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Soviet Union

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. During its existence, it was the largest country by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing borders with twelve countries, and the third-most populous country. A diverse multinational state, it was organized as a federal union of national republics, the largest and most populous being the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In practice, its government and economy were highly centralized. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), it was the flagship communist state. Its capital and largest city was Moscow. The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Russian SFSR, the world's first constitutionally communist state. The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic, resulting in the Russian Civil War. The Russian SFSR and its subordinate republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth but contributed to a famine between 1930 and 1933 that killed millions. The Soviet forced labour camp system of the Gulag was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin's government conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents, resulting in large scale deportations, arrests, and show trials accompanied by public fear. Having failed to build an anti-Nazi coalition in Europe, the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in 1939. Despite this, in 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers while liberating much of Central and Eastern Europe. However they would suffer an estimated 27 million casualties, which accounted for most losses among the victorious Allies. In the aftermath of the war, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army, forming satellite states, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower. Geopolitical tensions with the United States led to the Cold War. The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars. In 1953, following Stalin's death, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused ideological tensions with the PRC led by Mao Zedong, culminating in the acrimonious Sino-Soviet split. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded its efforts in space exploration and took a lead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite, the first human spaceflight, the first space station, and the first probe to land on another planet. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes, leading to the fall of the Eastern Bloc. A major wave of nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the Soviet Union, primarily in Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Baltic states. In 1991, amid efforts to preserve the country as a renewed federation, an attempted coup against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On 26 December, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian SFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation, which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states. The Commonwealth of Independent States was formed in the aftermath of the disastrous Soviet collapse, although the Baltics would never join. During its existence, the Soviet Union was one of the most advanced industrial states, producing many significant social and technological achievements and innovations. It had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. As a nuclear state, it wielded the largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. As an Allied nation, it was a founding member of the United Nations as well as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Before its dissolution, the Soviet Union was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe and Asia, global diplomacy, ideological influence (particularly in the Global South), military might, economic strengths, and scientific accomplishments.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E / 55.750°N 37.617°E / 55.750; 37.617
Official languages
Russian[b]
Recognised regional languages
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li UkrainianBelarusianUzbekKazakhGeorgianAzerbaijaniLithuanianMoldavian[c]LatvianKyrgyzTajikArmenianTurkmenEstonian
Ethnic groups (1989)
70% East Slavs17% Turkic13% other
Religion
Secular state (de jure)State atheism (de facto)
Demonym
Soviet
Government
Federal communist state
• 1922–1924 (first)
Vladimir Lenin[m]
• 1924–1953
Joseph Stalin[e]
• 1953[g]
Georgy Malenkov[f]
• 1953–1964
Nikita Khrushchev[h]
• 1964–1982
Leonid Brezhnev[i]
• 1982–1984
Yuri Andropov
• 1984–1985
Konstantin Chernenko
• 1985–1991 (last)
Mikhail Gorbachev[j]
• 1922–1946 (first)
Mikhail Kalinin[k]
• 1988–1991 (last)
Mikhail Gorbachev[l]
• 1991 (last)
Ivan Silayev[n]
Legislature
Congress of Soviets(1922–1936)[o]Supreme Soviet(1936–1991)
• Upper house
Soviet of Nationalities(1936–1991)[p]
• Lower house
Soviet of the Union(1936–1991)
Historical era
Interwar periodWorld War IICold War
• October Revolution
7 November 1917
• Treaty of Creation
30 December 1922
• First constitution
31 January 1924
• Second constitution
5 December 1936
• Westward expansion
1939–1940
• Great Patriotic War
1941–1945
• De-Stalinization
25 February 1956
• Last constitution
9 October 1977
• Parade of sovereignties
1988–1991
• August Coup
19–22 August 1991
• Belovezha Accords
8 December 1991[q]
• Formal dissolution
26 December 1991[q]
• Total
$2.7 trillion[s] (2nd)
• Water
2,767,198 km2 (1,068,421 sq mi)
• Water (%)
12.3
• 1989 census
286,730,819 (3rd)
• Density
12.7/km2 (32.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
1990 estimate
• Per capita
$9,000 (28th)
GDP (nominal)
1990 estimate
Gini (1989)
0.275 } }low inequality
HDI (1990 formula)
0.920very high
Currency
Soviet ruble (руб) (SUR)
Time zone
(UTC 2 to 12)
Calling code
7
ISO 3166 code
SU
Internet TLD
su[t]

Tables

· Government and politics › Administrative divisions
1
1
Republic
1
Republic
Russian SFSR
Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991
2
2
Republic
2
Republic
Ukrainian SSR
3
3
Republic
3
Republic
Byelorussian SSR
4
4
Republic
4
Republic
Uzbek SSR
5
5
Republic
5
Republic
Kazakh SSR
6
6
Republic
6
Republic
Georgian SSR
7
7
Republic
7
Republic
Azerbaijan SSR
8
8
Republic
8
Republic
Lithuanian SSR
9
9
Republic
9
Republic
Moldavian SSR
10
10
Republic
10
Republic
Latvian SSR
11
11
Republic
11
Republic
Kirghiz SSR
12
12
Republic
12
Republic
Tajik SSR
13
13
Republic
13
Republic
Armenian SSR
14
14
Republic
14
Republic
Turkmen SSR
15
15
Republic
15
Republic
Estonian SSR
Republic
Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991
1
Russian SFSR
2
Ukrainian SSR
3
Byelorussian SSR
4
Uzbek SSR
5
Kazakh SSR
6
Georgian SSR
7
Azerbaijan SSR
8
Lithuanian SSR
9
Moldavian SSR
10
Latvian SSR
11
Kirghiz SSR
12
Tajik SSR
13
Armenian SSR
14
Turkmen SSR
15
Estonian SSR

References

  1. For names of the Soviet Union in other official languages, see Official names of the Soviet Union.
  2. De facto, legally since 1990. Constituent republics had the right to declare their own regional languages.
  3. The name used for the Romanian language
  4. As chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.
  5. As General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (late
  6. As chairman of the Council of Ministers.
  7. March–September.
  8. As First Secretary of the Communist Party and chairman of the Council of Ministers
  9. As General Secretary of the Communist Party.
  10. As General Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Soviet Union.
  11. As Chairman of the Central Executive Committee, then as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.
  12. As General Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Soviet Union.
  13. As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSR.
  14. As Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.
  15. Unicameral.
  16. From 5 September 1991 the Soviet of the Republics
  17. Declaration No. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing th
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  18. Statistics surrounding Soviet GDP are only estimates as the Soviet Union did not use Gross Domestic Product or Gross Nat
  19. Statistics surrounding Soviet GDP are only estimates as the Soviet Union did not use Gross Domestic Product or Gross Nat
  20. Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards.
  21. Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (CCCP), romanized: Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (SS
  22. Russian: СССР, romanized: SSSR.
  23. Russian: Советский Союз, romanized: Sovetskiy Soyuz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲetskʲɪj sɐˈjus] ⓘ
  24. As of 1989, the countries that bordered the Soviet Union were: Norway and Finland to the northwest; Poland, Czechoslovak
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  26. Ukrainian: рада (rada); Belarusian: савет/рада; Uzbek: совет; Kazakh: совет / кеңес (sovet / kenges); Georgian: საბჭოთა
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