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Spanish flu

Updated: Wikipedia source

Spanish flu

The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was March 1918 in Haskell County, Kansas, United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April. Two years later, nearly a third of the global population, or an estimated 500 million people, had been infected. Estimates of deaths range from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it the deadliest pandemic in history. The pandemic broke out near the end of World War I, when wartime censors in the belligerent countries suppressed bad news to maintain morale, but newspapers freely reported the outbreak in neutral Spain, creating a false impression of Spain as the epicenter and leading to the "Spanish flu" misnomer. Limited historical epidemiological data make the pandemic's geographic origin indeterminate, with competing hypotheses on the initial spread. Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the young and old, but this pandemic had unusually high mortality for young adults. Scientists offer several explanations for the high mortality, including a six-year climate anomaly affecting migration of disease vectors with increased likelihood of spread through bodies of water. However, the claim that young adults had a high mortality during the pandemic has been contested. Malnourishment, overcrowded medical camps and hospitals, and poor hygiene, exacerbated by the war, promoted bacterial superinfection, killing most of the victims after a typically prolonged death bed.

Infobox

Disease
Influenza
Virus strain
Strains of A/H1N1
Location
Worldwide
Index case
Haskell County, KansasJanuary 1918[a]
Date
February 1918 – April 1920
Suspected cases‡
500 million (estimated)
Deaths
25–50 million (generally accepted), other estimates range from 17 to 100 million

Tables

Major modern influenza pandemics[324][325] · Legacy › Comparison with other pandemics
Spanish flu
Spanish flu
Name
Spanish flu
Date
1918–20
World pop.
1.80 billion
Subtype
H1N1
Reproduction number
1.80 (IQR, 1.47–2.27)
Infected (est.)
33% (500 million) or >56% (>1 billion)
Deaths worldwide
17–100 million
Case fatality rate
2–3%, or ~4%, or ~10%
Pandemic severity
5
Asian flu
Asian flu
Name
Asian flu
Date
1957–58
World pop.
2.90 billion
Subtype
H2N2
Reproduction number
1.65 (IQR, 1.53–1.70)
Infected (est.)
>17% (>500 million)
Deaths worldwide
1–4 million
Case fatality rate
<0.2%
Pandemic severity
2
Hong Kong flu
Hong Kong flu
Name
Hong Kong flu
Date
1968–69
World pop.
3.53 billion
Subtype
H3N2
Reproduction number
1.80 (IQR, 1.56–1.85)
Infected (est.)
>14% (>500 million)
Deaths worldwide
1–4 million
Case fatality rate
<0.2%
Pandemic severity
2
1977 Russian flu
1977 Russian flu
Name
1977 Russian flu
Date
1977–79
World pop.
4.21 billion
Subtype
H1N1
Reproduction number
?
Infected (est.)
?
Deaths worldwide
0.7 million
Case fatality rate
?
Pandemic severity
?
2009 swine flu pandemic
2009 swine flu pandemic
Name
2009 swine flu pandemic
Date
2009–10
World pop.
6.85 billion
Subtype
H1N1/09
Reproduction number
1.46 (IQR, 1.30–1.70)
Infected (est.)
11–21% (0.7–1.4 billion)
Deaths worldwide
151,700–575,400
Case fatality rate
0.01%
Pandemic severity
1
Typical seasonal flu
Typical seasonal flu
Name
Typical seasonal flu
Date
Every year
World pop.
7.75 billion
Subtype
A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B, ...
Reproduction number
1.28 (IQR, 1.19–1.37)
Infected (est.)
5–15% (340 million – 1 billion)3–11% or 5–20% (240 million – 1.6 billion)
Deaths worldwide
290,000–650,000/year
Case fatality rate
<0.1%
Pandemic severity
1
Notes .mw- }.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
Notes .mw- }.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
Name
Notes .mw- }.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
Name
Date
World pop.
Subtype
Reproduction number
Infected (est.)
Deaths worldwide
Case fatality rate
Pandemic severity
Spanish flu
1918–20
billion
H1N1
IQR, 1.47–2.27)
33% (500 million) or >56% (>1 billion)
17–100 million
2–3%, or ~4%, or ~10%
5
Asian flu
1957–58
billion
H2N2
IQR, 1.53–1.70)
>17% (>500 million)
1–4 million
<0.2%
2
Hong Kong flu
1968–69
billion
H3N2
IQR, 1.56–1.85)
>14% (>500 million)
1–4 million
<0.2%
2
1977 Russian flu
1977–79
billion
H1N1
?
?
million
?
?
2009 swine flu pandemic
2009–10
billion
H1N1/09
IQR, 1.30–1.70)
billion)
151,700–575,400
0.01%
1
Typical seasonal flu
Every year
billion
A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B, ...
IQR, 1.19–1.37)
5–15% (340 million – 1 billion)3–11% or 5–20% (240 million – 1.6 billion)
290,000–650,000/year
<0.1%
1
Notes }.mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.

References

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