South Sudan

South Sudan (), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, Uganda to the south, Kenya to the southeast and to the west by the Central African Republic. South Sudan's diverse landscape includes vast plains and plateaus, dry and tropical savannahs, inland floodplains, and forested mountains. The Nile River system is the defining physical feature of the country, running south to north across its center, which is dominated by a large swamp known as the Sudd. South Sudan has an estimated population of just over 12.7 million in 2024. Juba is the capital and largest city. Sudan was occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon broke out in 1983 and ended in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following 98.8% support for independence in a January 2011 referendum. It is the most recent sovereign state with widespread recognition as of 2025. South Sudan descended into a civil war from 2013 to 2020, enduring rampant human rights abuses, including forced displacement, ethnic massacres, and killings of journalists by various parties. It has since been governed by a coalition formed by leaders of the former warring factions, Salva Kiir Mayardit (Sudan People's Liberation Movement or SPLM) and Riek Machar (Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition or SPLM-IO). The country continues to recover from the war while experiencing ongoing and systemic ethnic violence. The South Sudanese population is composed mostly of Nilotic peoples spanning a variety of ethnic, tribal, and linguistic groups. It is demographically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half its people under 18 years old. The majority of inhabitants adhere to Christianity or various traditional indigenous faiths, with a sizeable Muslim minority. South Sudan is a member of the United Nations, African Union, East African Community, and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development. It is one of the least developed countries in the world, ranking the lowest in the Human Development Index and having the lowest nominal GDP per capita.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city

Juba 04°51′N 31°34′E / 4.850°N 31.567°E / 4.850; 31.567

Official languages

English

Recognised national languages

mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li DinkaNuerBariMurleLuo (Anyuak, Acholi, Shilluk, Pari, Jur-Luo, others)Ma'diOtuhoZande and around 60 other languages[note 1]

Spoken languages

DinkaBariJuba ArabicNuerZandeJur (Luo)MurleShillukvarious others

Religion (2020)

mw- 60.5% Christianity32.9% traditional faiths6.2% Islam0.4% others / none

Demonym

South Sudanese

Government

Federal presidential republic

• President

Salva Kiir Mayardit

• First Vice-President

Riek Machar

• Speaker

Jemma Nunu Kumba

• Chief Justice

Benjamin Baak Deng

Legislature

Transitional National Legislature

• Upper house

Transitional Council of States

• Lower house

Reconstituted Transitional National Legislative Assembly

• 1st autonomous region

28 February 1972

• 2nd autonomous region

9 July 2005

• Declared and recognised

9 July 2011

• Total

$4.7 billion (164th)

• 2024 estimate

12,703,714 (80th)

• Density

13.33/km2 (34.5/sq mi) (214th)

GDP (PPP)

2022 estimate

• Per capita

$326 (194th)

GDP (nominal)

2022 estimate

Gini (2016)

44.1 } }medium inequality

HDI (2023)

0.388low (193rd)

Currency

South Sudanese pound (SSP)

Time zone

UTC 2 (CAT)

Calling code

211

ISO 3166 code

Internet TLD

ss[a]