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Stuxnet

Updated: 12/11/2025, 9:25:36 AM Wikipedia source

Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm first uncovered on 17 June 2010 and thought to have been in development since at least 2005. Stuxnet targets supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the Iran nuclear program after it was first installed on a computer at the Natanz Nuclear Facility in 2009. Although neither the United States nor Israel has openly admitted responsibility, multiple independent news organizations claim Stuxnet to be a cyberweapon built jointly by the two countries in a collaborative effort known as Operation Olympic Games. The program, started during the Bush administration, was rapidly expanded within the first months of Barack Obama's presidency. Stuxnet specifically targets programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which allow the automation of electromechanical processes such as those used to control machinery and industrial processes including gas centrifuges for separating nuclear material. Exploiting four zero-day flaws in the systems, Stuxnet functions by targeting machines using the Microsoft Windows operating system and networks, then seeking out Siemens Step7 software. Stuxnet reportedly compromised Iranian PLCs, collecting information on industrial systems and causing the fast-spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart. Stuxnet's design and architecture are not domain-specific and it could be tailored as a platform for attacking modern SCADA and PLC systems (e.g., in factory assembly lines or power plants), most of which are in Europe, Japan and the United States. Stuxnet reportedly destroyed almost one-fifth of Iran's nuclear centrifuges. Targeting industrial control systems, the worm infected over 200,000 computers and caused 1,000 machines to physically degrade. Stuxnet has three modules: a worm that executes all routines related to the main payload of the attack, a link file that automatically executes the propagated copies of the worm and a rootkit component responsible for hiding all malicious files and processes to prevent detection of Stuxnet. It is typically introduced to the target environment via an infected USB flash drive, thus crossing any air gap. The worm then propagates across the network, scanning for Siemens Step7 software on computers controlling a PLC. In the absence of either criterion, Stuxnet becomes dormant inside the computer. If both the conditions are fulfilled, Stuxnet introduces the infected rootkit onto the PLC and Step7 software, modifying the code and giving unexpected commands to the PLC while returning a loop of normal operation system values back to the users.

Infobox

Technical name
As Stuxnet By Microsoft Worm:Win32/Stuxnet.[Letter] TrojanDropper:Win32/Stuxnet By Symantec W32.Stuxnet W32.Stuxnet!lnk By Sophos Troj/Stuxnet-[Letter] Trojan-Dropper.Win32.Stuxnet.[Letter] Worm.Win32.Stuxnet.[Letter] TR/Drop.Stuxnet.[Letter].[Number] By Kaspersky Worm.Win32.Stuxnet By F-Secure Trojan-Dropper:W32/Stuxnet Rootkit:W32/Stuxnet By Trend Micro RTKT_STUXNET.[Letter] LNK_STUXNET.[Letter] WORM_STUXNET.[Letter]
Type
Dropper
Classification
Computer worm
Authors
Equation Group
Platform
mw- Windows 2000Windows XPWindows Server 2003Windows VistaWindows Server 2008Windows 7Windows Server 2008 R2Source:

Tables

· Affected countries
Iran
Iran
Country
Iran
Share of infected computers
58.9%
Indonesia
Indonesia
Country
Indonesia
Share of infected computers
18.2%
India
India
Country
India
Share of infected computers
8.3%
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Country
Azerbaijan
Share of infected computers
2.6%
United States
United States
Country
United States
Share of infected computers
1.6%
Pakistan
Pakistan
Country
Pakistan
Share of infected computers
1.3%
Other countries
Other countries
Country
Other countries
Share of infected computers
9.2%
Country
Share of infected computers
Iran
58.9%
Indonesia
18.2%
India
8.3%
Azerbaijan
2.6%
United States
1.6%
Pakistan
1.3%
Other countries
9.2%

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  130. "US Denies Role in Iranian Scientist's Death"
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  131. "New FAS Report Demonstrates Iran Improved Enrichment in 2010"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131215104145/http://www.fas.org/press/news/2011/issuebrief_iran.html
  132. Haaretz
    https://www.haaretz.com/news/international/report-iran-s-nuclear-capacity-unharmed-contrary-to-u-s-assessment-1.338522
  133. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/report-irans-nuclear-program-going-full-speed-ahead/70031/
  134. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-stuxnet-idUSTRE81D24Q20120214
  135. Guardian.co.uk
    https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/sep/30/stuxnet-worm-new-era-global-cyberwar
  136. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/world/middleeast/obama-ordered-wave-of-cyberattacks-against-iran.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&seid=auto&smid=tw-nytimespolitics&pagewanted=all
  137. Foreign Policy
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140209181744/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/27/6_mysteries_about_stuxnet
  138. "Falkenrath Says Stuxnet Virus May Have Origin in Israel: Video. Bloomberg Television"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121204121558/http://finance.yahoo.com/video/marketnews-19148628/falkenrath-says-stuxnet-virus-may-have-origin-in-israel-video-22090127#video=22147179
  139. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BE30920091215
  140. "Cyber takes centre stage in Israel's war strategy"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101001091330/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE68R0GB.htm
  141. "Stuxnet, the real face of cyber warfare"
    http://www.iloubnan.info/politics/actualite/id/52568/titre/Stuxnet,-the-real-face-of-Cyber-Warfare
  142. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/19/world/middleeast/19stuxnet.html
  143. The Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8326274/Israeli-security-chief-celebrates-Stuxnet-cyber-attack.html
  144. The U.S. Cyber Consequences Unit
    http://www.usccu.us/
  145. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/international/2010/09/30/a-worm-in-the-centrifuge
  146. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/middleeast/26iran.html?_r=2&src=me
  147. "Iran/Critical National Infrastructure: Cyber Security Experts See The Hand of Israel's Signals Intelligence Service in The 'Stuxnet' Virus Which Has Infected Iranian Nuclear Facilities"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20101208204541/http://www.mideastsecurity.co.uk/?tag=stuxnet-myrtus-myrtle
  148. "Mysterious 'Myrtus' Biblical Reference Spotted in Stuxnet Code"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111001142357/http://www.switched.com/2010/10/01/mysterious-myrtus-biblical-reference-spotted-in-stuxnet-code/
  149. "SCADA Systems Whitepaper"
    https://www.motorola.com/web/Business/Products/SCADA%20Products/_Documents/Static%20Files/SCADA_Sys_Wht_Ppr-2a_New.pdf
  150. PC Magazine
    https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370107,00.asp
  151. Wired
    https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/10/stuxnet-deconstructed/
  152. "Stuxnet Worm a U.S. Cyber-Attack on Iran Nukes?"
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stuxnet-worm-a-us-cyber-attack-on-iran-nukes/
  153. Der Spiegel
    http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html
  154. Business Insider
    https://www.businessinsider.com/obama-cyberattacks-us-israeli-against-iran-2012-6
  155. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/18/wikileaks-us-embassy-cable-iran-nuclear
  156. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/washington/11iran.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
  157. Wired
    https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/02/cyberwar-issues-likely-to-be-addressed-only-after-a-catastrophe
  158. De Correspondent
    https://decorrespondent.nl/485/hoe-onderschept-de-nsa-ons-dataverkeer/31326229055-d9b3a5cf
  159. Stars and Stripes
    http://www.stripes.com/news/cone-of-silence-surrounds-u-s-cyberwarfare-1.158090
  160. "Computers as Weapons of War"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111219174833/http://www.crows.org/images/stories/pdf/IOI/IO%20Journal_Vol2Iss2_0210.pdf
  161. "Stuxnet: Computer worm opens new era of warfare"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131015171113/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57390124/stuxnet-computer-worm-opens-new-era-of-warfare/
  162. CBS News staff
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-blames-us-israel-for-stuxnet-malware/
  163. Wired
    https://www.wired.com/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/all/
  164. Forbes
    https://blogs.forbes.com/firewall/2010/12/14/stuxnets-finnish-chinese-connection/
  165. Christian Science Monitor
    https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0924/Stuxnet-worm-mystery-What-s-the-cyber-weapon-after
  166. news.yahoo.com
    https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-how-a-secret-dutch-mole-aided-the-us-israeli-stuxnet-cyber-attack-on-iran-160026018.html
  167. Jerusalem Post
    https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Secret-Dutch-mole-aided-Stuxnet-attack-on-Irans-nuke-program-report-600430
  168. Die ZEIT
    http://www.zeit.de/2010/48/Computerwurm-Stuxnet
  169. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/may/30/military-cyberwar-offensive
  170. The Register
    https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/07/08/snowden_us_israel_stuxnet/
  171. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-northkorea-stuxnet-idUSKBN0OE2DM20150529
  172. "Iran says Israel launched Stuxnet 2.0 Cyber Attack"
    https://www.cybersecurity-insiders.com/iran-says-israel-launched-stuxnet-2-0-cyber-attack/
  173. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/11/19/stuxnets_secret_twin_iran_nukes_cyber_attack
  174. "Duqu: A Stuxnet-like malware found in the wild, technical report"
    http://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/bencsathPBF11duqu.pdf
  175. "Statement on Duqu's initial analysis"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121004111047/http://crysys.hu/in-the-press.html
  176. "W32.Duqu – The precursor to the next Stuxnet (Version 1.2)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191025145245/https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_duqu_the_precursor_to_the_next_stuxnet.pdf
  177. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cybersecurity-stuxnet-idUSTRE7BR1EV20111228
  178. Wired
    https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/05/flame/
  179. "Resource 207: Kaspersky Lab Research Proves that Stuxnet and Flame Developers are Connected"
    http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2012/Resource_207_Kaspersky_Lab_Research_Proves_that_Stuxnet_and_Flame_Developers_are_Connected
  180. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/leaders/2010/09/30/the-meaning-of-stuxnet
  181. Wired
    https://www.wired.com/2011/07/how-digital-detectives-deciphered-stuxnet/
  182. Der Spiegel
    http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/mossad-s-miracle-weapon-stuxnet-virus-opens-new-era-of-cyber-war-a-778912.html
  183. "2011: The year of domestic cyber threat"
    http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/20121181245291117.html
  184. "Sality & Stuxnet – Not Such a Strange Coincidence"
    http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Sality_Stuxnet_Not_Such_a_Strange_Coincidence
  185. BuzzFeed
    https://www.buzzfeed.com/jamesball/us-hacked-into-irans-critical-civilian-infrastructure-for-ma
  186. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/marine-general-james-cartwright-leak-fbi.html
  187. The New Yorker
    https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/world-war-three-by-mistake
  188. Darknet Diaries – True stories from the dark side of the Internet
    https://darknetdiaries.com/episode/29/
  189. "Splinter Cell Blacklist – Mission 10 'American Fuel'"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o77cNhuoI4A
  190. The Verge
    https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2017/10/3/16412372/star-trek-discovery-cbs-windows-code-command-line
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