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Sri Lanka

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It is located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, and is separated from India by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. It shares a maritime border with the Maldives in the southwest and India in the northwest, and it lies across the Bay of Bengal from Bangladesh and Myanmar in the northeast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the east. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital of Sri Lanka, while the largest city, Colombo, is the administrative and judicial capital which is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Kandy is the second-largest city and also the capital of the last native kingdom of Sri Lanka. The majority of the population speak Sinhala, while Tamil is the second most-spoken language. They are spoken by approximately 17 million and 5 million people respectively. Sri Lanka has a population of approximately 22 million and is home to several cultures, languages and ethnicities. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population, followed by the Sri Lankan Tamils, who are the largest minority group and are concentrated in the north of the island; both groups have played a major role in the island's history. Other long-established groups include the Moors, Indian Tamils, Burghers, Malays, Chinese, and Vedda. The island has a documented history of over 3,000 years, with evidence of prehistoric human settlement dating back 125,000 years. The island has been referred to by Many names throughout its long history, with Ceylon having been used prior to independence and is still used in some cases. The earliest known Buddhist writings in Sri Lanka, known collectively as the Pali Canon, date to the fourth Buddhist council, which took place in 29 BCE. Sri Lanka has been called the Pearl of the Indian Ocean, and historically, the Granary of the East. Sri Lanka's geographic location and deep harbours have made it of great strategic importance, from the days of the ancient Silk Road, to today's maritime Silk Road. Due to its location and role as a major trading hub, the island was known in the East as well as in the West by as early as the Anuradhapura period. The Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka during a time of great political upheaval in the Kingdom of Kotte. The Portuguese sought to gain control over the island's maritime trade and as a result part of Sri Lanka came under Portuguese control. After the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, the Dutch and the Kingdom of Kandy took control of those areas. Dutch Ceylon in turn was taken by the British, who extended their control over the whole island, leading to the creation of British Ceylon, which lasted from 1815 to 1948. The early 20th century saw the rise of nationalist movements and demands for independence. In 1948, Sri Lanka gained independence as a dominion, and in 1972, the country became a republic. Sri Lanka's more recent history has been marred by a long Civil War, which lasted for 26 years, from 1983 to 2009, and ended with the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces. Sri Lanka is a developing country, ranking 89th on the Human Development Index. It is the highest-ranked South Asian nation in terms of development and has the second-highest per capita income in South Asia. The country has a long history of International engagement and cooperation; it is a founding member of SAARC, the G77 and the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as a member of the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Infobox

Democratic Socialist Republic ofSri Lanka ශ්රී ලංකා ප්රජාතාන්ත්රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය (Sinhala)இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு (Tamil)Sinhala:Śrī Laṅkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī JanarajayaTamil:Ilaṅkai Caṉanāyaka Cōcalicak Kuṭiyaracu
Śrī Laṅkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya
Sinhala:
Śrī Laṅkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya
Tamil:
Ilaṅkai Caṉanāyaka Cōcalicak Kuṭiyaracu
Capital
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (legislative)Colombo (executive and judicial).mw- 6°56′N 79°52′E / 6.933°N 79.867°E / 6.933; 79.867
Largest city
Colombo
Official languagesand recognised national languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li SinhalaTamil
Recognised language
English
Ethnic groups (2024)
74.1% Sinhalese12.3% Sri Lankan Tamils10.5% Sri Lankan Moors2.8% Indian Tamils0.3% other
Religion (2024)
69.8% Buddhism (official)12.6% Hinduism10.7% Islam6.9% Christianity0.1% other/none
Demonym
Sri Lankan
Government
Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President
Anura Kumara Dissanayake
• Prime Minister
Harini Amarasuriya
• Speaker of the Parliament
Jagath Wickramaratne
• Chief Justice
Padman Surasena
Legislature
Parliament
• Sinhala Kingdom established
543 BCE
• Anuradhapura period
377 BCE – 1017 CE
• Polonnaruwa period
1017–1232
• Transitional period
1232–1592
• Kandyan period
1592–1815
• British Ceylon period
1815–1948
• Independence
4 February 1948
• Republic
22 May 1972
• Current constitution
7 September 1978
• Total
$98.9 billion (71st)
• Water (%)
4.4
• 2024 estimate
21,916,000 (60th)
• 2024 census
21,781,800
• Density
337.7/km2 (874.6/sq mi) (36th)
GDP (PPP)
2024 estimate
• Per capita
$4,516 (120th)
GDP (nominal)
2024 estimate
Gini (2023)
39.8 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.776high (89th)
Currency
Sri Lankan rupee (Rs) (LKR)
Time zone
UTC 5:30 (SLST)
Calling code
94
ISO 3166 code
LK
Internet TLD
lk.ලංකා.இலங்கை

Tables

· Administrative divisions › Provinces
Central
Central
Province
Central
Capital
Kandy
Area(km2)
5,674
Population (2024)
2,712,804
Density(Persons per km2)
453
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
10.3
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.559
Eastern
Eastern
Province
Eastern
Capital
Trincomalee
Area(km2)
9,996
Population (2024)
1,782,050
Density(Persons per km2)
155
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
4.7
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.519
North Central
North Central
Province
North Central
Capital
Anuradhapura
Area(km2)
10,714
Population (2024)
1,406,890
Density(Persons per km2)
118
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
4.8
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.521
North Western
North Western
Province
North Western
Capital
Kurunegala
Area(km2)
7,812
Population (2024)
2,578,894
Density(Persons per km2)
305
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
10.9
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.541
Northern
Northern
Province
Northern
Capital
Jaffna
Area(km2)
8,884
Population (2024)
1,149,240
Density(Persons per km2)
119
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
4.5
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.564
Sabaragamuwa
Sabaragamuwa
Province
Sabaragamuwa
Capital
Ratnapura
Area(km2)
4,902
Population (2024)
2,015,039
Density(Persons per km2)
393
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
7.0
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.499
Southern
Southern
Province
Southern
Capital
Galle
Area(km2)
5,559
Population (2024)
2,605,506
Density(Persons per km2)
446
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
9.3
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.582
Uva
Uva
Province
Uva
Capital
Badulla
Area(km2)
8,488
Population (2024)
1,399,049
Density(Persons per km2)
149
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
4.7
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.468
Western
Western
Province
Western
Capital
Colombo
Area(km2)
3,709
Population (2024)
6,113,698
Density(Persons per km2)
1,578
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
43.7
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.802
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Province
Sri Lanka
Capital
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte and Colombo
Area(km2)
65,610
Population (2024)
21,763,170
Density(Persons per km2)
310
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
100
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
0.796
Province
Capital
Area(km2)
Population (2024)
Density(Persons per km2)
Provincial GDP share (%) (2023)
Sri Lanka Prosperity Index (2021)
Central
Kandy
5,674
2,712,804
453
10.3
0.559
Eastern
Trincomalee
9,996
1,782,050
155
4.7
0.519
North Central
Anuradhapura
10,714
1,406,890
118
4.8
0.521
North Western
Kurunegala
7,812
2,578,894
305
10.9
0.541
Northern
Jaffna
8,884
1,149,240
119
4.5
0.564
Sabaragamuwa
Ratnapura
4,902
2,015,039
393
7.0
0.499
Southern
Galle
5,559
2,605,506
446
9.3
0.582
Uva
Badulla
8,488
1,399,049
149
4.7
0.468
Western
Colombo
3,709
6,113,698
1,578
43.7
0.802
Sri Lanka
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte and Colombo
65,610
21,763,170
310
100
0.796

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    https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112826/https://economynext.com/China_on_track_to_bail_out_Sri_Lanka_with_US$1.25bn_in_2018-3-11431.html
  295. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58390292
  296. Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-10/sri-lanka-central-bank-governor-lakshman-to-step-down-sept-14
  297. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/7/sri-lanka-parliament-emergency-food-prices-economic-crisis
  298. "Sri Lanka parliament passes emergency regulations to seize food stocks, warehouses"
    https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-parliament-passes-emergency-regulations-to-seize-food-stocks-warehouses-85840/
  299. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/07/world/asia/sri-lanka-organic-farming-fertilizer.html
  300. Sri Lanka: Transport at a Glance – Core Road Performance Indicators Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine World B
    http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/1812598-1130163750121/20988151/Sri_Lanka_Benchmarking_Summary_21-12-04.pdf
  301. "Southern Expressway"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090415105137/http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/stdp.htm
  302. "Colombo_Katunayaka Expressway"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090417080550/http://www.rda.gov.lk/supported/expressways/cke.htm
  303. "Class A, B & E Roads"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015938/http://www.rda.gov.lk/source/rda_roads.htm
  304. "Statistics – Sri Lanka Railways"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121228064539/http://www.transport.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=128&Itemid=114&lang=en
  305. Navdanya international
    https://navdanyainternational.org/sri-lankas-shift-towards-organic-farming/
  306. Agrigate Global
    https://agrigateglobal.com/reads/opinion/opinion-the-ban-on-chemical-fertilizer-and-the-way-forward-of-sri-lankan-tea-industry/
  307. Agrigate Global
    https://agrigateglobal.com/reads/opinion/inorganic-fertilizer-and-agrochemicals-ban-in-sri-lanka-and-fallacies-of-organic-agriculture/
  308. "Sri Lanka Going Organic: Rethink the strategy; Agriculturists Write to President | The Sri Lankan Scientist"
    https://scientist.lk/2021/06/08/sri-lanka-going-organic-rethink-the-strategy-agriculturists-write-to-president/
  309. Colombo Telegraph
    https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/organic-farming-in-sri-lanka-ideology-of-hitler-sri-lankan-agri-cults/
  310. AGDAILY
    https://www.agdaily.com/insights/perspective-sri-lankas-organic-push-threatens-to-backpedal-ag/
  311. aljazeera.com
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/1/organic-food-revolution-sri-lanka-tea-industry
  312. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/11/21/sri-lanka-abandons-drive-become-worlds-first-organic-country/
  313. The Daily Telegraph
    https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/sri-lankan-families-go-hungry-cost-food-skyrockets/
  314. Skift
    https://skift.com/2024/07/10/is-this-the-comeback-of-sri-lankas-tourism-a-1-5-billion-revenue-suggests-so/#:~:text=Sri%20Lanka's%20tourism%20revenue%20reached,have%20played%20a%20crucial%20role.
  315. "Sri Lanka Census of Population and Housing, 2011 – Population by Ethnicity"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121113161924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop42.pdf
  316. lankalibrary.com
    http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/dera2.html
  317. statistics.gov.lk
    http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2021/CHAP2/2.4
  318. "Official Languages Commission"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120214143656/http://www.languagescom.gov.lk/about_us.htm
  319. Peter Bakker
    https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/conference/10-slm2010/pdf/How_unique_is_Sri_Lanka_Malay.pdf
  320. Census of Population & Housing, 2024
    https://www.statistics.gov.lk//Resource/en/Population/CPH_2024/Population_Preliminary_Report.pdf
  321. lawnet.gov.lk
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200301194734/https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/018-SLLR-SLLR-2007-V-1-ASHIK-v.-BANDULA-AND-OTHERSNoise-Pollution-Case.pdf
  322. International Religious Freedom Report 2007
    https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90234.htm
  323. "Theravada: Buddhism in Sri Lankan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130221072955/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm
  324. "Theravada Buddhism and Shan/Thai/Dai/Laos Regions Boxun News"
    http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/english/2005/03/200503280400.shtml
  325. The South Asianist Journal
    https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01900123/document
  326. Asian Religions in British Columbia, UBC Press 2011, p. 125.
  327. Lecture on Hindu sculpture and architecture of Sri Lanka Archived 12 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Sunday Times –
    http://www.sundaytimes.lk/events/611-lecture-on-hindu-sculpture-and-architecture-of-sri-lanka
  328. "Lankan Muslims' historical links with India"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060024/http://www.indianmuslims.info/history_of_muslims_in_india/lankan_muslims_historical_links_with_india.html
  329. "Origins and Affinities of the Sri Lankan Moors"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140729002356/http://sailanmuslim.com/news/wp-content/uploads/the-origins-and-affinities-of-the-sri-lankan-moors.pdf
  330. "A Brief History Of Christianity In Sri Lanka"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230612094839/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/a-brief-history-of-christianity-in-sri-lanka/
  331. The carpenter-heretic: a collection of Buddhist stories about Christianity from the 18th century Sri Lanka
    https://books.google.com/books?id=axkLAAAAYAAJ
  332. "Sri Lanka – Christianity"
    https://www.mongabay.com/history/sri_lanka/sri_lanka-christianity.html
  333. "The Parsi Community of Sri Lanka"
    https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/parsiintro.htm
  334. The Sunday Times
    http://sundaytimes.lk/000910/plus5.html
  335. "What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common"
    https://www.gallup.com/poll/114211/Alabamians-Iranians-Common.aspx
  336. The Island
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074209/http://www.island.lk/2008/05/31/features1.html
  337. "Universal Health Care"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140412190920/http://quickoverview.com/issues/universal-healthcare-system.html
  338. "Social Conditions of Sri Lanka"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171117025044/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/social/social%20conditions.pdf
  339. www.who.int
    https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/08-07-2020-maldives-sri-lanka-eliminate-measles-and-rubella-ahead-of-2023-target
  340. International Review of Education
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IREdu..43..595G
  341. "Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24) – Sri Lanka"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS?locations=LK
  342. The Daily News
    http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/07/29/cdnstory.asp?sid=20110705_01
  343. "Sri Lanka – Statistics"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142313/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sri_lanka_statistics.html
  344. A Short History of Sri Lanka
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dByI_qil26YC
  345. The Daily News
    http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/06/08/fea26.asp
  346. "Who was "Father" of free education in Sri Lanka?: C.W.W. Kannangara or A. Ratnayake?"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065821/http://transcurrents.com/tc/2009/10/who_was_father_of_free_educati.html
  347. "Education: Traditional and Colonial Systems"
    https://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/46.htm
  348. UGC
    https://www.ugc.ac.lk/index.php?option=com_university&view=list&Itemid=25&lang=en
  349. "Sri Lanka University Statistics 2010"
    https://www.ugc.ac.lk/downloads/statistics/stat_2010/Chapter1.pdf
  350. "Facing Global and Local Challenges: The New Dynamics for Higher Education – Sri Lanka Country Report"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130623172848/http://portal.unesco.org/geography/fr/files/10905/12353682765Sri_Lanka.pdf/Sri%2BLanka.pdf
  351. "Educational Indicators 1980–2009"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110222203802/http://www.ugc.ac.lk/en/statistics/educational-indicators.html
  352. WIPO
    https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/sri-lanka
  353. Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads
    https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html
  354. "Radio Ceylon/Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation: The history of broadcasting in Sri Lanka"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160320060209/http://www.slbceng.org/pdf/Radio%20Ceylon-Sri%20Lanka%20Broadcasting%20Corporation.pdf
  355. "Sri Lanka Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers"
    http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sri-lanka
  356. "Media under fire: Press freedom lockdown in Sri Lanka"
    https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-press-lockdown-srilanka-2008.pdf
  357. Sunday Leader
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121020203648/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/07/08/gota-goes-berserk/
  358. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/leaders/2009/01/15/chronicle-of-a-death-foretold
  359. Sunday Leader
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121016035116/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/20090111/editorial-.htm
  360. "Amnesty International – Sri Lanka Human Rights Reports"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150217135852/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sri-lanka
  361. "The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131021114438/http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/28002-the-british-duplicity-in-protecting-human-rights-in-sri-lanka.html
  362. "Sri Lanka: Country Report on Human Rights Practices"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20010607063826/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/index.cfm?docid=704
  363. "Report of the Secretary – General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka"
    http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf
  364. Le Monde
    https://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2009/05/28/sri-lanka-l-onu-a-cache-l-ampleur-des-massacres_1199091_3216.html
  365. "Business Corruption in Sri Lanka"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215752/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/south-asia/sri-lanka/business-corruption-in-sri-lanka.aspx
  366. "Department for Justice"
    https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/03/06/LKA103948.E.pdf
  367. "Report of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances"
    http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session19/A-HRC-19-58-Rev1_en.pdf
  368. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/asia/2012/01/14/murky-business
  369. GlobalPost
    http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/130831/un-human-rights-commissioner-democracy-has-been-undermined
  370. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23899082
  371. Sri Lanka: Out of the Silence. freedomfromtorture.org
    https://www.freedomfromtorture.org/feature/out_of_the_silence/5980
  372. "Sri Lanka: Human Rights Under Attack"
    https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/29/sri-lanka-human-rights-under-attack
  373. "Pre-Colonial Sri Lankan History"
    https://www.panix.com/~kendra/tea/precolonial_history.html
  374. Nubin 2002, p. 97
  375. Nubin 2002, p. 94
  376. Simply Sri Lankan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=jxq1FlxUi9YC
  377. Buddha in Sri Lanka: remembered yesterdays
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QskAmQEACAAJ
  378. The Kandy Esala perahera: Asia's most spectacular pageant
  379. Contemporary Asian cinema: popular culture in a global frame, Chapter 8
    https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC
  380. Sri Lanka's development since independence
    https://books.google.com/books?id=MLqmdDp3l0oC
  381. Asian Tribune
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160309042437/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16540
  382. The Cambridge guide to Asian theatre
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC
  383. World music: the rough guide, Volume 2
    https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC
  384. Lonely Planet Sri Lanka
    https://books.google.com/books?id=6QAgHA69_rwC
  385. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/art/Kandyan-dance
  386. Sri Lanka
    https://books.google.com/books?id=pq9XaJuzwkQC
  387. "Dance of Sri Lanka"
    https://lakpura.com/pages/dance
  388. "History of painting and sculpture in Sri Lanka"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084513/http://lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=3128
  389. "The Sinhala Theatre of Sri Lanka: A Form of Political Discourse"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140114210156/http://www.artsrilanka.org/essays/theatre/index.html
  390. "A survey of Sinhalese poetry from ancient times to the modern period"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114355/http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala8.htm
  391. The Island
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115010/http://www.island.lk/2006/05/31/opinion6.html
  392. The Daily News
    http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/07/23/fea01.asp
  393. The Daily News
    http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/10/02/spo12.asp
  394. Dawn
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120408233643/http://dawn.com/2011/05/25/rugby-sri-lanka-asias-little-known-rugby-haven/
  395. "Kitesurf Sri Lanka"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160206111947/http://www.kitesurfingsrilanka.com/
  396. "Sri Lankan martial arts"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160125023655/http://www.sinhalaya.com/srilankatravelguide/ac_martial_arts_lanka.php
  397. ESPNcricinfo
    http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/49636.html
  398. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/sport/1996/mar/18/cricket.cricketworldcup2007
  399. "Final: Australia v Sri Lanka at Bridgetown, Apr 28, 2007"
    http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/247507.html
  400. "India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph"
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/9444277.stm
  401. "Afridi fifty seals title for Pakistan"
    http://www.espncricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/410042.html
  402. BBC Sport
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/2572069.stm
  403. ESPNcricinfo
    https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2010-455238/sri-lanka-vs-india-1st-test-456669/match-report
  404. Times of Sports
    https://www.timesofsports.com/cricket/highest-test-wicket-takers/
  405. "John Player Gold Leaf Trophy (Asia Cup) 1985/86 (Final)"
    https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/47/47039.html
  406. "Pepsi Asia Cup, 1997–98"
    http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151650.html
  407. "Sri Lanka win the Asia Cup"
    http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/134815.html
  408. "Asia Cup 2008"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160307220216/http://www.espncricinfo.com/asiacup/content/current/series/298014.html
  409. "Asia Cup 2014"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140921144658/http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2014/content/current/series/671665.html
  410. International Cricket Council
    https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2788151
  411. "Sri Lanka National Cricket Team"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131101040927/http://www.exzoon.com/sri_lanka_national_cricket_team.html
  412. The Daily News
    http://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/06/12/spo09.asp
  413. "Athlete Susanthika Jayasinghe"
    http://www.olympic.org/susanthika-jayasinghe
  414. Daily Mirror
    https://web.archive.org/web/20131218191441/http://print.dailymirror.lk/editorial/106-editorial/12395.html
  415. Prepare
    https://www.thepapare.com/sri-lanka-mens-champions-carrom-world-championship-2016/
  416. icc
    https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/mens/test
  417. "SAFF Website"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210918095651/https://saffederation.org/saff-gold-cup-1995/
  418. "1995 SAFF Championship;globalsport archive.com"
    https://globalsportsarchive.com/competition/soccer/saff-gold-cup-1995-sri-lanka/semi-finals/17371/
  419. "1995 SAFF Championship"
    https://www.11v11.com/competitions/south-asian-football-federation-(saff)-championship/1995/
  420. "1995 SAFF Championship;RSSSF.com"
    https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/saffgold95.html
  421. "Lanka hopes to regain supremacy"
    http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/04/04/spo03.asp
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