LiYsQC&pg=PA1
  19. Yale Law Journal
    https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol113/iss8/1
  20. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A56446-2004Oct23.html
  21. The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton, (1796), wherein it overturned
  22. Packing the Court
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/02/AR2009070202033.html
  23. U.S. News & World Report
    https://web.archive.org/web/20030920031130/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page19.htm
  24. Newsweek
    http://www.newsweek.com/id/185803
  25. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/02/27/106861891.pdf
  26. USA Today
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100525001613/https://www.usatoday.com/news/vote2000/pres246.htm
  27. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/02/03/105757962.pdf
  28. The Washington Post
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110429054303/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A58066-2000Oct2&notFound=true
  29. The Wall Street Journal
    https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2008/04/18/justice-stevens-on-the-death-penalty-a-promise-of-fairness-unfulfilled/
  30. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081219174136/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1867783,00.html
  31. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/10/us/rehnquist-joins-fray-on-rulings-defending-judicial-independence.html
  32. Keynes, Edward
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ebb2wsxkF4C&pg=PA115
  33. U.S. News & World Report
    https://www.usnews.com/articles/opinion/2009/05/27/sotomayors-great-legal-mind-long-ago-defeated-race-gender-nonsense.html
  34. A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution
    https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00iron_0/page/176
  35. "Liberty of Contract?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091122031228/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/libertyofk.htm
  36. "Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161"
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/208/161
  37. The Bill of Rights in modern America
    https://books.google.com/books?id=L-_9mFCeBSIC&pg=PA245
  38. White, Edward Douglass
    http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=245&invol=366
  39. The Supreme Court's Constitution
    https://books.google.com/books?id=XABdIe1foccC&pg=PA146
  40. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2005-03-28-high-court-makeover_x.htm
  41. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/roberts/biden_responses.pdf
  42. The Wall Street Journal
    https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB20001424052748704597704574486242417039358
  43. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/14/opinion/14tue4.html
  44. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0227.html
  45. U.S. News & World Report
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091106035101/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page87.htm
  46. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091013120125/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836012-3,00.html
  47. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071102070141/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974430,00.html
  48. USA Today
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090820030545/http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2009/08/column-teach-the-bible-of-course-.html
  49. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080423044435/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898882,00.html
  50. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100528172220/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841844,00.html
  51. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/31/opinion/guilt-and-mr-meese.html
  52. Engage
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170621023852/http://www.fed-soc.org/doclib/20090107_GragliaEngage93.pdf
  53. Earl M. Maltz, The Coming of the Nixon Court: The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law (University Pre
  54. U.S. News & World Report
    https://www.usnews.com/articles/opinion/2009/01/22/roe-v-wade-on-anniversary-abortion-is-out-of-the-spotlight.html
  55. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101014122411/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946798,00.html
  56. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/12/opinion/time-to-rethink-buckley-v-valeo.html
  57. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/rehnquist/rehnquist_key_decisions.html
  58. History of the Court, in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (eds.) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the Uni
  59. The Wall Street Journal
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120856145124627875?mod=opinion_main_review_and_outlooks
  60. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/09/opinion/09greenhouse.html
  61. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/04/politics/william-h-rehnquist-chief-justice-of-supreme-court-is-dead-at-80.html
  62. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/12/weekinreview/12green.html
  63. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/22/politics/inmates-who-follow-satanism-and-wicca-find-unlikely-ally.html
  64. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/27/opinion/27amar.html
  65. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/01/us/justices-seem-ready-to-tilt-more-toward-states-in-federalism.html
  66. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080629115005/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1818504,00.html
  67. USA Today
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090822073852/http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2009/07/retire-the-ginsburg-rule-.html
  68. Salon
    http://www.salon.com/2001/07/05/dershowitz_2/
  69. Time
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101122083955/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998788,00.html
  70. ProPublica
    https://www.propublica.org/article/why-bush-v-gore-still-matters
  71. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/31/politics/bush-gore-2000-election-results-studies/index.html
  72. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/29/AR2005092900859.html
  73. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/washington/01scotus.html
  74. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/25/us/25roberts.html
  75. The American Prospect
    https://prospect.org/article/new-era-supreme-court
  76. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/us/politics/15abortion.html
  77. The Christian Science Monitor
    https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/0122/Supreme-Court-s-campaign-ruling-a-bad-day-for-democracy
  78. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/30/AR2009093001723.html
  79. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/washington/18memo.html
  80. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/washington/26scotuscnd.html
  81. The Heritage Guide To The Constitution
    https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/articles/2/essays/91/appointments-clause
  82. www.supremecourt.gov
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/faq_general.aspx
  83. Congressional Research Service
    https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45300
  84. "United States Senate. "Nominations""
    https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Nominations.htm
  85. The Seattle Times
    http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/sen-patty-murray-will-oppose-neil-gorsuch-for-supreme-court/
  86. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/06/us/politics/neil-gorsuch-supreme-court-senate.html
  87. See 5 U.S.C. § 2902.
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/2902
  88. 28 U.S.C. § 4. If two justices are commissioned on the same date, then the oldest one has precedence.
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/4
  89. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/08/06/kagan.oath.faq/index.html
  90. The Federal Lawyer
    https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/At-Sidebar-pdf-1.pdf
  91. Supreme Court of the United States
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx
  92. Balkin, Jack M.
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071218235804/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/symposium-jc/balkin.php
  93. The Huffington Post
    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/2016-supreme-court_us_56bfaee3e4b0c3c55051ad0c
  94. Congressional Research Service
    https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44234.pdf
  95. Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
    https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall/page/965
  96. See Evans v. Stephens, 387 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2004), which concerned the recess appointment of William H. Pryor Jr. Co
  97. CRS Report for Congress
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200417150206/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL31112.pdf
  98. The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines; Democrats supported the resolution 48–4, and Repu
  99. "National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al"
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-1281_mc8p.pdf
  100. "Obama Won't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week"
    https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/15/466849025/white-house-seems-to-rule-out-recess-appointment-to-replace-scalia
  101. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/09/american-constitution-norway/675199/
  102. The Huffington Post
    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/larry-sabato/its-time-to-reshape-the-c_b_66030.html
  103. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/washington/10scotus.html
  104. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/books/07kaku.html
  105. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/feb/09/supreme-court-ruth-bader-ginsburg
  106. See also Arthur D. Hellman, "Reining in the Supreme Court: Are Term Limits the Answer?", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D.
  107. Richard Epstein, "Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices", in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds., Re
  108. Brian Opeskin, "Models of Judicial Tenure: Reconsidering Life Limits, Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges", Oxford Jou
  109. Hamilton, Alexander
    http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa78.htm
  110. The Yale Law Journal
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20455716
  111. "Article III, Section One"
    https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/article-iii/clauses/45
  112. "How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Can a federal judge be fired?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120915143136/http://www.fjc.gov/federal/courts.nsf/autoframe?OpenForm&nav=menu3c&page=%2Ffederal%2Fcourts.nsf%2Fpage%2FA783011AF949B6BF85256B35004AD214%3Fopendocument
  113. The Huffington Post
    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/anticipating-the-incapaci_b_266179.html
  114. "Impeachment Trial of Justice Samuel Chase, 1804–05"
    https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/impeachment/impeachment-chase.htm
  115. "Ocasio-Cortez Introduces Articles of Impeachment Against Justice Thomas and Justice Alito"
    https://ocasio-cortez.house.gov/media/press-releases/ocasio-cortez-introduces-articles-impeachment-against-justice-thomas-and
  116. John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kaQv0z7HnacC&pg=PA334
  117. PS: Political Science and Politics
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1049096508080542
  118. Federal Judiciary Act (1789) Archived November 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, National Archives and Records Administra
    https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=12
  119. "Judges on Horseback"
    https://www.lb8.uscourts.gov:444/pubsandservices/histsociety/empire-panel2-judges-on-horseback.pdf
  120. "Why does the Supreme Court have nine Justices? | Constitution Center"
    https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/why-does-the-supreme-court-have-nine-justices
  121. 16 Stat. 44
    https://legislink.org/us/stat-16-44
  122. Digital History
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080505032845/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=479
  123. ABAjournal.com
    http://abajournal.com/magazine/article/february_5_1937/
  124. "TSHA | Court-Packing Plan of 1937"
    https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/court-packing-plan-of-1937
  125. "Some Democrats Want to Make the Supreme Court Bigger. Here's the History of Court Packing"
    https://time.com/5702280/court-packing-history/
  126. "How FDR lost his brief war on the Supreme Court – National Constitution Center"
    https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-fdr-lost-his-brief-war-on-the-supreme-court-2
  127. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/26/politics/supreme-court-conservative/index.html
  128. PBS
    https://www.npr.org/2022/07/05/1109444617/the-supreme-court-conservative
  129. CBS News
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-packing-bill-pelosi-house-floor/
  130. NBC News
    https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-confirmation-process-irreparably-broken-senators-say-yes-rcna22608
  131. The Hill
    https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/584791-biden-supreme-court-study-panel-unanimously-approves-final-report/
  132. Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
  133. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-turley-supreme-court-reform-20170201-story.html
  134. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-turley-supreme-court-packing-democrats-20190404-story.html
  135. ABC News
    https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/senate-confirms-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-supreme-court/story?id=83920099
  136. www.supremecourt.gov
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx#BKavanaugh
  137. The American Spectator
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170522135245/https://spectator.org/58731_sam-alito-civil-man/
  138. The Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170730160055/http://www.italystl.com/ra/3788.htm
  139. "What is Neil Gorsuch's religion? It's complicated"
    http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/18/politics/neil-gorsuch-religion/
  140. "Religion of the Supreme Court"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20010405054827/http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html
  141. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited
    https://archive.org/details/supremecourtatti00sega
  142. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-B-Taney
  143. "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170320120356/https://www.supremecourt.gov/faq_justices.aspx#faqjustice12
  144. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/legal-issues/ketanji-brown-jackson-biden-dc-circuit/2021/04/29/c0bd2f0c-a761-11eb-8d25-7b30e74923ea_story.html
  145. Mark Sherman, Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity?. Archived August 14, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (May 1,
    http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36890869
  146. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/us/politics/judge-brett-kavanaugh.html
  147. Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics
    https://archive.org/details/stormcentersupre0000obri_a4l4/page/46
  148. CNN
    http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/22/politics/clarence-thomas-supreme-court-25-years/
  149. Smithsonian Institution
    http://npg.si.edu/exhibition/four-justices
  150. USA Today
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2022/04/15/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-veteran/9510328002/
  151. "In Celebration of Armed Forces Day"
    https://supremecourthistory.org/scotus-scoops/in-celebration-of-armed-forces-day/
  152. www.brennancenter.org
    https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/three-nominations-reveal-contrasting-influence-interest-groups-high-court
  153. Annual Review of Political Science
    https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-051317-125141
  154. Annual Review of Political Science
    https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-051617-090650
  155. The Supreme Court Review
    https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/691096
  156. The company they keep: How partisan divisions came to the Supreme Court
    https://wwws.law.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/events/colloquium/public-law/documents/devins_baum_the%20company%20they%20keep.pdf
  157. "What to know about the backgrounds of all 9 U.S. Supreme Court justices"
    https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/nation/2024/07/07/us-supreme-court-justices-names-backgrounds-leanings/74304147007/
  158. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/25/us/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-rulings.html
  159. Fox News
    https://www.foxnews.com/us/chief-justice-roberts-recent-voting-record-downplays-notion-of-conservative-revolution-in-supreme-court
  160. FiveThirtyEight
    https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-kavanaugh-will-change-the-supreme-court/
  161. Newsweek
    https://www.newsweek.com/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court-ideological-median-new-term-conservatives-1635584
  162. Bloomberg Law
    https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/the-supreme-court-is-stuck-in-a-three-way-tie-noah-feldman
  163. FiveThirtyEight
    https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-supreme-courts-partisan-divide-hasnt-been-this-sharp-in-generations/
  164. NBC News
    https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/supreme-court-justices-say-institution-must-be-nonpartisan-they-make-ncna1279280
  165. Brookings
    https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2022/03/23/how-to-rein-in-partisan-supreme-court-justices/
  166. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2024/07/02/nx-s1-5026959/supreme-court-term
  167. David N. Atkinson, Leaving the Bench (University Press of Kansas 1999) ISBN 0-7006-0946-6
  168. The New York Times
    https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/an-invisible-chief-justice/
  169. Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court
    http://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/60710.pdf
  170. Demography
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000028
  171. United States Courts
    https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/judicial-compensation
  172. state.gov
    https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/2020-Order-of-Precedence-FINAL.pdf
  173. supremecourt.gov
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/visiting/exhibitions/GroupPhotoExhibit/Default.aspx
  174. www.supremecourt.gov
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/visiting/visitorsguidetooralargument.aspx
  175. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/07/arts/supreme-court-photo.html
  176. See for example Sandra Day O'Connor: How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice, by Jo
  177. "Plan Your Trip"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20091030224351/http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=VisitingWashingtonDC.PlanYourTrip#supremecourt
  178. "Visiting the Court"
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/visiting/visiting.aspx
  179. "Visiting-Capitol-Hill"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160821011148/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/11663498/Visiting-Capitol-Hill
  180. "How The Court Works"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081102/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/how-the-court-works/how-the-court-work/visiting-the-court/
  181. SupremeCourt.gov
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/legendkeyinfo.aspx
  182. 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a)
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1251#a
  183. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/22/us/politics/supreme-court-declines-to-hear-challenge-to-colorados-marijuana-laws.html
  184. 28 U.S.C. § 1251(b)
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1251#b
  185. United States v. Shipp
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/203/563
  186. ABA Journal
    http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/a_supreme_case_of_contempt
  187. Humanities
    https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2014/novemberdecember/feature/chattanooga-versus-the-supreme-court
  188. Famous Trials
    http://www.famous-trials.com/sheriffshipp/1117-shippcase
  189. Maine Law Review
    https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/maine45&div=15&id=&page=
  190. 28 U.S.C. § 1254
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1254
  191. 28 U.S.C. § 1259
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1259
  192. 28 U.S.C. § 1258
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1258
  193. 28 U.S.C. § 1260
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1260
  194. 28 U.S.C. § 1257
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1257
  195. Stetson Law Review
    https://www.stetson.edu/law/lawreview/media/confronting-a-pca-finding-a-path-around-a-brick-wall.pdf
  196. Justia Law
    https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/489/288/case.html
  197. Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys
    http://federalpracticemanual.org/chapter3/section3
  198. Cardozo Law Review
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025629/http://supremecourthistory.org/assets/schs_publications-circuitriding.pdf
  199. Supreme Court Rule 44 (1980 revised) (titled "Stays"), published at 445 U.S. 985, 1038 Archived May 11, 2023, at the Way
    https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435028062743&view=page&seq=940
  200. Supreme Court Rule 23 (1989) (titled "Stays"; moved from Rule 44), published at 493 U.S. 1097, 1125 Archived May 11, 202
    https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077149535&view=page&seq=1081&size=125
  201. Daniel Gonen, "Judging in Chambers: The Powers of a Single Justice of the Supreme Court". Archived November 16, 2023, at
    https://ssrn.com/abstract=1282265
  202. 28 U.S.C. § 45(b) ("The circuit justice, however, shall have precedence over all the circuit judges and shall preside at
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/45#b
  203. Supreme Court of the United States
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/092822zr_1b72.pdf
  204. 28 U.S.C. § 1257; see also Adequate and independent state grounds
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1257
  205. 28 U.S.C. § 1253
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1253
  206. The Green Bag
    http://www.greenbag.org/v1n4/v1n4_articles_james.pdf
  207. 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford, 3 U.S. 1 (1794), in which the Court conducted a jury trial.
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1872
  208. Yale Law Journal
    https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/special-juries-in-the-supreme-court
  209. Legal Times
    http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1129799113829
  210. Legal Times
    http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1144330162287
  211. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/26/washington/26memo.html
  212. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/politics/gorsuch-supreme-court-labor-pool-clerks.html
  213. Northwestern University Law Review
    http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84861745651&partnerID=8YFLogxK
  214. Politico Magazine
    https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/07/26/scotus-history-is-from-motivated-advocacy-groups-00047249
  215. ProPublica
    https://www.propublica.org/article/supreme-court-errors-are-not-hard-to-find
  216. "'Obamacare' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever"
    https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2011/11/15/142363047/obamacare-will-rank-among-the-longest-supreme-court-arguments-ever
  217. "Supreme Court gives lawyers 2 minutes with no interruptions"
    https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/03/politics/supreme-court-lawyers-2-minutes
  218. See generally, Tushnet, Mark, ed. (2008) I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases, Malaysia: B
  219. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/03/case-allowing-cameras-supreme-court-proceedings/316876/
  220. SCOTUSblog
    https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/12/court-will-resume-opinion-announcements-from-the-bench-but-wont-provide-live-audio/
  221. 28 U.S.C. § 1
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1
  222. 28 U.S.C. § 2109
    https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/2109
  223. Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Practice
  224. "Bound Volumes"
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/boundvolumes.aspx
  225. United States Reports
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/boundvolumes/569bv.pdf
  226. "Sliplists"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170406114133/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/sliplists.aspx
  227. law.georgetown.edu
    http://www.law.georgetown.edu/library/research/guides/supreme_court.cfm
  228. lib.guides.umd.edu
    http://lib.guides.umd.edu/content.php?pid=128265&sid=1100770
  229. Volume LXXI, No. 2
    http://www.floridabar.org/divcom/jn/jnjournal01.nsf/Articles/0616A0059B6778BB85256ADB005D6106
  230. Florida Today
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130323073447/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/lawyers-supreme-court-bar-vanity-trip-18778432
  231. "How The Court Works; Library Support"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140221121915/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/how-the-court-works/how-the-court-work/library-support/
  232. Supreme Court of the United States
    https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/procedures.aspx
  233. Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC&q=Institutions+of+American+Democracy%3A+The+Judicial+Branch
  234. The New Republic
    https://newrepublic.com/article/183196/supreme-court-alito-thomas-trump
  235. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
    https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall/page/775
  236. Horace Greeley (1873). The American Conflict, p. 106; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson (2001) by Robert Vincent Remini
  237. "The Myth of Andrew Jackson vs the Supreme Court"
    https://blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com/2021/08/the-myth-of-andrew-jackson-vs-the-supreme-court
  238. "Supreme Court hears case of United States v. Nixon"
    http://highered.nbclearn.com/portal/site/HigherEd/flatview?cuecard=3733
  239. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3.html
  240. "'Shall Not be Construed': Reversal of Supreme Court Decisions by Constitutional Amendment"
    https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1585&context=faculty_publications
  241. "The Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance: A Legal Overview"
    https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R43706.pdf
  242. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
    https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall/page/202
  243. "United States v. Klein, 80 U.S. 128 (1871)"
    https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/80/128/
  244. Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk
    https://books.google.com/books?id=NxiMWr730EcC
  245. Sorcerers' Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court
    http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780814784648?auth=0
  246. Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8Jf32GR7t3IC
  247. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/us/politics/07clerks.html
  248. Vanderbilt Law Review
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100727110418/http://www.vanderbiltlawreview.org/articles/2009/11/Nelson-et-al.-Supreme-Court-Clerkships-62-Vand.-L.-Rev.-1749-2009.pdf
  249. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/04/supreme-court-international/
  250. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/us/18legal.html
  251. Citizens United
    https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2012/2/Stone.pdf
  252. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/scotus/351406/the-supreme-courts-new-voting-rights-decision-is-a-love-letter-to-gerrymandering
  253. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/27/18761166/supreme-court-gerrymandering-republicans-democracy
  254. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/scotus/354381/supreme-court-sotomayor-kagan-retire-now
  255. Science Advances
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10923515
  256. American Journal of Political Science
    https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12972
  257. The Christian Science Monitor
    https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2024/0424/supreme-court-trust-trump-immunity-overturning-roe
  258. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/08/us/politics/44-percent-of-americans-approve-of-supreme-court-in-new-poll.html
  259. FiveThirtyEight
    https://web.archive.org/web/20231009152623/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/polls/approval/supreme-court/
  260. Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think
  261. Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
  262. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/08/18/american-democracy-political-system-failures/
  263. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/12/02/minoritarian-third-supreme-court/
  264. Newsweek
    https://www.newsweek.com/supreme-court-justices-president-popular-vote-1156542
  265. "Trump's Judge Whisperer Promised to Take Our Laws Back to the 1930s"
    https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/05/leonard-leo-federalist-society-new-deal-trump-judges.html
  266. ProPublica
    https://www.propublica.org/article/we-dont-talk-about-leonard-leo-supreme-court-supermajority
  267. Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It is Easier Than You Think
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120147424
  268. The New Republic
    https://newrepublic.com/article/159766/supreme-court-designed-kill-climate-policies
  269. TIME
    https://time.com/4656196/scotus-neil-gorsuch-geoffrey-stone/
  270. NBC News
    https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/empty-supreme-court-seat-being-stolen-republicans-merkley-n682386
  271. Smithsonian Magazine
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-stolen-supreme-court-seats-180962589/
  272. Politico
    https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/21/mcconnell-pushes-back-hypocrisy-supreme-court-419569
  273. Quinn, Melissa "Senate Judiciary Committee to vote to authorize subpoenas to Harlan Crow, Leonard Leo in Supreme Court e
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/judiciary-committee-subpoenas-harlan-crow-leonard-leo-supreme-court-ethics-justice-clarence-thomas-samuel-alito/
  274. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/30/us/politics/supreme-court-historical-society-donors-justices.html
  275. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/08/schenck-supreme-court-influence-judiciary-committee/
  276. Politico
    https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/08/religious-right-supreme-court-00044739
  277. The New Republic
    https://newrepublic.com/article/182809/supreme-court-fossil-fuels-chevron-barrett
  278. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/09/07/can-americas-supreme-court-police-itself
  279. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-sotomayor-book-sales-ethics-colleges-b2cb93493f927f995829762cb8338c02
  280. The Hill
    https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/549501-supreme-court-justices-should-not-be-signing-million-dollar-book-deals/
  281. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/us/politics/justices-disclose-privately-paid-trips-and-gifts.html
  282. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/02/17/justice-scalias-death-and-questions-about-who-pays-for-supreme-court-justices-to-visit-remote-resorts/
  283. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/27/us/politics/scalia-led-court-in-taking-trips-funded-by-private-sponsors.html
  284. "Justice Obscured: Supreme court justices earn quarter-million in cash on the side"
    https://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/06/20/14981/supreme-court-justices-earn-quarter-million-cash-side
  285. POLITICO
    https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/29/justices-spouses-conflict-of-interest-disclosures-00059549
  286. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2023/05/05/1174057179/supreme-court-congress-ethical-hearing
  287. "Friends of the Court"
    https://www.propublica.org/series/supreme-court-scotus
  288. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/29/opinion/alito-thomas-recuse-trump-jan-6.html
  289. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/31/samuel-alito-trump-recusal-ethics-breach
  290. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/scotus/352380/supreme-court-alito-ethics-recusal-insurrection-flags
  291. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/law/article/2024/jun/15/supreme-court-election-issue
  292. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/25/politics/gorsuch-property-sale-lawyer-ethics/index.html
  293. Intelligencer
    https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/04/its-neil-gorsuchs-turn-for-a-financial-scandal.html
  294. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/04/25/neil-gorsuch-property-sale-law-firm-ethics/
  295. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/01/us/trump-immunity-supreme-court/3c9b3a9a-897e-5ca5-a810-ed8d11bca015?smid=url-share
  296. Time
    https://time.com/6997245/aoc-impeachment-supreme-court-clarence-thomas-samuel-alito/
  297. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-rep-ocasio-cortez-calls-impeachment-supreme-courts-thomas-alito-2024-07-10/
  298. The New Republic
    https://newrepublic.com/article/183762/aoc-impeachment-thomas-alito-historical-echoes
  299. "Move-On petition to impeach Justice Clarence Thomas gets 1.4 million signatures"
    https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/move-on-petition-to-impeach-justice-clarence-thomas-gets-1-4-million-signatures/
  300. "Clarence Thomas must be removed from the Supreme Court!"
    https://sign.moveon.org/petitions/clarence-thomas-must-go
  301. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/29/joe-biden-reform-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-plan-announcement/
  302. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2024/07/29/nx-s1-5055094/biden-supreme-court
  303. White House
    https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/29/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-bold-plan-to-reform-the-supreme-court-and-ensure-no-president-is-above-the-law/
  304. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/07/trump-v-united-states-opinion-chief-roberts/678877/
  305. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/scotus/357170/supreme-court-snyder-united-states-corruption
  306. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/06/26/supreme-court-bribes-gratuities-corruption-mayor/
  307. AP News
    https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-ethics-code-conflicts-clarence-thomas-64d393ceb6f05402d762dca06f0f4187
  308. "DocumentCloud"
    https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24164533-supreme-court-code-of-conduct
  309. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/11/15/the-supreme-courts-code-of-conduct-is-a-good-first-step
  310. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/nov/13/us-supreme-court-ethics-code
  311. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/supreme-court-ethics-analysis/index.html
  312. ProPublica
    https://www.propublica.org/article/supreme-court-adopts-ethics-code-scotus-thomas-alito-crow
  313. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/14/us/politics/supreme-court-ethics-code-clarence-thomas-sotomayor.html
  314. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/13/supreme-court-ethics-code/
  315. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-supreme-courts-self-excusing-ethics-code
  316. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/scotus/2023/11/14/23960027/supreme-court-new-ethics-code-clarence-thomas-unenforceable
  317. www.brennancenter.org
    https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/supreme-court-ethics-reform
  318. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2023/04/25/1172083875/chief-justice-roberts-declines-to-testify-before-senate-panel
  319. Law & Policy
    https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flapo.12237
  320. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
    http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00027162211061124
  321. "CLC on "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy""
    https://electionlawblog.org/?p=130645
  322. "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy"
    https://campaignlegal.org/sites/default/files/2022-07/CLC%202022%20SCOTUS%20Report_final.pdf
  323. Slate
    https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/07/supreme-court-maga-john-roberts-trump-handmaiden.html
  324. The New York Times Magazine
    https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/magazine/24ONLANGUAGE.html
  325. Los Angeles Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081023193212/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scotus23-2008oct23%2C0%2C1693757.story
  326. National Park Service
    https://archive.today/20250622213118/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-road-to-separate-but-equal.htm
  327. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-13-na-scotus13-story.html
  328. PBS NewsHour
    https://archive.today/20250622212820/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/supreme-court-decision-on-roe-v-wade-puts-other-rights-at-risk
  329. University of Illinois College of Law
    https://archive.today/20250622212316/https://libguides.law.illinois.edu/c.php?g=1342446&p=9898958
  330. The New Yorker
    https://archive.today/20220808155915/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-self-fulfilling-prophecies-of-clarence-thomas
  331. Thomas, Clarence (1989). "The Higher Law Background of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment".
  332. www.britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/judicial-activism
  333. "The Associated Press: Justice questions way court nominees are grilled"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20100605163057/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iWhwP-GmuptNw-uw8t8Z_lb1YV2QD9FMQKRG0
  334. See for example "Judicial activism" in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, edited by Kermit
    https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall/page/454/mode/1up?view=theater&q=%22judicial+activism%22
  335. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/07/supreme-court-stare-decisis-roe-v-wade/670576/
  336. "The judges war: an issue of power"
    http://townhall.com/columnists/PatBuchanan/2005/07/06/the_judges_war_an_issue_of_power
  337. Connecticut Law Review
    https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=12520&context=journal_articles
  338. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/01/specials/goldwater-obit.html
  339. Foreign Policy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240302002354/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/04/supreme-court-international
  340. The supermajority: how the Supreme Court divided America
  341. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6JtJ23GmD3AC
  342. The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
  343. The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
  344. The missing American jury: restoring the fundamental constitutional role of the criminal, civil, and grand juries
  345. The Intercept
    https://theintercept.com/2022/06/30/supreme-court-climate-epa-coup/
  346. New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/07/11/the-supreme-courts-conservatives-have-asserted-their-power
  347. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/02/us/supreme-court-congress.html
  348. Politico
    https://www.politico.com/news/2022/06/30/the-conservative-supreme-court-is-just-getting-warmed-up-00043656
  349. "The Federalist Papers/No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered"
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers/No._45
  350. Alexander Hamilton (aka Publius)
    http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed28.asp
  351. The Federalist
    http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa44.htm
  352. The Federalist
    http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa56.htm
  353. The Federalist
    http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa22.htm
  354. The Federalist Papers
    http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed42.asp
  355. The New York Times: Books
    https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/a/amar-rights.html
  356. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-14-na-cavebugs14-story.html
  357. The New York Times Magazine
    https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/13/magazine/the-commerce-clause-the-expanding-economic-vista.html
  358. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/10/AR2006011001087.html
  359. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/07/opinion/editorial-observer-brandeis-s-views-states-rights-ice-making-have-new-relevance.html
  360. Graglia, Lino
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101204214859/http://www.utexas.edu/law/news/2005/071905_court.html
  361. Hornberger, Jacob C.
    https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/freedom-fourteenth-amendment/
  362. ScotusBlog
    http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/gamble-v-united-states/
  363. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/28/politics/supreme-court-double-jeopardy-clause/index.html
  364. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/books/review/Margolick-t.html
  365. University of Chicago Law Review
    http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5105&context=uclrev
  366. The Washington Post
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110513210306/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/supreme-court/2009/07/key_excerpt_sotomayor_on_bush.html
  367. The New York Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111524/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/opinion/21SUN4.html
  368. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/scotus/376150/supreme-court-bush-gore-harris-trump-coup-steal-election
  369. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-10-17/supreme-court-transparency-television-rules
  370. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/01/politics/transparency-analysis-supreme-court-abortion/index.html
  371. www.brennancenter.org
    https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/supreme-court-shadow-docket
  372. @politifact
    https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/oct/18/supreme-courts-shadow-docket-what-you-need-know/
  373. The New Republic
    https://newrepublic.com/article/178381/supreme-court-texas-razor-wire
  374. PublicMind.fdu.edu
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085327/http://publicmind.fdu.edu/courttv/
  375. The National Law Journal
    http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202445941834
  376. Vox
    https://www.vox.com/scotus/24145279/supreme-court-shrinking-docket-quiet-quitting
  377. Literary Review of Canada
    http://reviewcanada.ca/essays/2008/11/01/our-canadian-republic/
  378. Tomkins, Adam
  379. Slate
    https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/03/trump-immunity-case-scotus-delay.html
  380. Voice of America
    https://www.voanews.com/a/explainer-the-leak-of-supreme-court-s-draft-roe-v-wade-reversal/6556339.html
  381. PBS News
    https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/supreme-court-chief-justice-john-roberts-orders-investigation-into-egregious-leak-of-draft-abortion-opinion
  382. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2024/06/26/nx-s1-5020548/supreme-court-emtala-abortions-accidental-post
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.